CH #16 MAGNETISM

Properties of magnetic materials:

The materials that can easily be attracted by magnet are called ferrous materials or ferromagnetic such
as iron, nickel, cobalt and steel.

The materials that are not attracted by magnet are called non-ferrous materials such as copper,
brass, wood and glass.

LAW OF MAGNETIC POLES:

1. Like poles repel each other.

2. Unlike poles attract each other.

MAGNETIC FIELD:
The space surrounding a magnet where it produces a magnetic force on magnetic materials is called
magnetic field. It has direction which is at any point should be the direction of the force from north
pole to south pole that is the arrows are always coming out from north pole to south pole.

Magnetic Materials:

are the materials that can be easily magnetized and are attracted by magnets. For example, iron,
nickel, steel, cobalt.

There are two types of magnetic materials.

Soft Magnetic Materials:

are materials that can be easily magnetized and demagnetized but
They lose their magnetism quickly that’s why they are used to make temporary magnets. They
are used in the cores of electromagnets and transformers.
For example, soft iron.

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 Hard Magnetic Materials:

are materials that are harder to magnetize and demagnetize but they keep their magnetism for longer
times that’s why they are used to make permanent magnets and magnets in loudspeakers.
For example, steel.

Magnetic lines of force or magnetic field lines:

 Due to unlike poles

 Due to like poles

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINES:

 Magnetic lines of force never intersect each other.

 The lines of force move from North to South Pole.

 The lines of force are close together where the magnetic field is strong.

 The lines of force are farther apart where the magnetic field is weak.

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 INDUCED MAGNETISIM:
When a piece of un-magnetized steel (For example nail) is placed either near to or in contact with the pole
of a magnet and then removed, it is found to be magnetized. This is called induced magnetism.

PLOTTING MAGNETIC FIELD LINES (Magnetic Flux):

 By using iron fillings:
Place a sheet of paper on top of a bar magnet and sprinkle iron fillings thinly and evenly on to the paper
from pepper pot.
Tap the paper gently with a pencil and the fillings should form patterns of the lines of force. Each filling
turns in the direction of the field when the paper is tapped.

Note:
This method is quick but of no use for weak fields.
This can only be used for strong fields.
This method also does not give the direction of magnetic field.
Figure:

 By using a plotting compass:

Plotting compass is a small pivoted magnet in a glass case with non-magnetic metal walls.
Place a magnet on a sheet of paper and mark a boundary around it.
Starting near the North Pole of the magnet, the positions of the ends of the compass needle
are marked with pencil dots.
Continue this process until the South Pole of the bar magnet is reached. Join the dots to give
one line of force and show its direction by putting an arrow on it.
Plot other lines by starting at different points round the magnet.

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 Note:
This method is suitable for weak fields and sensitive.
This method is not suitable for quickly changing fields.
This method also gives the direction of magnetic field.

Figure:

METHODS OF MAGNETIZATION:

1. STROKING METHOD:
Place the soft iron piece AB flat on a table and stroke it with a bar magnet from A to B with one
end of the bar magnet as shown in figure. When the magnet reaches B it is lifted, and brought
back to A to repeat the stroke. After few strokes you will notice that AB will become a magnet.

2. BY PASSING ELECTRIC CURRENT THROUGH THE COIL:

The best method of making a powerful magnet is by passing direct current (d.c). Wrap a length
of insulated copper wire around an iron or steel rod and connect the ends of the coil of wire to a
battery. After the direct current has passed through the coil for some time you will notice that
the rod gets magnetized.

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ELECTROMAGNET:
An electromagnet is a coil of copper wire wrapped around on a soft iron core. The magnetism of electromagnet
is temporary and can be switched ON and OFF.
The strength of an electromagnet increases if,
 The current in the coil increases
 The number turns increases in the coil but in the same space (closely packed).
 The poles are moved closer
 Add a soft iron core.

USES OF ELECTRMAGNETS:
The electromagnets are commonly used in heavy cranes, electric bell, relay and circuit breaker etc.

