PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) A landmass bounded by the sea on three sides is referred to as

(a) Coast

(b) Island

(c) Peninsula

(d) None of the above

Answer: (c)

(ii) Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar
are collectively called

(a) Himachal

(b) Uttarakhand

(c) Purvachal

(d) None of the above

Answer: (c)

(iii) The western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as

(a) Coromandel

(b) Konkan

(c) Kannad

(d) Northern Circar

Answer: (B)

(iv) The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is

(a) Anai Mudi

(b) Kanchenjunga

(c) Mahendragiri
(d) Khasi

Answer: C

2. Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What is the bhabar?

Answer:

The northern plains are generally described as flatlands, with no variations in their relief.
However, that is not true. These vast plains also have diverse relief features. According to the
variations in relief features, the northern plains can be divided into four regions. The rivers,
after descending from the mountains, deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in
width lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks. This region is known as bhabar.

(ii) Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south.

Answer:

1. The northernmost range is known as The Great or Inner Himalayas or Himadri.

2. Himachal or Lesser Himalaya.
3. Outer Himalayas or Shiwaliks.

(iii) Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhya ranges?

Answer:

The Malwa plateau lies between Aravali and Vindhya ranges.

(iv) Name the island group of India having a coral origin.

Answer:

The Lakshadweep Islands is the island group of India having a coral origin.

3. Distinguish between

(i) Bhangar and Khadar

Answer:

Bhangar

1. Lies above flood plains of the river.

2. Older alluvium or old soil and forms the largest part of the northern plains.

Khadar

1. It is a newer, younger deposit of flood plains. It is renewed every year.

(ii) the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats

Answer:

The Western Ghats

1. Lie parallel to the Western Coast.

2. They are continuous and can be crossed through passes only.
3. The Western Ghats’ average elevation is 900 – 1600 metres.
4. The Western Ghats cause orographic rain by facing the rain-bearing moist winds to
rise along the western slopes of the Ghats.
5. The height of the Western Ghats progressively increases from north to south.

The Eastern Ghats

1. Lies parallel to the Eastern Coast.

2. They are discontinuous and irregular.
3. The Eastern Ghats are dissected by rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
4. The Eastern Ghats average elevation is 600 metres.

4. Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the
Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau

Answer:

The major physiographic divisions of India are

1. The Himalayan Mountains

2. The Northern Plains
3. The Peninsular Plateau
4. The Indian Desert
5. The Coastal Plains
6. The Islands

Contrast the relief of Himalayan region and Peninsular Plateau

Geologically, the Peninsular Plateau constitutes one of the ancient landmasses on the earth’s
surface. It was supposed to be one of the most stable land blocks. The Himalayas are the most
recent landforms. From the viewpoint of geology, Himalayan mountains form an unstable
zone. The whole mountain system of Himalaya represents a very youthful topography with
high peaks, deep valleys and fast-flowing rivers. The northern plains are formed of alluvial
deposits. The peninsular plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks with gently
rising hills and wide valleys.

5. Give an account of the Northern Plains of India.

Answer:

The Northern Plains are the most recent landforms. The northern plains are formed of alluvial
deposits. The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river
systems, namely — the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra, along with their tributaries.
This plain is formed of alluvial soil. The deposition of alluvium in a vast basin lying at the
foothills of the Himalaya over millions of years formed this fertile plain. It spreads over an
area of 7 lakh sq. km. The plain being about 2400 km long and 240 to 320 km broad, is a
densely populated physiographic division. With a rich soil cover combined with an adequate
water supply and favourable climate, it is agriculturally a productive part of India. The
Northern Plain is broadly divided into three sections. The Western part of the Northern Plain
is referred to as the Punjab Plains. Formed by the Indus and its tributaries, the larger part of
this plain lies in Pakistan. The Indus and its tributaries — the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi,
the Beas and the Satluj all originate in the Himalaya. This section of the plain is dominated
by the doabs. The Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It is spread over
the northern states of Haryana, Delhi, U.P., Bihar and partly Jharkhand. The Ganga plains
also extend towards Bengal to it’s east. Further east, in Assam lies the Brahmaputra plain.
These vast plains also have diverse relief features. According to the variations in relief
features, the Northern plains can be divided into four regions. The rivers, after descending
from the mountains, deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying
parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks. This region is known as bhabar. All the streams
disappear in this bhabar belt. South of this belt, the streams and rivers re-emerge and create a
wet, swampy and marshy region known as terai. This was once a thickly forested region, full
of wildlife.

6. Write short notes on the following.

(i) The Indian Desert

Answer:

The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is an undulating
sandy plain covered with sand dunes. This region receives very low rainfall. The average
rainfall is below 150 mm per year. It has an arid climate with low vegetation cover. Streams
appear during the rainy season. Soon after they disappear into the sand as they do not have
enough water to reach the sea. Luni is the only large river in this region.

(ii) The Central Highlands

Answer:

Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the
north of the Narmada river, covering a major area of the Malwa plateau, is known as the
Central Highlands. The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east. The
eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand.
The Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension, drained by the Damodar
river.

(iii) The Island groups of India

Answer:

Lakshadweep Islands
The Lakshadweep group of islands is composed of small coral islands. Earlier they were
known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive. In 1973, these were re-named as Lakshadweep.
It covers a small area of 32 sq km. The Kavaratti Island is the administrative headquarters of
Lakshadweep. This island group has a great diversity of flora and fauna. The Pitti island,
which is uninhabited, has a bird sanctuary.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The elongated chain of islands located in the Bay of Bengal extending from north to south.
These are the Andaman and Nicobar islands. They are bigger in size and are more numerous
and scattered. The entire group of islands is divided into two broad categories – The
Andaman in the north and the Nicobar in the south. It is believed that these islands are an
elevated portion of submarine mountains. These island groups are of great strategic
importance for the country. There is a great diversity of flora and fauna in this group of
islands too. These islands lie close to the equator and experience equatorial climate, and have
thick forest cover.