SAN JOSE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

San Jose, Malilipot, Albay

Nelson B. Bataller
Instructor

THERMODYNAMICS
MODULE 1

Instructor: NELSON B. BATALLER MC PHYSICS 2 BSED - 2B

The following lessons are contained in this module:

Lesson 1 – Heat, Temperature, and Thermal Energy

Lesson 2 – Thermal Expansion
Lesson 3 – Mechanical Equivalent of Heat; Calorimetry
Lesson 4 – Heat Transfer

OBJECTIVES:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. compare the movements of particles in solid, liquid, and gas and relate it to thermal energy
2. differentiate thermal energy, heat and temperature
3. convert one temperature scale to another
4. explain thermal expansion
5. explain the mechanical equivalent of heat
6. calculate the amount of heat transferred from one body to another
7. discuss the three kinds of heat transfer

PRETEST:
Directions: Read each item carefully. Select the best answer from the given choices. Write only the letter of
your choice.

1. Which of the following has greatest thermal energy?

a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. solid and gas
2. What is the cause of the change in one state of matter to another?
a. temperature b. thermal energy c. thermal equilibrium d. none of these
3. Which of the following is proportional to the kinetic energy of atoms or molecules?
a. elastic energy b. temperature c. potential energy d. thermal equilibrium
4. What happens to the internal energy of gas when it is heated from 00C to 40C?
a. It increases. c. it remains constant.
b. It decreases. d. it is impossible to determine.
5. Which of the following best describes the relationship between two systems in thermal equilibrium?
a. No net energy is exchanged. C. the masses are equal.
b. The volumes are equal. D. the velocity is zero.
6. Which of the following is an equivalent of 880F?
a. 310C b. 490C c. 560C d. 1600C
7. Why are gaps made in concrete roads?
a. To provide space for thermal expansion.
b. To give guide to the drivers of vehicles.
c. To make the road more beautiful to look at.
d. All of these.
8. Which of the following is the mechanical equivalent of heat?
a. 4.187 J b. 4.243 J c. 9.807 J d. 560 J
9. To a 1-kg sample of wood 10 kcal of heat is added, and its temperature is found to rise from 200C to
440C. What is the specific heat capacity of the wood?
a. 0.24 kcal/(kg0C) c. 0.42 kcal/(kg0C)
b. 0.36 kcal/(kg0C) d. 0.56 kcal/(kg0C)
10. What kind of heat transfer occurs in boiling water?
a. conduction c. radiation
b. convection d. conduction and radiation
c.

Nelson B. Bataller 1
College Instructor
Module 1(Week 1)
Lesson 1
HEAT, TEMPERATURE, AND THERMAL ENERGY

Moving particles
Matter is all around us. It is everything in the universe – anything that has both mass and volume and takes
up space is matter. Matter exists in different physical forms – solids, liquids and gases.

The particles in solids are tightly packed and can only vibrate. The particles in liquids also vibrate but are
able to move around by rolling over each other and sliding around. In gases, the particles move freely with
rapid, random motion.

All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms, molecules and ions. These tiny particles are always in
motion – either bumping into each other or vibrating back and forth. It is the motion of particles that creates
a form of energy called heat (or thermal) energy that is present in all matter.

Thermal Energy and Heat Energy

Thermal Energy
The distinct forms, or states of matter are called phases. The change from one state, or phase, to another is
usually caused by transfer of thermal energy.

Energy is absorbed

Ice water steam

Energy is given off
Thermal energy (also known as internal energy) is the total amount of kinetic energy and potential energy of
the molecules of the body.

Heat
I ce
Actually, heat energy is all around us – in volcanoes, in ice cube and in our body. All matter contains heat
energy.

Heat energy is the result of the movement of tiny particles called atoms, molecules or ions in solids, liquids
and gases. Heat energy can be transferred from one object to another. The transfer or flow due to the
difference in temperature between the two objects is called heat. Heat is also known as the energy in
transit.

HEAT

Thermal energy Thermal energy

Heat is the internal energy that is transferred from one body to another due to the difference in temperature.
Thermal energy is found inside the body. Once it goes out of the body due to a difference in temperature it
is called heat.

Transferring heat energy – particles in collision

At higher temperatures, particles have more energy. Some of this energy can be transmitted to other
particles that are at a lower temperature. For example, in the gas state, when a fast
moving particle collides with a slower moving particle, it transfers some of its energy to the slower moving
particle, increasing the speed of that particle. With billions of moving particles colliding into each other, an
area of high energy will slowly transfer across the material until thermal equilibrium is reached (the
temperature is the same across the material).

Nelson B. Bataller 2
College Instructor
 Temperature
Thermometry
Thermometry is the science of temperature and its measurement.

Temperature
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the
body. It is also referred to as the measure of the hotness or coldness
of a body. Temperature can be measured by using a thermometer.