METHODS OF DEMAGNETIZATION:

 ALTERNATING CURRENT:
This is the most efficient method of demagnetization. By placing a magnet inside a
solenoid connected to an alternating current (a.c) supply, the magnet is slowly removed
with the alternating current flowing in the solenoid.

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  HEATING:
If we heat a magnet strongly by means of a Bunsen Flame, the magnet will lose its
magnetism very quickly. This is due to the increased vibrations of the ‘tiny’ magnets which
cause them to lose their alignment. Thus the magnetization is destroyed.

 HAMMERING: As in the case of heating, hammering also causes the ‘tiny’ magnets
to lose their alignment, causing the magnet to lose its magnetism.

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 :
Electric Charge When two suitable substances are rubbed together, they acquire the property of attarcting or
repelling light objects then they are said to be electrified or they possess charge.

NOTE: Electric charge is measured in a unit called coulomb (C ).

KINDS OF CHARGES: There are two kinds of charged objects:

i) Negatively charged object: An object becomes negatively charged when it gains some extra
electrons.
ii) Positively charged object: An object becomes positively charged when it loses some of its
electrons.

Law of electrostatics:
a) Like charges repel

b) Unlike charges attract

Alternating current: A current that keep on reversing (Changing) the direction with time is
called alternating current.
Direct Current: A current that flows only in one direction all the time is called direct current.

Insulators: are materials that offer very high resistance to the flow of current.
OR
Insulators are materials that do not let the current to pass through them easily e.g. plastic, rubber, wood and
non-metals.

CONDUCTORS: are materials that offer very low resistance to the flow of current.
OR
Conductors are materials that let the current to pass through them easily e.g. metals (copper, iron aluminum
etc.)

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Charging by friction:
An isolated atom is neutral because the number of electron and number of protons in it are equal, so, net
charge on an atom is zero.
But when two materials are rubbed together, electrons may transfer from one material to the other. In this way
both materials are charged.
For example, when polythene is rubbed with dry cloth, it gains some electrons from the surface of cloth and
becomes negatively charged. On the other hand, dry cloth loses some of its electrons and becomes positively
charged.

Charging by electrostatic induction:

The diagram above shows a process called Charging by electrostatic induction in which a neutral metal
sphere is supported on an insulating stand. When a negatively charged rod is brought close to sphere, the
electrons in the sphere are repelled to the far side of the sphere and leaving the atoms on the near side
positively charged owing to their missing electrons. If we connect a conducting wire from the negative side of
the sphere to the ground, some of the electrons will flow to the ground. If we remove the conducting wire and
then the rod, the metal sphere becomes positively charged with positive charges uniformly distributed.
The attraction of an uncharged object by a charged object near it is due to electrostatic induction.
For example, the attraction b/w small pieces of aluminum foil and negatively charged polythene held just
above them.

ELECTRIC FIELD:

It is a spherical region around a unit charge with in which it can apply an electric force on other charges.
OR
Electric field intensity is the force on unit charge at a point in the field.

Properties of electric field lines:

 They start from positive charge and end on negative charge.

 The electric field strength is proportional to the density of lines of force.

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  Lines of force never intersect each other.
 The region where the lines of force are evenly spaced and straight, the field is uniform
otherwise not.

Different cases of electric field lines:

 Electric field lines due to positive charge

 Electric field lines due to negative charge

 Electric field lines due to opposite charges

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 Electric field lines due to same charges

 Electric field lines due to oppositely charges parallel plates

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 ELECTRICAL QUAN TITIES

Electric current (I): is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge in a conductor.
Electric current = Electric charge / time

Unit of electric current:

Electric current is measured by a unit called Ampere (A). If one coulomb charge is flowing through a
conductor per second then current through conductor is one Ampere.

Measuring Electric Current:

The size of electric current in a circuit is measured by an ammeter. It is always connected in series in the
circuit.

