Animal Tissues

Study Unit 4
Mammalian Tissues
 Outcomes
On completion of this study unit you
will be able to:
• name the four main groups of mammalian tissue plays in the human body.
tissue, namely the epithelium, connective
tissue and the muscular and nervous
tissue and
• classify, with reasons, the different
types of tissues, in the respective
groups;
• describe and elucidate with the aid of
diagrams the characteristics,
appearance (where found) and
• list functions of these tissues in the
human body;
• describe the relation between the
structure and function of each type of
tissue; and
• critically discuss the role that each type of
•
 Study Material

Mader & Windelspecht, p. 568 - 574

1. List the 4 major types of animal tissues and give the functions of each.
2.1The figure is not complete. There is information missing at each tissue type. Use the following questions to fill in the knowledge gaps. /

2.2 Muscle tissue does not only consist of skeletal muscle. Name the other types, their location in the body, the functions of each and distinguish
between all the various types.
. [8]

Skeleton muscle 1. 2.
3. Heart 4.
5. 6. Involuntary
Striped 7 8
A collection of
interconnected cells that
perform a common
function within an
organism.
Different tissues found in organs.
 Mammalian Tissues

Epithelial Connective: Muscle: Nerve

F: covers body F:binds and F: moves the F: receives stimuli
surfaces, lines supports body body and its and transmits
body cavities parts. parts. nerve impulses.
and forms glands
Epithelial tissue
 Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelium a continuous sheet of cells that covers/lines
internal or external bodily surfaces
• Covering surfaces (epidermis) or lining
cavities (endothelium)
• Meristematic
• Attached to underlying tissues though
basement membrane
• Always one free side
• Does not contain blood vessels
• May form glands (secretory function)

Simple epithelium: Compound epithelium:

Single layer of cells Numerous layers of
cells
 Simple Squamous

Simple Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal

Simple Columnar
(ciliated / not)

Simple Pseudostratified,
Ciliated Columnar

Glandular
 Simple Squamous
• Structure:
– Thin, large, flat
& irregular
shaped
– Closely packed Basement
(mosaic patters) membrane
– Spherical, central nuclei
• Function:
Only one cell layer thick
– Lining of the lungs
and blood vessels
– Support undelaying tissue
– Allows diffusion
• Found: lining of
mount, vagina, blood
vessels
 Simple Cuboidal
Structure:
– Cube shaped cells
– No intercellular spaces
– Large round central nuclei
• Function: Basement
membrane
– Lining of kidney tubules
and various glands. Cube shaped cells

– Absorb and/or
secrete substances
molecules
• Found in: liver,
salivary glands, renal
tubules
 Simple Columnar
• Structure:
– Elongated, columnar cells
– Oval nucleus near base
of cells
– Goblet cells for secretion Basement
• Function: membrane
– Secrete and/or
absorb nutrients
– Protection and support
of underlaying tissues
• Found in : Lining of
small intestine and Goblet cell that
uterine tubes. secretes mucus
 Ciliated Columnar
• Structure:
– Elongated, columnar cells
– Oval nucleus near base of cells
– Cilia at free ends
– May contain Goblet cells
for secretion
• Function:
– Secrete mucus to trap dust
(e.g. in nose)
– Move cerebrospinal fluid
(e.g. spinal cord)
– Move ova (e.g. Fallopian tube)
• Found in: nose, spinal
cord, fallopian tube
Simple Pseudostratified, Ciliated Columnar
• Structure:
– Uneven columnar cells
– Seems to be stratified, but is single layer
• Function:
– Sweep impurities towards throat (e.g. lining of
the trachea and bronchi)
Cilia

Goblet cell

Basement
membrane
Glands
• Exocrine Glands
– Glands that
secrete their
products into
ducts.
• Endocrine Glands
– Glands that have no
ducts and secrete
their products (like
hormones) internally
and transports them
in the bloodstream.
 Glandular Epithelium/

Tubulêre
bou

Alveolêre
bou
 Compound epithelium
• Numerous cell layers
• New cells formed closest to the basement membrane

Stratified
Compound Squamous

Stratified Cuboidal

Stratified Columnar
 (ciliated / not)

Epitheli
Transitional
epithelium

um
 Stratified Squamous
• Lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal and vagina
• F: Protect undelaying layers
 Stratified Cuboidal
• Lining of n esophagus
• F: Protects
 Stratified Columnar
• Lining of
eyelid
(conjunctiva)
• F:
Protects
and
lubricates
 Transitional Epithelium
• Multiple layers
of cells
• Shape of the cell
changes according
to the function of
the organ.
• Varying appearance
• E.g. lining of bladder
 CLASSIFYING WITH REASONS

