CANADA MORTGAGE AND

HOUSING CORPORATION

UNIVERSAL
DESIGN
A guide for designers, builders
and developers of multi-unit
residential buildings

CMHC.ca
 Acknowledgement
We would like to thank the Eviance Team, including Susan Hardie, Cameron Crawford, Tammy Bernasky, Evan Wicklund,
Mah-E-Leqa Jagdal, and Kate Grisim for the research contribution that informed the development of this guide.

We would also like to thank the following subject matter experts and organizations for reviewing this guide and for providing
best practice guidance in universal design in the built environment:
─ Alan R. Perks, P.Eng. [Ottawa] FCSCE, FEIC. Civil engineer ─ Ron Wickman, [Edmonton] BA, BEDS, M. Arch., AAA,
with 40+ years of experience in the private and public MRAIC. A leading Canadian architect, activist, author
sectors, has been actively involved in housing and care and instructor in universal design and accessible design.
needs for persons with disabilities for many years and, ─ The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering [Ottawa]
in 2017, helped establish the Canadian Society for Civil Task Force on Accessibility.
Engineering (CSCE) President’s Task Force on Accessibility.
─ The Daniels Corporation (Daniels) [Toronto] is a real
─ Edward Steinfeld [Buffalo] Distinguished SUNY professor estate developer and builder with a 38-year history in
of architecture, Director, IDEA Center. A passionate the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). It has built more than
thought leader who believes architecture should, first 35,000 award-winning homes and apartments, master-
and foremost, benefit the people who use buildings planned mixed-use, multi-generational communities,
and make a positive contribution to the community. and commercial and retail spaces.
─ Lara Pinchbeck [Edmonton] MA, PHec, RHFAC, PM, ─ Voices and Choices [Ottawa] is a grassroots discussion
CP3. University of Alberta: Professional Human Ecologist, community consisting of adults living with disabilities,
Professional Accessibility Assessor, doctoral scholar/ their families, loved ones and care providers.
researcher: universal design.
─ Michel Labrie [Vancouver] Principal and co-founder. Local
Practice Architecture + Design focuses on regenerative
design, integrated design process, public consultation and
green building research and education in British Columbia.

CMHC staff: Project lead:

Antonio Martino Camille Farrag, BSc MSc,
Cameron MacCarthy-Tilley Researcher, Policy and Innovation
Jamie Shipley Email: [email protected]
Jim Oh
Sandy Price

Intellectual property information

©2022, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
Copyright in the material and related graphics in this guide is owned by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) unless otherwise indicated
herein. The use, copying, modification or distribution of this guide and its related graphics is not permitted, unless express permission is provided in writing
by CMHC. This guide is for informational purposes only.

Trademarks
The names of any CMHC products and services, as well as any logos or drawings, are trademarks, registered trademarks or official marks of CMHC.
Other product and company names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.

Disclaimer
This guide is for general information purposes only and is intended solely for general guidance. It is not intended to provide or replace regulatory
requirements, or other advice, and it should not be relied upon in that regard. It is provided without warranty of any kind, express or implied. Neither
CMHC nor any of its employees, agents, or advisors shall have any liability for any damage caused by or related to the use of the information contained
in this guide. Photos taken prior to COVID-19 physical distancing safety measures.

A Universal Design Guide | 2

ONTENT
Table of Contents
Purpose of this guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Development of this guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Part One: What is universal design? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Part Two: The approach to the building . . . . . . . . . 17

Part Three: Interior common areas . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Part Four: Bathrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Part Five: Kitchens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Part Six: Living spaces and bedrooms . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Part Seven: Mechanical and electrical

systems and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Case Study: Daniels’ Accessibility Designed

Program/universal design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
 Purpose of this guide
The purpose of this guide is to:
─ spark ideas about how to design and build innovative,
inclusive and affordable multi-unit residential buildings
(MURBs);
─ provide a practical and non-technical introduction
to universal design (UD) for residential designers,
builders and developers who want to offer leading-
edge, desirable and marketable housing that meets
a broad range of community needs;
─ demonstrate how UD makes accessing, using and
enjoying spaces inside and outside MURBs easier,
safer and more intuitive for all, regardless of age
or ability;
─ show how it is possible for people to stay in their
homes as their circumstances change, without
expensive renovations; and
─ highlight the concept of adaptability, so that homes
can be easily adapted to changing needs.

Application
The UD Guide is intended for multi-unit residential
buildings (MURBs) consisting of single-level units in
low-, mid- or high-rise buildings with common areas
and entrances.

The information in the Guide does not apply to

single-detached, semi-detached, row houses, stacked
townhouses or individual condominium/apartment units
with multiple levels.

A Universal Design Guide | 4

 Development of this guide
To help define the current context and state of knowledge of inclusive design and construction principles that were
needed to develop industry guidelines, CMHC invested in the research that underpins this guide. This research was
a starting point in consultations with industry experts and people with lived experience. CMHC is committed to
developing guidance based on the Accessibility Strategy for the Public Service of Canada (“Nothing Without Us”).1
Persons with lived experience were involved with the development of this guide and will continue to be involved
in future. These combined insights inform the guidance herein, but the good ideas do not stop here. CMHC is
committed to evolving and progressing in line with developments in UD:

─ We recognize that the following guide does not capture all potential perspectives about UD. There are many
interpretations of UD in the built environment. Therefore, the following guidance is not intended to be overly
prescriptive or exhaustive.
─ UD is an evolving, modern and person-centred approach to creating inclusive homes. We intend to further
explore certain UD goals in the future, most notably the goal of cultural appropriateness; we believe that this
goal deserves more substantial and focused consideration.
─ CMHC is committed to further engaging with community partners and providing updated helpful tips on our
Universal Design webpage.

It should be noted that the development of this guide was undertaken recognizing that UD complements, but does
not replace, accessible design that is needed to ensure persons with disabilities can safely access and use all the spaces
and amenities commonly found in the residential built environment. More in-depth guidance about accessible design
is provided by CMHC’s Accessible Housing by Design series, which is available for viewing and download from our
website (www .cmhc .ca), and by our Housing Knowledge Centre library.