Conventional Current:
An electric current is really a flow of electrons from negative to positive terminals of the battery. However,
when it was first discovered, scientists guessed that the something that carry charges flows from positive to
negative terminals and therefore they described it as conventional current.

VOLTAGE: It is the measure of amount of energy per unit charge. It is denoted by letter ‘V’.
Mathematically

V = W/Q or V = E/Q

Voltage is measured in a unit called ‘Volt’.

Volt = Joule/Coulomb

Voltage can be classified into two types namely

 Electromotive force (emf)

 Potential difference (P.D)

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MEASURING POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE OR ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE:

Potential difference or electromotive force is measured by voltmeter. It is always connected in parallel (or
across) the component.

Electric current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional Potential difference between any two
points provided temperature of the conductor is kept constant.

RESISTANCE:
It is the opposition offered by a material to the flow of current. Resistance is found by Ohm’s law.

R = V/I

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UNIT OF RESISTANCE:

The unit of resistance is called Ohm.

OHMIC CONDUCTORS: are conductors that obey ohm’s law. For example, metals are Ohmic conductors.

NON-ONMIC CONDUCTORS: are conductors that do not obey ohm’s law. For example, semiconductors,

filamented lamps etc. are non-ohmic conductors.

FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE:

The resistance of a conductor is increased by

 Increasing the length (L) of a conductor

 Decreasing the area of cross-section (A) of the conductor.
 By the temperature of the conductor.

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Unit of electrical power:

Electrical power is measured in a unit called Watt (W).

ELECTRICAL ENERGY CALCULATIONS:

Electrical energy is found by

E= Pxt

OR E = V x I x t

The unit of electrical energy is Joule (J).

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 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Some important circuit symbols are

RESISTORS:

are electronic components that are used to control the amount of current flowing around a circuit. A resistor has

two terminals so that current can flow in one end and out the other. It is represented by the symbol

Variable Resistor:
It is used to control current in a circuit. If the voltage V is constant in a circuit then

The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to length is the Principle

On which variable resistor works.

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THERMISTORS:
are heat sensitive resistors whose resistance changes by a large amount over a narrow range of temperatures.
For some thermistors, the resistance decreases as they are heated.

SYMBOL OF THERMISTOR:

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS (LDR ):

are light sensitive resistors. An LDR is made up of semiconductors. It is a type of variable resistor whose
resistance depends upon the amount Of light falling on it.
In the dark, an LDR has a high resistance, often over 1 MΩ.
In bright light, its resistance may fall to 400 Ω

SYMBOL OF LDR:

Relay: It is an electromagnetic switch that is used to turn ON high current circuit in directly by using a
low current circuit as in figure.
As the switch S is closed in the figure, current flows through the electromagnet which is magnetized and
attracts the iron armature towards itself. The contacts strike in the high current circuit and current starts to
flow. In figure, XY represents the high current circuit.

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Diode : It allows the current to flow in only one direction. The symbol for diode is

Diode as Rectifier:
Diodes can be used to change alternating current to direct current. This process is called rectification and
the diode that do this is called rectifier. A simple rectifier circuit is shown in figure.

Forward biased diode:

When positive terminal of the battery is connected to positive side of the diode and negative terminal of the
battery is connected to negative side of the diode then it is said to be forward biased. Diode offers very low
resistance to the flow of current.

Reverse biased diode:

When positive terminal of the battery is connected to negative side of the diode and negative terminal of the
battery is connected to positive side of the diode then diode is said to be reverse biased. Diode offers very high
resistance to the flow of current and almost no current flows through it.

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LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):
Light emitting diodes belong to semiconductor family. They are used as indicator lights in electronic devices.
For example they are used as small indicator lights that show whether a stereo system or television is on.
Modern traffic lights often use arrays of bright, energy efficient LED’s in place of filament lamps. These LED
arrays are much cheaper to run as compared to traditional traffic lights. Also they require little maintenance,
because, if one LED fails, the remainder still emits light.

