Metals &
Non-Metals
Handwritten Notes
Gaurav Suthar
METALS
Those elements which form positive ions by losing electrons are
called Metals.
Physical Properties of Metals -
1. Good Conductor of Heat and Electricity.
2. High melting and Boiling Point
3. Solid at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
4. Are Sonorous (means they produce a sound on striking)
5. Are Malleable, i.e., they can be hammered into thin sheets.
6. Are Ductile (means they can be used to make wires)
Gold is the most ductile metal means wires of gold can be
made easily because gold is very soft for bending.
But we can’t use Wires of Gold in our Home (क्यं�ू क Gold
इतना महँगा है क� परू ा घर ह� �बक जाएगा �)
Copper Wire Gold Wire
Chemical properties of Metals -
1. Reaction of Metals with Oxygen -
Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
Examples -
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Different metals react in different ways with O2
i) Metals like Potassium and Sodium react so strongly with
Oxygen that they catch fire if kept in open. So they are kept
in Kerosene oil to avoid accidental fires.
Sodium stored in Kerosene Magnesium covered with Oxide layer
ii) At room temperature, surfaces of metals such as Magnesium,
Aluminium, Zinc etc. are covered with a thin layer of oxide, to
prevent further oxidation.
iii) Silver and Gold do not react with oxygen even at high
temperatures.
Amphoteric Oxides - Metals oxides which react with both acids
as well as bases to produce salts and water are called Amphoteric
Oxides.
Examples -
Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
2. Reaction of Metals with Water -
Metal + Water → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen
Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide
i) For Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) - Reaction is violent
even with cold water and so exothermic that hydrogen
immediately catches fire.
Examples -
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 + Heat
2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 + Heat
ii) For Calcium (Ca) - Reaction is less violent for hydrogen to
catch fire.
Examples -
Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
iii) For Aluminium (Al) and Iron (Fe) - These do not form
hydroxide as their oxides are not soluble. They do not
react with hot water but with steam.
Examples -
2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
3. Reaction of Metals with Acids -
Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
Examples -
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Some metals like Silver, Gold and copper do not react with
acid.
4. Reaction of Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts -
Metal A + Salt Solution B → Salt Solution A + Metal B
Only more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal
from compound.
Examples -
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
Cu + FeSO4 → No Reaction
(Because Cu is less reactive than Fe)
No Reaction
Reactivity Series
Reactivity Series is a list of metals arranged in order of their
decreasing activities
K Most Reactive Metal
Na
Ca
Mg
More reactive
than Hydrogen Al
Zn
Fe
Pb
Hydrogen H
Cu
Hg
Less reactive
than Hydrogen Ag
Au Least Reactive Metal
NON - METALS
Those elements which form negative ions by gaining electrons are
called Non-Metals.
Physical Properties of Non - Metals -
1. Are solids or gases except Bromine (liquid)
2. Low melting and Boiling Point
3. Bad conductor of Heat and Electricity (except Graphite)
4. Are Non - Sonorous (don’t produce a sound on striking)
5. Are Non – Malleable (brittle), means they will break when
hammered or stretched
6. Are Non – Ductile.
Chemical properties of Non - Metals -
1. Reaction of Non-Metal with Water -
Non-Metal + Water → No Reaction
2. Reaction of Non-Metals with Acids -
Non-Metal + Acid → No Reaction
3. Reaction of Non-Metals with Oxygen -
Non-Metal + Oxygen → Non-Metal Oxide
Examples -
C + O2 → CO2
4. Reaction of Non-Metals with Metal -
Non-Metal + Metal → Salt/ Metal Oxide
Examples -
Na + Cl → NaCl
Ionic - Compounds
The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal
to a non-metal are called Ionic Compounds.
Properties of Ionic Compounds -
1. They are Solid and Hard
2. High Melting and Boiling Point
3. Soluble in Water and insoluble in Petrol, Kerosene
4. Good Conductors of electricity in Aqueous Solution and
Molten state but do not conduct in Solid state.
Examples –
Formation of NaCl
Na → Na+ + e- Cl + e- → Cl-
(2,8,1) (2,8) (2,8,7) (2,8,8)
stable octet
Na + Cl → Na Cl
(2,8) (2,8,8)
stable octet stable octet
Common Salt - (Tata Salt - दे श का नमक �)
Occurrence of Metals
Minerals - The elements or compounds which occur naturally in
the earth’s crust are called minerals.
Ores - Minerals that contain very high percentage of particular
metal and the metal can be profitably extracted from it, such
minerals are called ores.
K
Na
Not found in free state
Very Reactive Metals Ca
Extraction by electrolysis
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe Occur as sulphides, oxides,
Moderately Reactive carbonates
Pb
Cu Reduction by using carbon
Hg
Ag
Least Reactive Occur in free state
Au
Extraction of Metals from Ores
Step 1) Enrichment of Ores.
Step 2) Extraction of Metals.
Step 3) Refining of Metals.
Ore
Concentration of Ore
Metals with High Metals of Medium Metals with Low
reactivity reactivity reactivity
Electrolysis of Sulphide Ores
Molten Ore Carbonate Ores Sulphide Ores
ZnCO3 ZnS
Pure Metal Calcination Roasting Roasting
Oxides of Metal
Reduction to Metal Metal
Purification of Metal Refining
Carbonate Ores Sulphide Ores
Steps involved in Extraction of Metals from Ores
Some Important Terms
a) Gangue - Ores are usually contaminated with large amount of
impurities such as soil, sand etc. This is called gangue.
b) Roasting - The sulphide ores are converted into oxides by
heating strongly in the presence of excess air.
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
c) Calcination - The carbonate ores are changed into oxides by
heating strongly in limited air.
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
d) Reduction - Metal oxides are reduced to corresponding metals
by using reducing agent like carbon.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Refining of Metals
The most widely used method for refining impure metal is
electrolytic refining.
e- e-
Cathode Anode
Anode - Impure copper
Cathode - Strip of pure copper
Electrolyte - Solution of acidified copper sulphate
a) On passing the current through electrolyte, the impure metal
from anode dissolves into the electrolyte.
b) An equivalent amount of pure metal from the electrolyte is
deposited at cathode.
c) The insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the
anode and is called anode mud.
Corrosion
The surface of some metals such as iron is corroded when they
are exposed to moist air for a long period of time.
i) Silver becomes black when exposed to air as it reacts with
air to form a coating of silver sulphide.
ii) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and gains
a green coat of copper carbonate.
iii) Iron when exposed to moist air acquires a coating of a
brown color called Rust.
Prevention of Corossion
The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing,
galvanizing, chrome plating, or make alloys.
Galvanization - It is a method of protecting steel and iron from
rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc.
Alloy - An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals
or a metal and a non-metal.
Iron - Mixed with small amount of carbon becomes hard and
strong.
Steel - Iron + Nickel and Chromium
Brass - Copper + Zinc
Bronze - Copper + Tin