This guide does not replace building code requirements or accessibility standards set out by the Canadian Standards
Association (CSA). Designers, builders and developers need to ensure that the residential buildings they deliver meet
all building code requirements set out by the relevant local authority and any referenced CSA standards.

A Universal Design Guide | 5

 CANADA IS DIVERSE
– Universal design responds to this diversity
Under universal design (UD), the starting point isn’t based on assumptions that
every household should be structured the same way or that the individuals within
households have the same abilities and needs. UD recognizes that there are multiple
ways of living.
Designers are asked to think about housing design in new ways. This might mean
abandoning assumptions that every household should have a master bedroom with
two smaller rooms for children. It might mean thinking about multigenerational
homes, with work-from-home or learn-from-home spaces.
It also recognizes that the design and construction of UD MURBs can support cultural
preferences by either providing the needed spaces and amenities or, at a minimum,
ensuring spaces are easily adaptable to different needs.
UD provides a foundation for ensuring that housing can better respond to the needs
of people with disabilities. While UD is not the same as accessible design, it does make
it easier to adapt housing to meet the needs of current and future household members.
UD is relevant because consumers are asking for more choice, convenience, comfort
and affordability. UD’s person-centred, affordable, adaptable and inclusive approach
seeks to address housing inequalities.
 UNIVERSAL
DESIGN
anticipates changing needs
The UD approach involves an understanding that housing
needs change over time as people move through different
stages of life. UD should accommodate the needs of
single individuals, young families, multi-generational
families, and seniors who want to age in place.

For example, about 90% of Canadians, and almost 100%

of Canadians aged 65 or older, plan on supporting
themselves to live safely and independently in their
own home for as long as possible.2 UD offers an
affordable approach to aging in place by considering
future needs and planning ahead.

Renovations or retrofits to accommodate aging in place

can be costly and disruptive. By planning for change in
the design and construction of new MURBs, designers
can help households adapt their homes over time, with
less disruption and at lower cost.
 CANADA
IS READY
for innovative and
inclusive housing design
Universal design is already here; let’s expand on it.

Canadians have been benefiting from lowered sidewalk

curbs, automatic doors, smart-phone interfaces, optical
and voice recognition software, more spacious/gender-
neutral washrooms, spaces for social, cultural and religious
gatherings and many other positive features that come
from intentional efforts to make our lives easier, safer
and more inclusive.

UD builds on the progress that is already taking place,

and it doesn’t need to be costly; often, UD is just
thoughtful, well-planned design based on the
needs of our diverse population.
NIVERSA PART ONE:

What is
universal design?
 Introduction
The overall goal of UD is to ensure that spaces do not
discriminate and that they benefit people regardless of
their abilities, needs and cultural preferences. UD offers
designers and builders a competitive advantage through
attractive designs that enable people to better meet
current needs, evolve to address changing needs, and,
age in place. A well-integrated and collaborative approach
is used to ensure that design is person-centred.

UD takes an expanded view of household needs and

abilities. Designers may consider what people with
low vision, hearing difficulties or cognitive disabilities
might need. Or, quite simply, they may consider the
height differences of a multi-generational family. UD
is also aesthetically pleasing and offers culturally
appropriate features.

UD strikes a balance between functional living spaces

that are easy to use and aesthetically pleasing spaces
that respond to emotional needs. UD also asks: How
will the MURB reflect potential cultural preferences?
Designers should reach out to experts in universal
design for assistance if the person-centred approach
is unfamiliar.

More concretely, UD in multi-family housing ensures

a broad range of needs are being met in and around
the building. For example:
1. The parking areas, approach to the building, and
entrances are easy to navigate, understand and are
accessible to everyone.
2. The vertical circulation includes elevators and stairs
that are easy to use, safe and accessible to everyone.
3. The horizontal circulation offers convenient, intuitive
and accessible pathways with sufficient space for
mobility devices.
4. The kitchens, laundry facilities and common areas meet
a variety of needs and are easily adaptable to meet
future accessibility needs.
5. The bathrooms are modern in design and will require
minimal adaptation in the future to accommodate
wheelchairs, a commode-chair and/or lifts.

A Universal Design Guide PART ONE | 10

 The goals of universal design
The University at Buffalo’s Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access
(the IDEA Center) has played an important role in UD. They developed the following
Goals of Universal Design©:

1. Body fit: 2. Comfort:

Accommodating a wide range Keeping demands within desirable
of body sizes and abilities limits of body function and perception

3. Awareness: 4. Understanding:
Ensuring that critical information Making methods of operation and
for use is easily perceived use intuitive, clear, and unambiguous

5. Wellness: 6. Social integration:

Contributing to health promotion, Treating all groups with
avoidance of disease, and dignity and respect
protection from hazards

7. Personalization: 8. Cultural appropriateness:

Incorporating opportunities Respecting and reinforcing cultural
for choice and the expression values, and the social and environmental
of individual preferences contexts of any design project

This goal-oriented approach is particularly practical in application; it defines the outcomes

of UD practice in ways that can be measured and applied to all design domains within the
constraints of existing resources.

A Universal Design Guide PART ONE | 11

 The principles of universal design
From a historical perspective, the Seven Principles of Universal Design are worth noting. They were developed
in 1997 at the North Carolina State University by Ronald Mace and a working group of architects, product
designers, engineers and environmental design researchers.3 The Principles are different from the previously
discussed goals of UD in that they focus on what the design of a space should immediately offer the occupants,
as opposed to what the longer-term benefits should be. Adoption of these principles provides a pathway toward
meeting UD goals.

1 Specifics
─ Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever
Equitable use possible and equivalent when not.
The design should be useful ─ Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users.
and marketable to people ─ Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally
with diverse abilities . available to all users.
─ Make the design appealing to all users.
Example: Main entrances are accessible for all; people with mobility
devices are not required to use a segregated side entrance.

2 Specifics
─ Provide choice in methods of use.
Flexibility in use ─ Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use.
The design should accommodate ─ Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision.
a wide range of individual ─ Provide adaptability to the user’s pace.
preferences and abilities
Example: Kitchen counters that are adjustable in height.
Power door openers.