SYMBOL OF LED:

SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS:

SERIES CIRCUIT:
 In series circuit, all components are connected one after another such that there is only one
path the current can take.

 In series circuit, sum of the potential differences is equal to the emf of the supply.

VT = V1 + V2 +……….

 For a given resistance, the current at every point in the circuit is the same.
IT = I1 = I2 =…………

 The effective (total or combined) resistance RT is the sum of all the individual resistances.
RT = R1 + R2 +……….

 If there is a break anywhere in the series circuit the current stops flowing.

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 The current in the series circuit is found by
I = V/ (R1 +R2 +….)

 Adding another resistance in the series circuit increases RT (Total resistance) and reduces the
current for same potential difference.

Potential Divider:
It is simply a variable resistor used as a potential divider in which all three terminals are
connected. This arrangement is usually used to change the voltage.
In potential divider circuit, voltage across any component is found by

Vo or V1 = (R1/R1+R2) x Vin

Similarly, Vo or V2 = (R2/R1+R2) x Vin

Note: For a potential divider,

Voltage is directly proportional to resistance (When current is constant)

PARALLEL CIRCUIT:
 In parallel circuit, all components are connected directly to the power supply such that the
potential difference across each branch is the same as the emf of the supply.
VT = V1 = V2 = ……

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  In parallel circuit, total current is equal to the sum of the currents in all the branches.

IT = I1 +I2 +…….

 If one of the components in the parallel is broken, then other components will continue to work
because their path for the flow of the current is complete.

 The effective (Total or combined) resistance RT is given by

RT = (1/R1 + 1/R2 + …..)-1

For two resistors connected in parallel, the effective resistance can also be found by

RT = R1 x R2/R1 +R2

 Connecting more resistors in parallel circuits decreases the total resistance of the circuit and
increases the current.

 In a circuit, the effective resistance of different resistors connected in parallel is even less than
the least resistance in the combination.

SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY AT HOME:

Fuse:
It is a thin piece of wire which overheats and melts if the current is too high. Like the switch, it is
placed in the live wire. If a fault develops, and the current gets too high, the fuse blows and
breaks the circuit before the cable can overheat and catch fire.
Symbol:

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 Fuse ratting:
It is the maximum value of current that a fuse let to pass without melting. For example a 3
ampere fuse can let maximum 3A current to pass through it and if the current will exceed this
value the fuse wire will melt and will break the circuit.

Example:
A 2 KW heater works on a 230 V main supply. What current ratting would a suitable fuse have?
Choose from 3A, 13A and 30A.
Power = P = 2kW = 2000 W
Potential difference= V = 230 V
Electric current = I=?
I = P/V = 2000/230 = 8.7A
A fuse with 3A current rating would blow as soon as the heater was switched on.
A fuse with 30A would not blow, but it is unsuitable because it would allow an excessive current
to flow, which could cause the heater to overheat.
The 13A fuse is the correct choice, because it has the lowest rating above the normal operating
current.

CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Is an automatic switch which trips (turns off) when the current rises above the specified value.
It can be reset by turning the switch ON or by pressing a button.

Note:
A circuit breaker is connected in live wire in series as switch and fuse.

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 DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY:
The possible causes of dangers of electricity are:
i) Damaged insulation
ii) Overheating of cables
iii) Damp conditions
 Damaged insulation:
It will expose the bare live wire which may cause an electric shock if touched.
 Overheating of cables:
Melting of insulation around cables will expose wire that may cause an electric shock.
Also the insulation around wires can start to burn and can cause fire.
 Damp conditions:
Water is a conductor of electricity. So, if someone touches switches that are wet or with
wet hands, he may get an electric shock.
TYPES OF CIRCUITS: There are two types of circuits in electronic systems
1. Analogue Signal: The signal (Voltage) in this circuit can have any value from lowest to highest
and changes in signals are continuous.

