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Analysis of Differences

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5 views

Analysis of Differences

READING MATERIALS

Uploaded by

alkaderhamdu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROUPS

To compare the difference between mean values of groups, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Two-way
ANOVA, and MANOVA are used.

A. T-TEST
 T-tests are used when you have two groups (e.g. males and females) or two sets of data
(before and after), and you wish to compare the mean score on some continuous variable.
 There are two main types of t-tests (paired and independent).
 Paired sample t-tests (also called repeated measures) are used when you are interested
in changes in scores for participants tested at Time 1, and then again at Time 2 (often
after some intervention or event). The samples are ‘related’ because they are the same
people tested each time.
 Independent sample t-tests are used when you have two different (independent) groups
of people (males and females), and you are interested in comparing their scores. In this
case, you collect information on only one occasion but from two different sets of people.
 The non-parametric alternatives of t-test measures are Mann-Whitney U Test and
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.

B. ONE-WAY ANOVA (ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE)


 One-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) is similar to a t-test, but is used when
you have more than two groups and you wish to compare their mean scores on a
continuous variable.
 It is called one-way because you are looking at the impact of only one independent
variable on your dependent variable with at least three levels.
 A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will let you know whether your groups differ,
or not.
 There are two types of one-way ANOVAs: repeated measures ANOVA and between-
groups ANOVA.
 Repeated measures ANOVA: Takes same people on more than two occasions with in
the same group, and
 Between-groups (or independent samples) ANOVA, where you are comparing the
mean scores of more than two different groups.
 The non-parametric alternatives of One-way ANOVA are Kruskal-Wallis Test and
Friedman Test.

C. TWO-WAY ANOVA
Two-way analysis of variance allows you to test the impact of two independent variables
on one dependent variable.
The advantage of using a two-way ANOVA is that it allows you to test for an interaction
effect—that is, when the effect of one independent variable is influenced by another.
There are two different two-way ANOVAs: Between-groups ANOVA and repeated
measures ANOVA.
Between-groups Two-way ANOVA is used when the groups are different and
Repeated measures Two-way ANOVA used when the same people are tested on more
than one occasion.

D. MANOVA (MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE)


 Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is used when you want to compare
your groups on a number of different, but related, dependent variables. For example,
comparing the effects of different treatments on a variety of outcome measures (e.g.
anxiety, depression).
 Multivariate ANOVA can be used with one-way, two-way and higher factorial
designs involving one, two or more independent variables.
 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is used when you want to statistically control for
the possible effects of an additional confounding variable (covariate). This is useful
when you suspect that your groups differ on some variable that may influence the
effect that your independent variables have on your dependent variable.
 To be sure that it is the independent variable that is doing the influencing, ANCOVA
statistically removes the effect of the covariate.
 Analysis of covariance can be used as part of a one-way, two-way or multivariate
design.

EFFECT SIZE

Effect size represents the strength of differences between groups.


It will be covered in the next posts.

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