3 Specifics
─ Eliminate unnecessary complexity.
Simple and ─ Be consistent with user expectations and intuition.
intuitive use ─ Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills.
Use of the design should be easy ─ Arrange information according to its importance.
to understand, regardless of the ─ Provide effective prompting and feedback during and
user’s experience, knowledge, after task completion.
language skills, or current
Example: Entrances are easy to locate and use.
concentration level .

A Universal Design Guide PART ONE | 12

 4 Specifics
─ Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant
Perceptible presentation of essential information.
information ─ Provide adequate contrast between essential information
The design should communicate and its surroundings.
necessary information effectively ─ Maximize “legibility” of essential information.
to the user, regardless of ambient ─ Differentiate elements in ways that can be described
conditions or the user’s sensory (i.e., make it easy to give instructions or directions).
abilities . ─ Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices
used by people with sensory limitations.
Example: Signage in garbage/recycling areas communicates
disposal requirements using multiple communication methods,
e.g., symbols, plain language text or audio.

5 Specifics
─ Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used
Tolerance for error elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated,
The design should minimize isolated, or shielded.
hazards and the adverse ─ Provide warnings of hazards.
consequences of accidental ─ Provide fail-safe features.
or unintended actions ─ Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.
Example: Provide signs for potential building hazards or railings
on slopes.

6 Specifics
─ Allow users to maintain a neutral body position.
Low physical effort ─ Use reasonable operating force.
The design should be efficiently ─ Minimize repetitive action.
and comfortably usable, with a ─ Minimize sustained physical effort.
minimum of fatigue .
Example: Lever door handles and lightweight doors.

7 Specifics
─ Provide a clear line of sight to important elements
Size and space for for any seated or standing user.
approach and use ─ Make reach to all components comfortable for any
Appropriate size and space seated or standing user.
should be provided for approach, ─ Accommodate variations in hand and grip size.
reach, manipulation, and use ─ Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices
regardless of user’s body size, or personal assistance.
posture, or mobility . Example: Ensure door width enables easy manoeuvring
and comfort.

Copyright 1997 NC State University, The Center for Universal Design

A Universal Design Guide PART ONE | 13

 What is the difference between accessible
and universal design?
Historically, there has been some confusion over the differences between accessible and universal design within the
context of the built environment. These terms are sometimes used interchangeably, implying that they have the
same meaning. Here, we draw out distinctions between the terms by the key basic elements of each. It is, however,
important to note that while these distinctions are not necessarily agreed upon, they are helpful to illustrate the key
differences between accessible and universal design.

Universal design (UD)

Holistic – UD features are built in and integrated Attractive – UD focuses on marketability
in the design and desirability
Proactive – UD features are embodied during Affordable – UD features impose no or
design, not retrofitted later little additional costs
Inclusive – UD features meet as many needs Flexible – UD features allow for multiple uses
for as many people as possible

It is important to note that Universal Design does not necessarily result in an element, space or complete
building that meets building code accessibility requirements.

Accessible design (AD)

Conformant – AD may be required by building Utilitarian – AD may focus more on function
code or specified by building owners and purpose than form or aesthetics
Prescriptive – AD complies with standards, Minimal – AD can focus on the minimum
regulations, building code requirements additional features required by code or to
Incremental – AD may be added on to base meet specifications
or conventional designs Visible – AD may include obvious additions
to conventional design

The following guidance is not intended to replace building code requirements or CSA standards. Designers, builders
and developers must adhere to the requirements of their respective jurisdiction(s).
References to CSA standards within this guide pertain to:
─ CSA B651-18, Accessible design for the built environment
─ ASC/CSA B651:22, Accessible design for the built environment (January 2023)
─ ASC/CSA B652:22, Accessible Dwellings (January 2023)

A Universal Design Guide PART ONE | 14

 A Future Consideration
for Universal Design
The advice provided in this guide was developed in consideration of the eight goals and, to a lesser extent, seven
principles already mentioned. The eighth goal is worth noting, since it’s an important development for CMHC and
will be explored further in future consultations and guidance. “Respecting and reinforcing cultural values, and the
social and environmental contexts of any design project” aligns with CMHC housing objectives.

Housing designers should adopt a design approach that creates safe, inclusive spaces for diverse cultural and religious
practices, honouring distinct ways of living. It’s important for designers, builders and developers to think about the
design of social spaces. When more than one person lives in a household or building, people need to negotiate how
space is used, who uses it and the degree of autonomy people have within it.

Questions for an inclusive future:

1. Will social spaces offer opportunities for groups/families
All these questions are
to convene with privacy? food for thought for future
2. Will groups be able to carry out a variety of autonomous
considerations. More
activities? For instance, are there spaces for people to research and consultations
practice smudge ceremonies privately without concerns are needed to make future
about smoke? guidance more concrete.
3. Will people be able to cook together or pray together privately? We look forward to
4. Some families are multi-generational; will the MURB have units feedback from communities,
with three or more bedrooms? researchers, planners and
5. MURB design may also consider dedicated office spaces for designers from across
visiting service providers/health professionals; residents can meet Canada on how they
with service providers in a more neutral, less vulnerable space. envision UD meeting
the eighth goal: cultural
appropriateness.

A Universal Design Guide PART ONE | 15

 What is adaptability?
Adaptability means thinking ahead during the design and construction of the MURB. This saves time and money and
minimizes hassle for future residents. Throughout the Guide, we provide advice for configuring spaces and features so
that they’re both widely usable and readily adaptable for meeting future accessibility requirements.

Some key examples of adaptability:

Lighting Consider placing wiring and fixture boxes to permit future

division of rooms and providing electrical rough-ins to
facilitate future installation of different lighting types.

Kitchen spaces If adjustable-height counters are too costly, pre-install

the wiring and junction boxes needed behind the wall
so it will be possible to install adjustable-height counters
in the future.

Bathrooms Add structural support (e.g., framing, 19 mm (¾ in.)

plywood) before installing drywall and other finishes to
make it easier to install grab bars, shower seating and
overhead lifts if needed in the future. All walls should
be designed to support loads or resist a force. See latest
CSA guidance for details.

Balconies Provide a balcony door with a rough opening to allow

future installation of a sufficiently wide door (e.g., 920mm)
to accommodate passage of a person using a mobility
device. If a curb between the balcony and interior space
cannot be avoided (see Daniels Corporation Case Study),
minimize the height of the curb and ensure that there are
no obstructions (e.g., baseboard heater) on the inside and
outside of the curb that could complicate access to the
balcony in the future.