Figure:

2. Digital Signal: The signal in this circuit can have only discrete values. Any changes in signal are
discrete.

Figure:

LOGIC GATES:
A logic gate is a combination of electronic switches that are made up of transistors, resistors and other
components.
There are number of logic gates, each having its own function.
The gate is operated by two discrete states, 0 or 1.

‘0’ represents LOW / OFF /NO / FALSE / OPEN (voltage is below a certain value)

‘1’ represents HIGH / ON / YES / TRUE / CLOSED (voltage is above a certain value)

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SOME IMPORTANT LOGIC GATES:
The logic gate performs a similar operation, but all inputs are electronic signals controlled by other circuit
components.

NOT GATE (Inverter):

SYMBOL:

FUNCTION OR OPERATION:

TRUTH TABLE:

Q. Describe the function of NOT GATE in terms of its inputs and outputs.
Ans:
 When the input of the NOT gate is low, its output is high.
 When the input of the NOT gate is high, its output is low.

AND GATE:
SYMBOL:

FUNCTION OR OPERATION: Y=A. B

TRUTH TABLE:

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Q. Describe the function of AND GATE in terms of its inputs and outputs.
Ans.
 When both the inputs of AND gate are low, the output is low.
 When either of the inputs of AND gate is low, the output is low.
 When both the inputs of AND gate are high, the output is also high.

OR GATE:
SYMBOL:

FUNCTION OR OPERATION: Y=A+ B

TRUTH TABLE:

Q. Describe the function of OR GATE in terms of its inputs and outputs.

Ans:
 When both the inputs OR gate are low, the output is low.
 When either of the inputs of OR gate is high, the output is also high.
 When both the inputs of OR gate are high, the output is high.

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 NAND GATE:
SYMBOL:

FUNCTION OR OPERATION: Z=A. B

TRUTH TABLE:

Q. Describe the function of NAND GATE in terms of its inputs and outputs.
Ans:
 When both of the inputs of NAND gate are low, the output is high.
 When either of the inputs of NAND gate is low, the output is high.
 When both the inputs of NAND gate are high, the output is low.

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 NOR GATE:
SYMBOL:

FUNCTION OR OPERATION: Z=A+B

TRUTH TABLE:

Q. Describe the function of NOR GATE in terms of its inputs and outputs.
Ans:
 When both the inputs of NOR gate are low, the output is high.
 When either of the inputs of NOR gate is high, its output is low.
 When both of the inputs of NOR gate are high, its output is low.

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Ch#20 ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES

 A conductor carrying current produces magnetic field around it.

 The strength of the magnetic field can be increased by increasing the current and vice versa.
 The direction of magnetic field depends upon the direction of current and can be found by
applying RIGHT HAND SCREW RULE.
According to this rule if a right-hand thumb held in a way that it is pointing towards the direction
of conventional current, then the direction of the rotation of the fingers gives the direction of
the magnetic field around the conductor.

 As long as the current is flowing through the conductor, the magnetic field is present around the
conductor. When the current is stopped to flow, the magnetic field around the conductor is also
vanished.
 The magnetic field is stronger closer to the current carrying conductor and is getting weaker as
we move away from it.

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 A solenoid is a long cylindrical coil with number of turns. It produces magnetic field similar to
that of a bar magnet when electric current is passed through it.
 Inside a solenoid, magnetic field is strongest and uniform while outside the solenoid magnetic
field gets weaker and non-uniform.

 Inside the solenoid the direction of magnetic field can be found by applying the RIGHT HAND
GRIP RULE.
According to this rule if the fingers of the right hand grip the solenoid in the direction of the flow
of conventional current, the thumb points towards the North pole.

 Relays and electric bells are the good examples of use of magnetic field due a current carrying
conductor.

How to increase the strength of magnetic field produced by a solenoid?