Classify the collective type of tissue in micrographs with

visible reason?
Epithelium (simple) – basement membrane, one free
side
Classify the type of epithelium in micrographs
with visible reason?
Simple cuboidal epithelium:
• Cuboidal shape
• Single layer attached
to basement
membrane
• Large, round
central nucleus
Classify the type of epithelium in micrographs
with visible reason?
Simple squamous
epithelium:
• Flat, irregular shape
• Single layer
attached to
basement
membrane
Classify the type of epithelium in micrographs
with visible reason?
Simple, ciliated
columnar epithelium
with goblet cells :
• Elongated cells
with cilia
• Single
layer
attached
to
basement
membrane
Classify the type of epithelium in micrographs
with visible reason?
Simple, ciliated
columnar epithelium
with goblet cells :
• Elongated cells
with cilia
• Single
layer
attached
to
basement
membrane
 Classify the type of epithelium in micrographs with visible
reason?

Stratified, columnar
epithelium:
• Elongated cells
• Multiple layers
 Classify the type of epithelium in micrographs with visible
reason?

Pseudostratified, ciliated
columnar epithelium
with goblet cells:
• Elongated, irregular cells
• Single layer attached
to basement
membrane
Connective Tissue
 Connective Tissue
• General Structure:
– Relatively few cells
embedded in
unstructured matrix, with
collagen or other fibres,
and including
cartilaginous, fatty, and
elastic tissues
• Function:
– Support body structures
– Binds, connects or
separates other tissues
or organs
– Transport
 Connective Tissue
• All types of connective tissue have three components:
1. Specialized cells; few in number & various types
2. Matrix (Ground substance) can be solid, semifluid or fluid.
3. Various protein fibers:
• Loose fibrous and dense fibrous tissues have cells called fibroblasts
(which produces fibers)
 Connective tissue

Skeletal/
Proper / Fibrous Fluid Connective
Supportive
Connective tissue Tissue
Connective Tissue
 Proper / Fibrous
Connective
tissue

Areolar /
Loose CT Adipose CT Dense CT

Ligaments

Tendons
 Areolar / Loose Connective Tissue
• Structure:
– Loose, irregular
arrangement
– Large spaces
between components
– Jelly-like matrix
– With, thick white
collagen and thin, yellow
elastin fibers
• Function:
– support and binds organs
• Found in : Elastin fiber
– Beneath skin, around Collagen fiber
muscles and blood
vessels, around organs Fibroblast
and most epithelial layers
 Adipose Tissue
• Structure:
– Large, round/oval cells that are filled with fat
• Function:
– Insulation & storage of fat
• Found in :
– Beneath skin, around heart and other organs
 Dense Connective Tissue
• General Structure:
– Many fibers closely packed
– Little matrix
– Small number fibroblasts
• General Function:
– Support and elasticity
• Found in:
– Dermis of skin, tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone
at joints), vocal chords, bronchi.
 Ligaments vs Tendons
• More thin yellow, elastin fibers• More thick white, collagen
• Grouped together and fibers
branched around ‘islands’ • White unbranched
of • Inelastic
collagen fibers
• Connects bone to muscle
• Elastic
• Connects bone to bone
Ligaments vs Tendons
Connective tissue
 Supportive Connective Tissue
• Provide structure, shape, protection and leverage
for movement
• Bone versus cartilage
 Cartilage
General structure:
• Contains cells called chondrocytes which
– Found in lacunae (small fluid-filled spaces)
– F: Secretes chondrin (protein) matrix
• Matrix contains:
– white inelastic collagen fibres
– yellow elastic elastin fibres
• Surrounded by fibrous capsule (perichondrium) which
has blood vessels, but no nerves
• Three types:
 Hyaline Cartilage
• Structure: Matrix

– Few collagen fibers

– No elastin
– Firm matrix
– Clear, glass like appearance
Functions:
– Reduces friction in joint
– Form structures (e.g. nose)
– Keep tubes open (e.g. bronchi) Chondrocytes
within lacunae
 Fibrocartilage
• Structure:
– Many collagen fibers
– No perichondrion

• Functions:
– Shock absorber (e.g.
intervertebral discs)
– Protect tendons and
prevent dislocation (e.g.
end of sockets in ball
and socket joints)
 Elastic Cartilage
• Structure:
– Some collagen fibers
– Network of
branched elastin
fibers

• Functions:
– Maintains shape and
flexibility (e.g. pinna and
tip of nose)
– Strength and support
(e.g. epiglottis, pinna and
rip of nose)
/lakune