A Universal Design Guide PART ONE | 16

PPROAC PART TWO:

The approach
to the building
 Getting to the building and exterior spaces
The approach to the MURB should not only ensure that residents are proud to call it home, it must also be
intuitive, barrier-free, convenient and safe. Designers should consider a variety of needs. This includes people
who may have difficulty:
─ locating the building entrance
─ with navigation using a mobility device
─ towing a cart, or pushing a stroller

Designers should provide clarity through simple layouts that use signage and intuitive entries. Wide accessible
pathways, using changing textures and raised curbs to differentiate edges should also be available. Buildings should
have convenient and protected spaces for pick-up and drop-off areas.

Universal design (UD) features in Figure 1:

A Accessible wide pathway E Protected area and accessible automatic

doorway
B Path is a gradual, low-effort incline
F Main entrance is clearly identifiable and
C Welcoming entrance, evenly lit intuitive to use

D Clear sight lines. Wooden features support G Raised beds for easier gardening
wayfinding to the front door

F
E
G

C
D

Figure 1: Building approach

Source: Ambrose Place, Edmonton, designed and photographed by Ron Wickman.

A Universal Design Guide PART TWO | 18

 Exterior spaces
Flexibility is important in designing exterior spaces; the needs of
residents may change over time. There should be opportunities for
people to enjoy outdoor spaces that accommodate multiple user
types. This includes those using a wheelchair with or without a walking
partner. Shade should be maximized using trees, trellises, and other
landscape features. Consider using materials and foliage that require
minimal upkeep in the future.

Outdoor seating
Outdoor seating arrangements should be clustered and facing each
other, for people who lip read or use sign language. Resting benches,
with back and arm support, located along the path of travel and at
entrances, are important. Wherever possible, designers should provide
protection against the elements. Outdoor spaces are particularly
important for people living in MURBs, where direct access from
dwelling units to an outdoor space is not always available.

Guidance
Site layout: Provide greenspace, recreational areas, patios
and walkways that encourage barrier-free circulation around
the property.

Seating: Seating areas should be accessible and intuitive to use.

Seating (with back and arm support) should be located with a
view toward activities or vistas and close enough to support ease
of conversation. Provide space for wheelchairs next to seating and
ensure tables can accommodate mobility devices.

Landmarks: Use landmarks as orientation points that support

wayfinding (e.g. strategically located plantings, structures and water
and art features).

Pathways: Wide accessible pathways, using changing textures and

raised curbs to differentiate edges (min. 1,600 mm width).

Provide play opportunities (with protection from elements):

for all generations, such as outdoor seating for chess boards and
playgrounds for children.

Exterior lighting: should be bright and even. Dark, unlit areas

should be eliminated to help provide added safety.

A Universal Design Guide PART TWO | 19

 External pathways
Pathways are an important consideration for people
using strollers, shopping carts, bikes and mobility devices.
Properly designed, they help ensure everyone can access
the site and building safely. They also facilitate the delivery
of large items. While gentle slopes (no steps) and generous
widths are the hallmark of UD pathways, designers should
also provide wayfinding features.

Wayfinding refers to people’s ability to know where they

are, where they are headed and how best to get there,
and to recognize when they have reached their destination.
For instance, changing the texture or colour of walkway
surfaces to differentiate edges or crosswalks promotes safe Figure 2: External pathway .
wayfinding for people with visual impairments. Source: UD architect, Ron Wickman.

Guidance
Route design: The design of routes should be Pathways: Colour and texture contrasting on the
simple and usable by all residents and visitors. shoreline of pathways can be used strategically to
Surfaces should be stable, firm and slip-resistant. inform wayfinding.
See latest CSA Guidance.
Edge protection: May be accomplished by several
Security: The routes should have clear sight lines means, e.g., a concrete lip, raised landscape edging,
(no hidden corners) and be well lit for adequate or similar features. Edge protection along a pedestrian
safety. Monitored CCTV can also make users feel route should be incorporated for areas with any
at ease while using the site. drop-off immediately adjacent to the walkway.

Handrails: Ensure handrails guide the path of Width of the path: Pathways should be at least
travel, are easy to grip, have no sharp edges and do 1,600 mm to accommodate a wide variety of uses,
not have brackets that interrupt hand movement including strollers, bikes, mobility devices and large
along the railing. Consider non-metal rails for more delivery items.
comfortable use during cold weather. Handrails
should extend before the start of a slope or steps.
This will help ensure that people can use the railing
as a guide or support before the first step and after
the last step.

A Universal Design Guide PART TWO | 20

 Parking
Parking for a MURB should be safe, convenient and easy to navigate.
Ideally, indoor or covered parking is available, for those using mobility
devices. Indoor and outdoor parking areas should be designed for
a wide range of needs. This will include those of visitors, parents,
people bringing their groceries, or people loading and unloading large
items. Designated parking can be intended for people who do not
qualify for an accessible parking pass but who have difficulty moving
about, and people who may require the assistance of someone else.

Guidance
Lighting: Use clear, well-lit parking areas for adequate safety.

Personal safety: Provide CCTV and emergency stations with

lights, sounds and call buttons.

Level parking: The designated parking spaces need to be level.

This is to prevent wheelchairs, strollers or other items from
rolling away.

Designated parking: Provide accessible parking spaces on the

shortest possible and accessible routes to the MURB:
1. Spaces should be wide enough to enable parking for an
accessible van.
2. Provide designated aisles for offloading on either side of the
accessible van.
3. The path should be level, firm, non-slip and hazard-free.
4. The width of the path should be 1,600 mm, but ideally wider
(e.g. 1,800 mm) for side-by-side companion pedestrian traffic.
5. The location of the designated parking should lead to
a barrier-free path to the building.

Figure 3: Visible accessible signs . Signage is visible during all seasons

(it is not covered in snow) and may be seen from a distance .

A Universal Design Guide PART TWO | 21

 Indoor and outdoor
parking areas should
be designed with
the wide range of
needs in mind.

Signage: Install a sign on a pole or wall in front of the space

at a height that is visible to indicate the space is reserved.