1. Increase the number of turns in coil of solenoid but in the same space.
2. Increase the current in the solenoid
3. Add a soft iron core

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When a current carrying conductor is placed in between the magnetic poles, the conductor experience motion
due to a force called motor force.
This force is a result of interaction of following two magnetic fields:
1. The magnetic field due to a magnet
2. The magnetic field around a current carrying conductor.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE STRENGTH OF MOTOR FORCE:

The strength of the motor force is proportional to the following factors:

 Size of the current in the conductor,
 Strength of the magnetic field
 Length of the conductor

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE:

According to this rule, extend the thumb, forefinger, and the middle finger of left hand in such a way that all
three are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field
from north to south pole and middle finger points in the direction of conventional current from positive to
negative, then thumb points in the direction of motor force.
Note:
 The field finger should be pointing from N-pole to S- pole of the magnet.
 The current finger should be pointing from positive to negative terminal of the battery
(conventional current).

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An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy (Kinetic energy).

Figure:

When the current is switched on in the coil, it exists in opposite directions along the two opposite sides of
the coil. It generates equal but opposite motor force (couple) that rotates the coil.

Commutator: acts as current reversing switch after every half cycle of revolution such that motor
continues to move in the same direction.

Carbon Brushes: serve to make contacts between the battery and the rotating commutators and keep
them in place.

Factors to make motor more powerful:

1. Increasing the number of turns

2. Using the stronger magnet
3. Increasing the current

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 Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction: is a process in which magnetic field lines are cut by the conductor due to relative
motion between conductor and magnetic field and an emf is induced.
Or
It is a process in which a changing magnetic field in a coil causes an emf.
Figure:

 We can reverse the direction of induced current or induced EMF by

1. Reverse the poles of the magnet
2. Reverse the direction of the movement of the wire.

Figure:

 Factors affecting the strength of induced current:

The size of induced EMF or induced current is proportional to
1. The strength of the magnet
2. The number of turns in the coil
3. The relative speed of motion of conductor and magnet.

Direction of induced EMF and induced current:

We can find the direction of induced EMF or induced current by FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE.
According to Fleming’s Right Hand Rule if the First finger points in the direction of magnetic Field and the
thuMb points in the direction of Motion of the wire then the seCond finger points in the direction of the
induced Current.

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LENZ’S LAW: It states that an induced current always flows in a direction such that it opposes the
change producing it.
Figure:

ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C) GEENERATORS (ALTERNATORS)

When a coil of conducting wire is rotating in a magnetic field by an external energy source, current is induced
through the loop by electromagnetic induction. In this way, mechanical energy is converted to electrical
energy. This is the function of a generator.
Figure:

The generator will produce an electromotive force that will change as sine wave with the changing angle made
by the coil with the magnetic field lines. Thus the direction of the current will vary and the current so produced
is called alternating current.
Function of Slip rings and carbon brushes:
The AC generator has two slip rings. The function of slip rings is to rotate with the coil and provide the
alternate positive and negative induce current to the output carbon brushes. The carbon brushes are fixed with
the body of the generator to maintain the contact with the rotating coil.

Graph of alternating current produced by generator:

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The graph shows the changing alternating current with time during one cycle of rotation. Whenever the
rotating coil is in vertical position, the size of alternating current or voltage is minimum (0). The voltage or
alternating current is maximum when the rotating coil is in horizontal position. The first half cycle gives
positive current output and second half cycle gives negative output current.

THE TRANSFORMER:
It is an electrical device that is used to increase or decrease the alternating EMF.
A transformer has three major parts namely:
 Primary coil is one to which alternating EMF from a.c mains is applied either to step up or
to step down.
 Secondary coil is one which is connected to external device ( like TV, RADIO, DOOR BELL
etc.).
 Iron Core is one on which both primary and secondary coils are wound. There is no
electrical connection between primary and secondary coils but they are magnetically
linked with iron core.

Figure:

Q. How does a transformer work?

An alternating current applied to primary produces an alternating magnetic field in it.

This magnetizes the iron core. The iron core transfers this changing magnetic field to the secondary coil.
The secondary coil being a conductor cuts magnetic field lines and an emf is induced in the secondary
coil.

