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91 viewsRCC Notes 1
Rcc notes Shuats
Uploaded by
Pankaj SinghCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 11
Introduction
I'l, Design Considerations
In past two decades or so reinforced concrete has established
itself as a very satisfactory construction material. Reinforced
concrete has reached very advanced stage both in design and cons-
struction techniques. Reinforced concrete has been successfully
used in construction of buildings, bridges, dams, bunkers, silos,
water tanks and many other structures.
The first basic step in the design of any structure is layout.
The layout of a structure is governed by the functions to be perfor-
med by the structure.
The design of R.C.C. structures will depend on the layout.
The layout depends on the functions to be performed by the
structure. Planning and proportioning a structure is called
structural design. Some of the factors which will govern the design
are:
(i) Adequate strength and rigidity.
(ii) Should not interfere with the functions for which the
structure is intended.
(iii) Be economical in first cost and maintenance,
(iv) Should be strong enough to last for the service in view.
(v) Be readily adaptable to future extension.
The design will consist of :
(i) Working out the forces and loads which the structure has
to carry.
(ii) Arrangement of various beams, columns etc. to support
the structure.
(iii) Computation of stresses, shears, moments etc, in the
members of the structure,
(iv) Providing adequate sections to resist the stresses in the
members.
12. Loads
For the purpose of computing the maximum stresses in any
_ structure or member of structure the following loads should be
taken into account:
Scanned with CamScann: CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(i) Dead load. vei
supported by it permanence of the R.C.C. and all the material
(ii) Live loads. Th ©
one place aie loads. These are the
(a) The goods stored on a warchouse floor.
(@) The furniture and occupants of an office
(©) The snow load on the roof or deck of a bridge
(@) Material stored in bunkers and silos, -
(€) Moving loads on bridges.
iii) Dynamic i i ibrati
impact sushi eects. Live tracks an eis erations by
effects than would be if stati
ha produced by thi B
The additional effect is called the dyaamie eft Stations
iv) Wind loads, =
4) Seismic loads.
(vi) Erection loads. Storage of construction material and
erection equipment including all loads due to operation of such
equipment.
(vii) Temperature effects. The provisions for maximum expan-
sion and contraction has to be allowed in the structure.
loads which temporarily rest at
13. Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Concrete. Concrete is a material obtained by cementing
together inert materials like sand, gravel, broken stone or some other
suitable materials. Cementing material generally used is portland
cement. Cement and water react chemically to bind sand, known
as fine aggregate and gravel or broken stone known as coarse aggre- ~
gate. The resulting product is like an artificial stone. When the
aggregates, cement and water are mixed in proper proportions,
the resulting product after some time is hard, strong in compression
and shear, brittle and weak in tension. These properties of con-
crete are affected by several factors like proportions : of cement,
coarse aggregate and fine aggregate ; amount of water, temperature
at the time of mixing humidity at the time of moulding of concrete
in forms ; temperature and humidity maintained subsequently. This
process of maintaining desired temperature and humidity is kaown
as curing of concrete.
The plain concrete,
for massive construction,
stresses. It is not suitable at pl
stresses.
As discussed above concrete is strong
Reinforced concrere. AS | : m
in compression and weak in tension, so steel reinforcement is used
to take up tensile stresses at places where section is subjected to
tensile stress. Such a concrete is known as reinforced concrete,
Cement concrete shrinks a little and grips very fast on the steel
being strong in compression is suitable
where it is subjected to compressive
laces where it is subjected to tensile
scanned with Camscann INTRODUCTION
B
rete and steel,
cement,
ge by fire and protects
igh tempratures. Also
pheric conditions and
reinforcement, There is bond between cement conci
and thus tensile stresses are transferred to steel reinfor
Concrete has good resistance to dama
steel bars from buckling and twisting at the hi
conerete offers very good resistance to atmos
thuse stops steel reinforcement from rusting.
14. Advantages of R.C.C, Construction
Following are the advantages of R.C.C. construction :
Conerete can be easily moulded to any desired shape, 4
2. The materials for R.C.C. are easily available. #
3. Tt is easy to make.
4. Tt is durable.
5. By proper proportioning of mix, concrete can be made
water tight.
6. Its monolithic character gives it more rigidity. ‘
7. Ivis fire resisting, f
8. . Its maintenance cost is practically nil,
15. Steel as Reinforcement
Steel is used as reinforcement to take up tensile stresses in 5
R.C.C. structures because of the following reasons:
(1) Its tensile strength is high. ia
(2) It can develop good bond with concrete,
(3) Its co-efficient of expansion is nearly same as for concrete.
(4) It is freely available.
The steel bars used for reinforcing concrete are generally of
plain round mild steel with diameters between 5 mm and 50 mm.