Indoor/covered parking: Covered parking is advised,

particularly over designated parking, to prevent snow,
ice and other environmental elements from hindering
access to curb cuts and accessible pathways.

Pathways: Simple and intuitive routes and spaces are

clearly marked, including visitors’ parking.

Curb cuts: Provide curb cuts, ensuring they aren’t in

locations that get blocked by parked vehicles.

Consider designated spaces for:

1. offloading deliveries or large moving items
2. people with small children or pregnant women
3. people with temporary injuries or illnesses
4. bikes and alternative forms of transport

A Universal Design Guide PART TWO | 22

 Exterior entrances and landings
All entrances and landings for MURBs should be accessible and welcoming to everyone, yet secure against intruders
and the elements. The door and entrance area should be illuminated well enough so users can clearly see the street
address, find keys, have clear views and feel safe. The doorway should be wide enough for a person to easily pass
through, regardless of whether they are moving large items (such as furniture), or if they are using a mobility device,
such as a walking aid or wheelchair.

Guidance
Entrances
Accessible route: Ensure there is an accessible 3. Each door should have a door-opening button
route up to, and through, the main entry door. that is accessible to a person in a wheelchair.
Ensure a barrier-free continuous path of travel 4. Thresholds should be low, to prevent tripping
through all the open floor areas and rooms on and allow the passage of wheeled aids, including
the entry level of the building. wheelchairs, walkers, shopping carts and
strollers. They should not be more than
Slope: All entrances must be accessible, ideally a
13 mm high. If they are higher than 6 mm,
sloped walkway, but a ramp or mechanical lift will
they should be at a slope no steeper than
work if a sloped walk is not possible. The slope
a ratio of 1:2 (50%).
should be a ratio no steeper than 1:20 (5%) with
a cross slope no steeper than a ratio of 1:50 (2%). Height safety: Ensure there is plenty of
For further guidance on slope and ramps, consult headroom at the entrance, free of hanging
CSA standards and building code requirements. or protruding objects.
Door width: All doorways must be wide enough Colour contrasting: External and internal
for diverse users to pass through. All entrances doorways should have a colour-contrasting
should be 920 mm wide, or at minimum 860 mm frame to allow it to be easily identified.
wide. Designers need to fully consider the width
of the door in relation to the door hardware Canopy: Provide a canopy over the door or
and manoeuvring needs of people using larger recess the door to provide a protected space
mobility devices. for those using it and to prevent water ingress
over the low threshold.
Entry Doors: Self-opening/closing doors should
be available and allow enough time for a person,
regardless of ability, to enter safely.
1. Install hardware, such as lever handles, that are
easy to operate with minimal force.
2. Doors made entirely of glass and mounted in
glass walls are difficult to detect and should have
distinct markings to aid in defining and signaling
the presence of doors and glass walls to users.

A Universal Design Guide PART TWO | 23

 All doorways must be wide enough
for diverse users to pass through,
including people using mobility devices.

Entrance area and landing

Entrance area: Ensure entrance area provides enough space for
a person leaving the building to adjust their outerwear without
interrupting the passage of other people. Ideally, there should be
available, at either side of an accessible doorway, a minimum area
of 2,100 mm x 2,100 mm to allow for u-turns in mobility devices
and other pedestrian traffic.

Floor surface: Ensure that the floor surface is flat, stable, firm,
and slip-resistant all the way through the door, and that there
is (ideally) no raised threshold in the doorway beyond 13 mm.

Floor mats: Should not impede the path and should be firmly
fixed, to prevent tripping.

Seating: Provide a comfortable place to sit inside and outside

the entry door with back support and arm rests.

Technology: Smart technology should be considered for people

with diverse needs. For instance, buzzers that, when pressed,
use the unit’s lights, rather than sound, to alert occupants to the
arrival of a visitor. These devices can also connect to an occupant’s
phone, sending an alert.

Figure 4: Lever door handles make it possible

to use an elbow or fist to open a door – a
helpful features for people with arthritis or
for someone who has their hands full .

A Universal Design Guide PART TWO | 24

COMMON PART THREE:

Interior
common areas
 Elevators, A well-lighted stairway with solid handrails on both sides

ramps and stairs and extending beyond the top and bottom of the stairs.
Together with visually prominent steps, is safer and easier
to use, particularly for people with poor balance or vision.
A change in level for passing from one floor
This dimension
to another requires either an elevator, slope to be equal to
Ceiling
or stairs. At times, all three can be an option. one tread depth
The following list should be considered in
This dimension
addition to any measures needed to comply to be equal to
with building code requirements set out in one tread depth
the relevant jurisdiction and CSA standards.

Top of stairs

Guidance
Elevators
Bottom of stairs
Access space: Provide open space in front of the Figure 5: Stairs and railing .
elevators for those using mobility devices, pushing Source: Diagram by Ron Wickman, Architect.
a stroller, etc., and to help avoid congestion. If space
permits, provide seating near elevators.

Lighting: The interior should be well and evenly

lit. This will help people with visual impairments Railings
to fully view all areas of the elevator.
The design and placement of railings should be
Colour contrast: Provide contrast around elevator considered carefully for a broad set of needs. They
frame and between interior walls and floor. offer weight support through grip and they provide
psychological confidence. They inform the path of
Handrails: Ensure that there are handrails in the
waiting area and within the elevator. travel for people with visual disabilities.

Door safety: Closing times need to accommodate Rails: Design rails and rail supports to prevent
diverse abilities and speeds. hand damage to wheelchair users along busy
passageways.
Stairs Design: Ensure handrail design enables people
Surfaces: Treads should be slip resistant, with of shorter stature, wheelchair users and others
tactile indicates, and nosing should not protrude travelling at a lower eye level to perceive and
in a away that would cause someone to trip. be perceived through the railings, and prevents
service dogs from walking underneath the rails.
Lighting: The stairway should be properly
illuminated. Residents of diverse abilities should Finishes: Bare metal handrails should generally
feel safe using the stairs. be avoided if exposed to cold weather. Instead,
use plastic-coated or nylon-coated steel rails.
Hand rails: Stairs should have handrails,
see Figure 5. Location: Where a change in elevation requires
a slope or ramp, handrails should be installed
along the slope or ramp to protect against falls.