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 Q. What will happen if direct current (d.c ) is applied to the primary coil?
The field due to d.c is constant so magnetic field is not changing and no emf is induced in the secondary
coil.

USE OF TRANSFORMERS IN NATIONAL GRID SYSTEM:

The electricity is carried around the country by national grid system. They are transmitted at very high voltage
to reduce the energy loss. To minimize the power loss in transmitting electricity, the current to be kept as low
as possible. This can only be achieved by increasing the voltage. The higher the current, the more the
transmission wires will be heated by the current and the more energy is wasted as heat. The higher voltage of
about 400,000 volts is achieved by using step up transformers and transmitted through the national grid system.
This voltage is then reduced by step down transformers to 230 volts before it is supplied to homes.
Figure of National Grid System:

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ADVANTAGE OF ALTERNATING CURRENT MAIN SUPPLY:
 To reduce the energy loss in the transmission lines.
 To decrease the cost of transmission cables as it requires thinner cables to transmit low ampere
currents.

Q. How can we calculate the power losses in the cables of a transmission line?
We can find the power losses in the cables by
P = I2R
Q. What is the advantage of lower current in transmission lines?
It reduces the power losses in the transmission lines even by using wire of less cross-sectional area.

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CLASSIFIED QUESTIONS ON ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
1. M/J-10 V11(26)