Thermal Equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium occurs when two or more objects that are in contact with each other reaches the same
temperature.

Temperature scales

There are three temperature scales in use today, Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.

1. Celsius temperature scale also called centigrade temperature scale, is the scale based on the
freezing point of water (0 0C) and boiling point of water (100 0C). Invented in 1742 by the Swedish
astronomer Anders Celsius, it is sometimes called the centigrade scale because of the 100-degree
interval between the defined points.

2. Fahrenheit temperature scale is a scale based on the freezing point of water (32 0F) and boiling
point of water (212 0F), the interval between the two being divided into 180 parts. The name was
adopted in honor of Gabriel Fahrenheit.

Until the 1970s the Fahrenheit temperature scale was in general common use in English-speaking
countries. The Celsius, or centigrade, scale was employed in most other countries and for scientific
purposes worldwide. Since that time, however, most English-speaking countries have officially
adopted the Celsius scale.

The conversion formula for a temperature that is expressed on the

Celsius (C) scale to its Fahrenheit (F) representation is:

F = 9/5C + 32.

The following formula can be used to convert a temperature from its

representation on the Fahrenheit (F) scale to the Celsius (C) value:

C = 5/9(F - 32).

The Celsius scale is in general use wherever metric units have become
accepted, and it is used in scientific work everywhere.
Sample Problems:
a. Dry ice, or frozen carbon dioxide sublimes (phase change between solid to gas) at -78.5 °C
under normal atmospheric pressures. What is this temperature in Fahrenheit?

Solution:
The formula needed to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit is:
°F = 9⁄5°C + 32 where °F and °C are the temperatures in Fahrenheit and Celsius respectively.
To solve this, plug the Celsius temperature, -78.5 °C into the formula.
°F = 9⁄5(-78.5) + 32
°F = -141.3 + 32
°F = -109.3 °F

Nelson B. Bataller 3
College Instructor
 b. The average body temperature of a house cat is 101.5 °F. What is this temperature in Celsius?
Solution:
The formula needed to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius is:
°C = 5⁄9(°F – 32) where °F and °C are the temperatures in Fahrenheit and Celsius respectively.
Plug 101.5 °F into the formula
°C = 5⁄9(101.5 – 32)
°C = 5⁄9(69.5)
°C = 38.6 °C
3. Kelvin temperature scale is the base unit of thermodynamic temperature measurement in the
International System (SI) of measurement. It is defined as 1/ 273.16 of the triple point (equilibrium
among the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases) of pure water. The kelvin
(symbol K without the degree sign []) is also the fundamental unit of the Kelvin
scale, an absolute temperature scale named for the British physicist William
Thomson, Baron Kelvin. Such a scale has as its zero point absolute zero, the
theoretical temperature at which the molecules of a substance have the lowest
energy. Many physical laws and formulas can be expressed more simply when
an absolute temperature scale is used; accordingly, the Kelvin scale has been
adopted as the international standard for scientific temperature measurement.
The Kelvin scale is related to the Celsius scale. The difference between the
freezing and boiling points of water is 100 degrees in each, so that the kelvin
has the same magnitude as the degree Celsius.

Celsius to Kelvin Conversion Formula

Take your Celsius temperature and add 273.15.

K = °C + 273.15

Remember, the Kelvin temperature scale does not use the degree (°) symbol. The reason is
because Kelvin is an absolute scale, based on absolute zero, while the zero on the Celsius scale is
based on the properties of water. Also, measurements given in Kelvin will always be larger numbers
than in Celsius.

Celsius to Kelvin Conversion Examples

1. What is 20°C in Kelvin?
K = 20 + 273.15 = 293.15 K
2. What is -25.7°C in Kelvin?
K = -25.7 + 273.15, which may be rewritten as:
K = 273.15 - 25.7 = 247.45 K

Activity 1: Answer the following questions correctly and honestly and write your answers
in a separate sheet to be submitted at the end of the week.
1. Describe the particles of the object when its thermal energy increases? decreases?
2. Refer to the particle model diagrams below to compare the movement of particles in solids liquids
and gases. Compare the thermal energy of each. Which has the most thermal energy? least thermal
energy?

A B C
3. Differentiate heat from thermal energy. Give an illustrative example of each.
4. What is thermal equilibrium?
5. What is temperature? At what temperature will the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales become
numerically equal?
6. What instrument is used to measure temperature?
7. To define the Celsius scale, two fixed points are selected. What are the fixed points and how are
they defined?
8. Convert the following temperatures to °C.
a. 98°F b. 345 K
9. Convert the following temperatures to °F.
a. 43.5°C b. 297 K
10. Convert the following temperatures to °K.
a. 35.5°C b. 385 °F

Nelson B. Bataller 4
College Instructor