A Universal Design Guide PART THREE | 26

 Lobbies and corridors
Well-designed lobbies and corridors help people move comfortably and safely, regardless of their age, strength,
mobility, capacity to see, or other abilities. Lobbies should be as spacious as possible, offering room to manoeuvre
if multiple people are present or passing through. Ensure that the space is well and evenly lit, with minimal glare,
and that sight lines are open. These features contribute to feelings of safety.

Guidance
Interior corridors Obstacle free corridors: Design corridors so
they will be free of obstacles; avoid installing
Pathways: The path of travel, particularly to windows that cause an obstruction to people
elevators, stairs, exits, etc., should be intuitive passing in the corridor (e.g. by opening inward),
and easy to navigate: and recess radiators, fire extinguishers, and other
1. Avoid installing doors along corridors unless wall-mounted items.
required, because they can impede the free
Handrails: There should be handrails available.
movement of pedestrians, wheelchair users
Any width needed for handrails should be in
and others who have difficulty moving.
addition to the 1,200-mm width for the corridor.
2. Keep wayfinding features (signs, colour-
contrasting finishes, auditory signals,
Lobby
etc.) consistent and helpful for navigation;
provide location maps, emergency signs Reduce glare: If the lobby has windows, design
and door labels. them to minimize internal glare by using external
canopies, awnings or shades, or consider using
3. Avoid unnecessary turns or corners that limit
tinted coatings. Ensure any glazing is properly
a line of sight down the corridor. This will
highlighted with markings, such as opaque strips or
facilitate wayfinding and increase safety.
etching along the entire width of glazed elements.
Floor surface: Floor surface should be flat, stable,
Floor surface: Ensure the mats are flush with
firm and slip-resistant. The finish should allow
the surrounding floor or properly treated on
wheeled devices to pass easily.
their edges to minimize the hazard of tripping.
Colour contrasting: Consider using colour Also ensure they are made of a firm material
coding on the flooring to assist with orientation (not compressible). This will allow wheeled
and guidance. devices to easily pass over them.

Lighting: Ensure corridors are evenly lit, with no Resting areas: Provide a comfortable place to
dark shadows or areas. sit with back support, arm rests and conveniently
placed tabletops.
Width: Corridors should accommodate a wide
variety of uses (strollers, bikes, mobility devices
and large delivery items) and be 1,200 mm wide
at minimum, but ideally 1,800 mm wide.

A Universal Design Guide PART THREE | 27

 Common areas
UD features in Figures 6 and 7:

A Accessible entrance to an accessible meeting space.

B Welcoming, evenly lit with clear sightlines.

C Meeting space is adaptable to ceremonial needs.

D This UD common space is an example of person-centred and collaborative design. The ceremonial
room was constructed to allow residents to join in daily smudging and other ceremonies.

Figure 6: External view of ceremonial room Ambrose Place, Edmonton Source: Designed by Ron Wickman. (www.niginan.ca)

Figure 7: Internal view of ceremonial room Ambrose Place, Edmonton . Source: Designed by Ron Wickman. (www.niginan.ca)

A Universal Design Guide PART THREE | 28

 Common areas
As discussed in the introduction, UD pursues a goal of cultural appropriateness. This means that considerations
are made about the purpose of common areas and rooms. People should be free to engage in their religious and
cultural practices safely and without discrimination. Common areas should be created in consideration of diverse
ways of living. For some, this can mean having access to the natural environment and to water. For others, it can
be a quiet space to pray, smudge or participate in a variety of celebrations. Gender-neutral washrooms should
also be considered. Some MURBs may have smaller dwelling units that limit one’s ability to have large gatherings;
common areas with a kitchenette can provide these safe spaces for a variety of gatherings.

Acoustics are an important consideration for the comfort of all, and particularly for people with hearing impairments.
Reverberation of sound waves and their reflection off hard surfaces can be distracting and even painful for people
with low hearing levels, particularly if they rely on assistive hearing devices. Reduce sound reverberation by using
sound absorbing materials. These features also help reduce noise complaints in shared living environments such
as MURBs.

Guidance
Common areas
Meeting spaces: Ensure plenty of space is available; do not assume all meetings take place around
a table. The room should be adaptable to many styles of congregating.

Accessible counter spaces: If the room has a counter, try to ensure that at least one section
can be used by someone seated in a mobility device or regular chair and that storage is usable
by all.

Windows: Make sure their design enables all people to see out from a sitting position and easily
operate them.

Room controls: Light switches, dimmers, fan controls, and thermostats are located at convenient
heights and operable by all. See part 7, for guidance.

Accessible washroom: Provide an accessible, gender-neutral washroom.

Kitchens: Workspaces, appliances and fixtures should meet the same requirements for widespread
use. For example, if the room has a counter (e.g., for beverages and snacks), it would ideally have at
least one section that a person in a mobility device would be able to position their chair underneath
while preparing (e.g., cutting, peeling, adding milk or sugar) and obtaining their food or drink.

Lighting: Lighting distribution and brightness should be suitable to the room’s purposes. Consider
installing task lighting.

A Universal Design Guide PART THREE | 29

 Common areas
should be created
in consideration of
diverse ways of living.

Laundry facilities
Accessible: Ensure the laundry room’s appliances are
front-loading. Sink, counters and storage should be widely
usable, regardless of a person’s height, mobility, manual
dexterity, visual acuity, or other abilities.

Safety: Consider installing mechanisms to safeguard people

and laundry, such as CCTV.

Doors: Consider automatic doors for people who are trying

to enter and exit the room while carrying items such as laundry.

Flooring: Provide stable and firm, slip-resistant flooring that

produces minimal glare.

Mailboxes, recycling and garbage areas

Ensure the spaces set aside for mail or courier boxes, waste and
recycling containers, and bicycle parking can be equitably used by
all residents. For instance, bin lids should not be too high, heavy,
or complex, and access doors should have automatic openers.

Ensure that these areas are error-tolerant (safe), that there

is enough space for all residents and visitors to approach and
use the spaces and the receptacles they contain, and that the
receptacles can be operated by all.