Hyaline cartilage

/ chondrosiete
Bone
 Bone

• Structure of osteon:
• Haversian canal:
– Contains blood vessels,
lymph and nerves
• Matrix:
– Forms concentric
rings (lamellae)
around Haversian
canals
– Collagen fibers (else
bone would be brittle)
– Inorganic substances
(calcium phosphorus
and magnesium)
• Lacuna (openings)
 Bone

• Structure (cont):
– Lacunae (spaces) in and between lamellae
– Each lacuna contains osteocyte (bone cell)
– Lacuna connected by canaliculi
M&W
p737
 1. Osteoblasts = bone-forming cells, -
arranged in a single row on surface of
trabeculae of developing bone. Inactive
BONE
osteoblasts = flattened; active osteoblasts
are cuboidal in shape.
CELLS
2. Osteocytes = bone maintaining =
osteoblasts -entrapped in their own
secretions - cell bodies occupy lacunae &
their cytoplasmic processes extend into
small canaliculi.
3. Osteoclasts = bone breakers = cells
which resorb bone - large multinucleated
cells - often found in depressions of bone
called Howship's lacunae

4. Osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells)

= stem cells - lie in connective tissue between
trabeculae. Can become Osteoblasts.
Osteogenic Cells, Osteoclasts, & Osteocytes
Fluid Connective Tissue

• Formed
elements
(many types
of cells and
platelets)
and plasma.
• Creates
interstitial
fluid
M & W p 613
PLASMA
WHITE BLOOD CELL
(WBC)LEUKOCYTE /
WITBLOEDSEL
(LEUKOSIET)

RED BLOOD
CORPUSCLE (RBC)
(ERYTHROCYTE) /
ROOIBLOEDLIGGAAM THROMBO
(ERITROSIET CYTE /
TROMBOSIET
(platelet)
 Blood plasma
• Light straw coloured fluid.
• Comprises 55% of blood volume
• Blood cells are suspended in plasma
• Structure:
– Organic substances: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids,
vitamins and metabolic waste
– Inorganic substances: water, mineral salts and gas (oxygen and
carbon dioxide)
• Function:
– transport medium
– solvent for water soluble substances
 Blood cells

Blood cells
Erythrocytes
(RBC)

Leucocytes (WBC)

Thrombocytes
(platelets)
Human Red Blood Corpuscles, Platelets
and T-lymphocyte
(erythrocytes = red; platelets =
yellow; T-lymphocyte = light green)
Red Blood Corpuscles
• Erythrocytes (red blood corpuscles)
= primary carriers of oxygen to cells
& body tissues.
• Biconcave shape
= adaptation to maximizing the
surface area across which oxygen is
exchanged for carbon dioxide; no
nucleus.
• Anucleated cells
containing haemoglobin
• Shape & flexible plasma membrane
= allow erythrocyte to penetrate
smallest blood capillaries.
 Leukocytes

Become
macrophages
when they
leave blood
4 3

1
LEUKOCYTE THROMBOCYTE
NEUTROPHYLL

RBC (ERYTHROCYTE)

PLASMA
Mutation in single gene
responsible for producing
haemoglobin in blood
causes sickle-cell
anaemia altering the
structure of the oxygen-
carrying protein present in
human bloodstream /
Due to this mutation the
structure of the red blood
corpuscles is changed into
a narrow sickle-shaped
appearance /
 LYMPHOCYTES/
(white blood cells)
= produced in bone marrow /
= largely responsible for /
controlling infection within body
directly attacking antigens or
foreign substances in the tissues
or circulatory system /

Following organ transplants,

lymphocytes often attack
transplanted tissues, causing the
transplant to be rejected

Na orgaanoorplantings is limfosiete dikwels verantwoordoo

SEM micrograph: T LYMPHOCYTE /

= specialized white blood cells

whose function is to identify &
destroy invading organisms
such as bacteria & viruses /

Some T lymphocyte.s directly

destroy invading organisms, other
T lymphocytes regulate immune
system by directing immune
responses
 Thrombocytes (platelets)
• Smallest cellular component of blood,
+/- 250,000 / mm3 of blood,
• Circulate inactivated till in contact with
damaged blood vessel  form clump,
clinging to each other & to blood vessel
wall
• Secrete chemicals that change fibrinogen
(blood protein)  forms mesh of fibers at
damaged site
• A clot forms when platelets & RBC & WBC
become trapped in fibers
• Blood clotting begins within seconds of
injury
• Can produce unwelcome clots
in undamaged blood vessels