2. M/J-10 V11(27)

36 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

3. M/J-10 V11(28)

4. M/J-10 V11(29)

5. M/J-10 V11(30)

37 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

6. M/J-10 V11(31)

7. M/J-10 V11(32)

38 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

8. M/J-10 V11(33)

9. M/J-10 V11(34)

10. M/J-10 V11(35)

39 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

11. O/N-10 V11(26)

12. O/N-10 V11(27)

40 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

13. O/N-10 V11(28)

14. O/N-10 V11(29)

41 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

15. O/N-10 V11(31)

16. O/N-10 V11(32)

42 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

17. O/N-10 V11(33)

18. O/N-10 V11(34)

43 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

19. O/N-10 V11(35)

20. O/N-10 V11(36)

44 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

21. M/J-11 V11(25)

25. M/J-11 V11 (26)

26. M/J-11 V11(27)

45 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

27. M/J-11 V11(28)

28. M/J-11 V11(30)

46 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

29. M/J-11 V11(31)

47 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

30. M/J-11 V11(32)

31. M/J-11 V11(33)

48 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

32. M/J-11 V11(34)

33. M/J-11 V11(35)

49 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

34. O/N-11 V11(25)

50 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

35. O/N-11 V11(26)

36. O/N-11 V11(27)

51 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

37. O/N-11 V11(28)

38. O/N-11 V11(29)

52 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

39. O/N-11 V11(30)

40. O/N-11 V11(31)

53 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

41. O/N-11 V11(32)

42. O/N-11 V11(33)

54 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

43. O/N-11 V11(34)

44. O/N-11 V11(35)

55 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

45. M/J-12 V11(27)

46. M/J-12 V11(28)

47. M/J-12 V11(29)

56 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

48. M/J-12 V11(30)

49. M/J-12 V11(31

57 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

50. M/J-12 V11(32)

51. M/J-12 V11(33)

58 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

52. M/J-12 V11(34)

59 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

53. M/J-12 V11(35)

54. M/J-12 V11(36)

60 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

55. O/N-12 V11(27)

56. O/N-12 V11(28)

57. O/N-12 V11(29)

61 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

58. O/N-12 V11(30)

59. O/N-12 V11(31)

62 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

60. O/N-12 V11(33)

61. O/N-12 V11(34)

63 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

62. O/N-12 V11(35)

63. M/J-13 V11(26)

64. M/J-13 V11(27)

64 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

65. M/J-13 V11(28)

66. M/J-13 V11(29)

65 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

67. M/J-13 V11(30)

68. M/J-13 V11(31)

69. M/J-13 V11(32)

66 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

70. M/J-13 V11(33)

71. M/J-13 V11(34)

72. M/J-13 V11(35)

67 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

73. M/J-13 V11(36)

74. M/J-13 V11(37)

68 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

75. O/N-13 V11(26)

76. O/N-13 V11(27)

77. O/N-13 V11(28)

78. O/N-13 V11(29)

69 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

79. O/N-13 V11(30)

80. O/N-13 V11(31)

70 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

81. O/N-13 V11(32)

82. O/N-13 V11(33)

71 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

83. O/N-13 V11(34)

84. O/N-13 V11(35)

72 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

85. O/N-13 V11(36)

86. O/N-13 V11(37)

73 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

87. M/J-14 V11(25)

88. M/J-14 V11(26)

74 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

89. M/J-14 V11(27)

90. M/J-14 V11(28)

75 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

91. M/J-14 V11(30)

92. M/J-14 V11(31)

76 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

93. M/J-14 V11(32)

94. M/J-14 V11(33)

77 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

95. M/J-14 V11(34)

78 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

96. M/J-14 V11(36)

97. O/N-14 V11(26)

98. O/N-14 V11(27)

79 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

99. O/N-14 V11(28)

100. O/N-14 V11(29)

80 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

101. O/N-14 V11(30)

102. O/N-14 V11(31)

81 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

103. O/N-14 V11(33)

104. O/N-14 V11(34)

105. O/N-14 V11(35)

82 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

106. O/N-14 V11(36)

107. M/J-15 V11(25)

83 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

108. M/J-15 V11(26)

109. M/J-15 V11(27)

84 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

110. M/J-15 V11(28)

111. M/J-15 V11(29)

112. M/J-15 V11(31)

85 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

113. M/J-15 V11(32)

114. M/J-15 V11(33)

115. M/J-15 V11(34)

86 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

116. M/J-15 V11(35)

117. M/J-15 V11(36)

118. O/N-15 V11(25)

87 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

119. O/N-15 V11(26)

120. O/N-15 V11(27)

121. O/N-15 V11(28)

122. O/N-15 V11(29)

88 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

123. O/N-15 V11(30)

124. O/N-15 V11(31)

125. O/N-15 V11(32)

89 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

126. O/N-15 V11(33)

127. O/N-15 V11(34)

128. O/N-15 V11(35)

90 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

129. O/N-15 V11(36)

130. M/J-16 V21(26)

91 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

131. M/J-16 V21(27)

132. M/J-16 V21(28)

92 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

133. M/J-16 V21(29)

134. M/J-16 V21(31)

93 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

135. M/J-16 V21(32)

136. M/J-16 V21(33)

94 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

137. M/J-16 V21(34)

138. M/J-16 V21(35)

95 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS FOR ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
139. M/J-11 V31(4)

96 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

140. M/J-11 V31(5)

97 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

141. M/J-11 V31(9)

98 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

99 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
151. O/N-11 V31(8)

100 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

101 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
152. O/N-11 V31(9)

102 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

153. M/J-12 V31(8)

103 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

154. M/J-12 V31 (9)

104 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

155. O/N-12 V31(10)

105 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

106 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
156. M/J-13 V31(9)

107 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

157. M/J-14 V31(10)

108 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

109 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
158. O/N-13 V31 (8)

110 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

111 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
159. O/N-13 V31 (9)

112 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

160. M/J-14. V31 (9)

113 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

161. M/J-14 V31 (10)

114 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

162. O/N-14 V31 (8)

115 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

163. O/N-14 V31 (11)

116 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

164. M/J-15 V31 (8)

117 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

118 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
165. M/J-15 V31(9)

119 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

120 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
166. M/J-15 V31(10)

121 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

122 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
167. O/N-15 V31(8)

123 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

168. O/N-15 V31(9)

124 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

171. O/N-15 V31(10)

125 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

126 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
173. M/J-16 V41(9)

127 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

128 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS
 174 .M/J-16 V41 (10)

129 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS

175. O/N-16 V41(8)

130 M SAJJAD (0543891762) JARIS