A Universal Design Guide PART THREE | 30

ATHROOM PART FOUR:

Bathrooms
 Wet-room bathrooms
Today, UD meets modern taste through the development of “wet-room” bathrooms. Using an open-concept floor
plan, designers can create a spa-like atmosphere at a low cost. Wet-room bathrooms typically include curbless
showers, built-in seats and benches, inset shelves and rain or multi-positioned shower heads.

Open-concept bathrooms are common in Europe and offer a sleek design and efficient functionality. With a no-threshold
shower area that opens up to the rest of the bathroom, the design is ideal for growing families and seniors, or anyone
who needs a little extra room, such as users of wheelchairs and walkers.

Wet-room bathrooms include affordable and easy-to-install protection against accidental leaks that might cause water
damage to the surrounding walls, ceiling and floor. Waterproof membranes combined with simple, large-format tiles
can offer a clean and streamlined look, or creativity can be used to create contrast in the tile positioning. Reinforced
walls allow for the installation of grab bars in multiple locations immediately or at some point in the future.

UD features in Figure 8:

A Trench drain provided F No barrier to J Easy-to-use lever

shower area faucet handle
B Lever shower valve
G Sink has leg room for K Good task lighting
C Handheld shower seated positions
head on grab bar L Raised height toilet
H Floor space in front of
D Plenty of counter space fixtures is accessible M Flip-up grab bars
with seated positions beside toilet
available I Lighting that is bright,
non-glare and even N Floor-to-ceiling backing
E Slip-resistant flooring for future installation
sloping to shower drain of grab bars anywhere
in the bathroom.

K I
C N
B

M
J

D G E
F L
A H

Figure 8: Wet-room bathroom, shower features .

Source: Designed and photographed by Ron Wickman.

A Universal Design Guide PART FOUR | 32

 General bathroom guidance
The bathroom is one of the most important and most used rooms in the home. Universal design can ensure
bathrooms are attractive, safe and spacious enough to be comfortably used by all.

Anticipating future need for adaptation

Successful UD bathrooms involve thoughtful planning and anticipation of future needs. By incorporating adaptability
into bathroom design, households can better manage life’s different stages and can age in place without expensive
renovations in the future. For instance, by adding the necessary structural supports (e.g., framing, plywood) before
installing drywall and other finishes, it will be far easier, and less expensive, to install grab bars, shower seating and
overhead lifts as needed in the future.

Framing the floor of the bathroom with lowered-height joists allows for the installation of a continuous, single-level
floor with no thresholds to step or roll over and with positive drainage to a floor drain. All of this framing is significantly
less difficult and expensive to complete during new construction than during future renovations. Providing shut-off
valves on sinks also enables the fixtures to be easily upgraded as needed.

A Universal Design Guide PART FOUR | 33

 Potential bathroom layouts
In an ideal world, the bathroom would have plenty of open floor space. Everyone would be able
to move freely between and use all of the bathroom’s fixtures, storage and other features. This is
regardless of whether the users of the bathroom are short or tall, use a mobility device or other
mobility aid, or need someone’s assistance. In the real world, however, space is limited. Therefore,
floorspace layout is a very important consideration.
Figures 9 and 10 below provide two examples of fairly small bathroom layouts that maximize flexibility
and ease of use (low physical effort), while also providing suitable size and space for approach and
use. As a general aid to design, the following figures are provided as examples of the free floor spaces
needed for various fixtures and accessories.
Many bathrooms in the dwelling units within MURBs provide either a combined bathtub-shower
unit, or a walk-in or roll-in shower, but not both separate bathtub and shower units. Regardless of
the fixtures supplied, some common UD features are outlined below.

Bathtub
Turning
diameter

Storage

Figure 9: Small, widely usable, and accessible bathroom . Adapted and amended
from CMHC, Accessible Housing by Design—bathrooms, 2016 .
Source: Original diagram by Ron Wickman.

Bathtub

Storage
under sink

Turning
Fold-up
seat

diameter Shower

Clear space
beside toilet

Figure 10: Bathroom with curbless shower and bathtub, two wash basins, toilet,
and storage space . Adapted from CMHC, 2016 .
Source: Original diagram by Ron Wickman.

A Universal Design Guide PART FOUR | 34

 Bathroom guidance

Guidance
Clear bathroom floor space Sink (lavatory)
Floor space: Ideally, a turning radius of 1,800 mm Colour contrasting: Ensure the sink and counter
by 1,800 mm should be available in at least one unit are colour contrasted from the floor to aid
accessible bathroom in the dwelling unit. At in the perceptibility of where one begins and
minimum, the turning radius should be 1,500 mm another ends.
by 1,500 mm if power wheelchairs or other larger
mobility devices are not anticipated. Room should Vanity: Consider minimizing the size of any
also be provided for people who provide assistance cabinetry and other supporting structures
or care in the bathroom. At a minimum, a user in a under the sink/vanity to free up leg room and
wheelchair should be able to enter, close the door manoeuvring room under the fixture. Consider
and access the fixtures. The accessible bathroom installing a height-adjustable vanity. Plumbing of
should be close to or connected to at least one drains and water supply pipes should be kept as
accessible bedroom. close to the wall as possible to free up under-sink
space and prevent injury; water supply pipes should
Shower access: Ensure a chair commode be insulated against contact to prevent burns and
or shower seat can easily be rolled into the other injuries.
shower area.
Faucet: Install a single-lever faucet or motion
Doors: Ensure door swing does not prevent sensor faucet with a pull-out hose for cleanups.
a person in a wheelchair from getting into the Install mixing valves that will limit the water
bathroom and closing or opening the door. temperature to 49°C. To prevent the growth
Pocket doors can offer this convenience, but of Legionella bacteria, it is not recommended
attention must be paid to ensuring they can to lower the hot water tank temperature below
be easily operated. 60°C (140°F).

A Universal Design Guide PART FOUR | 35

 Bathroom Guidance (continued)

Bathtub Shower
Ideally, space in front of the bath is 1,500 mm Ideally, space in front of the shower is 1,500 mm
by 1,500 mm or, at minimum, an area 900 mm by 1,500 mm or, at minimum, a clear floor area of
deep. There should be enough room for a 900 mm by 1,500 mm. There should be enough
safe approach and transfer into the bath, and room to ensure a chair commode or shower seat
room for caregivers. can easily be rolled into the shower.