It is only in very heavy structures that bars of diameter larger than
40 mm are used. There is a growing practice to use high yield
point steel bars which are usually mild steel bars that have been 3
cold drawn to increase their strength : but the difficulty of placing
and bending these bars may outweigh the initial saving in the
weight of steel required.
Mesh fabric is used frequently as reinforcement in concrete
roads, walls and ficor slabs. It can also be used in column f>otings.
It is used in place of bar reinforcement only when there are
definite advantages in cost and placing. The common types of
mesh fabrics in use are welded fabric, expanded metal and ribbed
metal lathing. The fabric is made in standard size lengths and
widths.
Deformed bars conforming to IS: 1139-1966 and bold-
twisted steel bars conforming toIS: 1565-1967 are being widely
used. '
Scanned with CamScann i I
: CONCRETE STRUCTURE
a All reintoreoment shall be clean and free from loose Mill seatey
lust, loose cust and coats of paints, oll or other coatings Which may
destroy or reduce bond,
16, S.1, Unies
8.1. units have been used in revised code of practice for plane
and reinforced conerete IS 456—1978. The stresses are given in
N/mm, i.e, Newtons per millimetre square,
UNimmie =y kg/em?*
we 10°19 kgtyem*
Newton is defined as a force to produce acceleration of
Unit of mass is kg.
s are taken as}
of steel shall be taken as 200
[1 kgl=9'81 N)
I metre/see? in a mass of 1 kg.
By this revised code the stress
(i) The modulus of elasticity
kN/mm*.
i) The characteristic strength of concrete is defined as the
strength of material below which not more than 25 per cent of the
least results are expected to fall.
Table [1
Specified characteristic,
Grade designation compressive strength of
29 days Sex (N/mm)
M10 10
M15 15
M20 20
M25 25
M30 30
M35 35
40
to the mix and the number to the specified
Letter ‘M’ refers
th of 15 cm cube at 28 days,
characteristic compressive stengtl
expressed in N/mm*,
Grades of concrete Jess than M 15 shall not be used in reine
forced concrete,
M Sand M 7°5 grades of concrete may be used for lean con-
crete bases and simple foundations for masonry walls.
(iii) Increase in strength of concrete with age. Where it can
be shown that a member will not receive its full load within a period
ing of the member, the characteristic
of 28 days after the cast
compressive strength given in table 1'l may be increased by factor
as given in table 12.
id
scanned with Camscann NTRODUCTION
Minti age of member wher
Julldesten toad ts expected”
‘months
1) Tensile strength ete. ‘The following Tonmua”
should De used to arrive ar the maze The, following formula
a at the tensile strength from the compressive
Flexural strength,
Sor Vf, N/mm?
where f., is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete,
(¥) The modulu
is of elastici
Seah &f elasticity for structural concrete may be
F,=5100 Vfg Nim?
where F, is the short term Static modulus of elasticity.
(ot) Shrinkage strain of concrete may be taken as 0°0003,
«phe il) Creep of concrete. Creep of concrete depends on. stress
in the concrete, ape at loading and the duration of loading be-
sides water content at the time of mixing and cement content. The
creep coefficient defined as ultimate creep strain by clastic strain at
the age of loading may be taken as given in table 1°3.
Table 1:3
ale 3
Age of loading Creep coefficient
8 |
iM
ii) Thermal expansion. The coefficient of thermal expan-
: 3
sion depends upon the aggregate used and the nature of cement,
cement content. the relative humidity and the size of sections, Table
1-4 gives thermal coefficient for various aggregates.
Table 1:4 \
shermal expansion
Type of aggregate Contec tof th ermal expans
i 12 to 1'3x107%
Siadson 0910 12x10"
Gunite 07 10 995x 10"
Batt 08 10 0°95x10*
Limestone 01610 09x10"
©
Scanned witn CamScann CONCHETE SIRUCTURy
The mix shall be designed to pro,
he required workability and
opriate value as given in
(ix) Design mix concrete.
duce the grade of concrete having
characteristic strength not less than aPPr'
table 1°2,
i i hange, a mii
As long as the quality of materials does not cl a mix
design done earlier may be considered adequate for later work.
be used for concrete of grades
M. The properties of materials
réance with table 1°5,
Nominal mix concrete may
M5,M7°5, M 10, M15 and 20
for nominal mix corcrete shall be in acco:
Table 1°5
ee
]
Total quanity of dry proportion of | Qnantty ot main — |
| pe,
aggregate by mass per 30 kg
Grade of | “ofeement tobe taken as | fine agerezate | Ber Kg of com
concrete the sum of individual
‘mass of fine and coarse | gate (by mass)
| aggregate mix (kg) |
Ms | 800 | Generally 1 +2 Cy
M 7s 25 but subject 10 45
M10 480 | an upper limit 34
MIS 350 | oft: Ipand a 32
M2 250 | lower limit of 30
jez
\
The cement content of the mix specified in table 1°5 for any
nominal mix shall be proportionately increased if the quantity of
water in a mix has to be increased to overcome the difficulties of
placement and compaction, so that the water cement ratio as speci-
fied is not exceeded.
In the case of vibrated concrete, the limits specified ‘may be
suitably reduced to avoid segregation.
The quantity of water used in the concrete mix for reinforced i
concrete work should be sufficient, but not more than sufficient to
produce a large concrete of adequate workability for ite purpose,
which will surround and properly grip all the reinforcement.
Workability of the concrete should be controlled by maintaining
a water content that is found to give concrete which is just sufi-
ciently wet to be placed and compacted without difficulty$with the
means available,
(2) Modular ratio m= 280_
3oere
where @,.¢ is permissible compressive stress due to bending‘in con
crete in N/mm? as specified in table 1°6. |
scanned with Camscann INTRODUCTION
1
(xi) Permissible stress in coneret i
) ‘ He, Perm
the various grades of concrete aace shall be tye ees for
table 16, aren os given fa
Table 16
SS
Permissible stress in compression | Permissible stress
In bond (average)
Grade of
Sor plain bars i
cncee Bening Direct femion see |
ede Gate
Mio 30 : 7
25
M0 7 40 06 18
M25 Bg 50 08 B
M30 bd 60 09 il
M35 i HY 10 9
1 Ws 50 it ;
130 10°0 13 7
(xii) Permissible stresses in concrete in dit je
Permi r irect tension, For
members in direct tension, when full tension is taken by the
Feinforcement alone, the tensile stress shall be not greater than
the values given in table 1'7. ‘The tensile stress shall be calculated
as——t—_.
A-tmAs
Table 17
Grade of
concrete Mio |Mis | M20 |M25 | M30 [Mas | M4
— | —|——_ ee
Tensile stress | 1
N/mm* 12 | 02. | 28 | 32 | 36 | 40 | 44 j
|
eereeeEe eee VERE eveeeeed eee ec eeeeeee eee
where F.=Total tension on the member minus pretension im
steel if any, before concreting
‘Ag=Cross-sectional area of conerete excluding any finish
ing material and reinforcing ste!
m=Modular ratio {
‘Ayj=Cross-sectional area of reinforcing stec! in tension.
(ity Bond stress for deformed bars. _In the case of deformed
bars, {he bond stresses a8 given in table 1-7 may be increased by 40
per cent,
(xiv) Permissible stresses in steel reinforcement. Permissible
stressee in steel reinforcement shall not exceed the values given 10
table 1°8.
scattieethem scan 8 CONCRETE STRUCTIRN
Medium tensile | Meh yieig
| gwcters | aad | at
Type of stress in| grade for 1S * oN dmedum | 1S TI
eel reinforcement | 433.0 deformed | deformed mira
per ws: |
Tension a Half the guaran- | x0
(2) Upto 35 140 teed viel street
(6) Over 23 oa | 130 subject to max of | 20
| 190 |
SS ee
Compress
a a
See ee ee
Compression in
sin a slab or The calculated compressive stress in the surrounding
I, resistances concrete multiplied by 4'S times the modular ratio
9F concrete taken re Whichever is lower.
into account
——___|
Compression in Half the guaran-
HS, resistance teed yield stress
Of concrete not subject to a
taken | maximum
(a) Upto 20 mm 140 | 190 190
(b) Over 20 mm 130 190
= ag ao eee
(ay) Permissible stress_in long columns. The maximum
permissible stress in a reinforced concrete column or part thereof
having a ratio of effective column length /,; to least lateral radius
Of a gyration int, above 40 shall not exceed the appropriate per-
missible stresses multiplied by C, given by
For approximate C,
where bi east dimension, for Ht >12,
(xvi) Density of concrete. The unit weight of plain concrete
and reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed
Stone ageregate may be taken as 24,000 N/mm? and 25,000 N/mm"
respectively,
(xvii) Design shear strength of concrete. The permissible shear
Stress in concrete in beams without shear reinforcement. is given in
table 1:9,
scanned witn GamScanni {NTRODUCTION
issible shear stress in concrete *< Nimm* for
grade of concrete
7 ~
2 | M30 | M35 M40 i
\
os o23 | 023 | 08
on O31 031 032
078 | 937 | 037 | 038
we | orl 042 | O42
as | ovo 8 | ods | ods | dS
rs on ot | ows 0488 | Oe
1 ods oa | 050 | O32 O52
PS | ost Os! 053 | oO 0°55
2 | oH oy | oss | 036 | | oS
Noa 0°55 057 058 | ,o60
js | 74 0°56 | 058 0°60 | 0°62
- o37 | 060 | O68 | 063
A, is that area of longitudinal reinforcement