Length: Ensure a tub is long and wide Provide a 1,500 mm x 900 mm curbless shower
enough for most people. area (within the shower) that gives enough
space for care workers to assist. Low-height,
Reinforcement: Provide appropriate premanufactured, shower base units can be
structural support for grab bars in walls used if curbless showers are not possible.
around bathtub.
Ensure the shower is floored with non-glare,
Depth: Consider installing a shallow tub, slip-resistant tiles or other safety flooring that
which is easier to get into and for bathing does not have strong visual patterning.
children.
Provide adequate floor slopes allowing a
Flooring: Install a tub that is flat-bottomed positive water flow toward the drain. Drains
with a non-slip bottom. Ensure the floor can have either a central collection location
area around the tub is stable and firm, flat, or a long strip at the lowest portion of the
slip-resistant, non-glare, and without strong shower flooring, or both.
visual patterning.
Reinforcement: Provide appropriate structural
Adaptability: Ensure the bathtub can support for grab bars in walls around shower stall.
be easily replaced with a roll-in shower
in the future.
Toilet
Faucets: Bathtub faucets should be easily Reinforcement: Provide appropriate structural
operated (e.g., lever type), clearly legible, support for grab bars in walls around toilet.
conveniently located and clearly perceptible.
Toilet: Select a toilet that is easy to operate
Recessed wall shelf: Recessed storage for and has an appropriate height.
soap, shampoo etc. will provide more room
and less chance of injury. Adequate space: Appropriate space for
transfers and allowance for manoeuvrability.

Power source: Given that there may not be

a bidet, options for residents to install their
own cleaning equipment onto the toilet
should be supported. There should be a
nearby power source.

A Universal Design Guide PART FOUR | 36

KITCHENS PART FIVE:

Kitchens

Source: Designed by The Daniels Corporation.

 Kitchen features
UD features in Figure 11:

A Wall oven is separate from the cooktop

B Open and accessible floor space

C Unobstructed space under the cooktop and sink

D Even lighting and colour contrasting between the counter and backsplash

E Parallel approach to the cooktop (see Figure 12)

F Lever handles at the sink

G Landing surfaces should be conveniently located for placing hot pots, pans and other
items from the cooktop and oven, and for placing items destined for either appliance.
(see Figure 13).

A
D F

G
C

Figure 11: Kitchen with UD features . Source: Image by The Daniels Corporation.

A Universal Design Guide PART FIVE | 38

 Adaptable kitchen features
Designing successful UD kitchens
involves identifying potential users
and anticipating their needs over
time. Incorporating easy-to-use,
accessible and adaptable features
allows people to stay in their homes
as they age and mitigates the cost
of expensive future renovations.
UD kitchens encourage and support
participation in kitchen tasks, from
meal preparation, cooking and
serving to clean-up.

Designing for minimal effort,

adaptability and safety are important
principles in universal kitchen design.
More lighting, a place to sit down
to work, a lower workstation, Figure 12: Parallel approach to cooktop on the range .
and storage for food, utensils and Source: Ron Wickman.
appliances where they can be
easily seen and reached are some
considerations for people of different
heights and abilities. UD kitchens
should be designed to be flexible
and adaptable.

Figure 13: A pullout shelf positioned below the oven can be used to place
utensils or items that are going into the oven .
Source: Photo by Ron Wickman.

A Universal Design Guide PART FIVE | 39

 Layouts and flooring
There are a number of ways to make a kitchen more easily adapted to life’s changing needs and the diversity of
abilities of those who will use it. Wherever possible, have at least 1,800 mm of unobstructed floor space between
opposing counters, cabinets and appliances. Consider installing an adjustable-height counter with the sink mounted
in it and sufficient free legroom. If this is not possible, pre-install wiring and junction boxes needed behind the wall
so it will be possible to install electrically adjustable counters in the future. Appliances should be equipped with easily
operated controls such as conventional turn knobs. Install dimmable task lighting and dimmer controls so the level
of illumination can be controlled to meet a variety of needs.

Guidance
Layouts
General layout: Kitchen layouts should limit travel distances and reduce the need to lift items from one counter
to the next. For instance, layouts like a U-shape, L-shape, or galley kitchen with a sink located near the stovetop
can ensure pans slide easily from a stovetop to the sink (see figures 14, 15 and 16 below). Where the designer has
enough floor area to work with, a person would ideally be able to easily move into, within and through their kitchen,
regardless of whether or not they use a mobility device.

L-shaped kitchen design

Figure 14—An L-shaped kitchen layout
is accessible for someone with a mobility Wall
Oven
device and enables:

─ a forward approach to the cooktop,

dishwasher, sink and refrigerator-freezer.
DW

─ a parallel approach to the cooktop and

the island sink from either side, the wall
oven and dishwasher from the right, and For a power
the refrigerator-freezer from the left. wheelchair
or scooter
Occupants would be able to parallel
approach the bottom drawer of the
freezer when open.

The island with an optional sink provides a French split doors

Fridge

with bottom freezer

convenient, alternative work area which can
be parallel approached from all four sides.
Thanks to the knee and legroom under it,
the island can be forward approached and
Figure 14: L-shaped kitchen, from CMHC Accessible
used while in a mobility device.
by Design Guidance (2016) .
Source: Ron Wickman.

A Universal Design Guide PART FIVE | 40

 Kitchen guidance

Guidance
Lower
Kitchen work surface

U-shaped kitchen design

Figure 15 shows a U-shaped kitchen that has been
configured for use by someone in a mobility device.
Notice that a lowered work surface has been
provided with no base cabinets, which allows leg
room for the person to work at the counter from
For a power
their mobility device. wheelchair
or scooter
Notice also that the person could forward approach
the cooktop, sink, refrigerator and wall oven. If the French split

DW
doors with
cooktop had an oven below it, instead of mounted bottom freezer
in the wall, the person would be able to parallel
approach the oven from the right with its door
Wall
closed or open and could parallel approach the Fridge
Oven
leading edge of the open oven door from the right.
A mobility device user could also conveniently parallel
approach the sink from the left or the right, could also
Figure 15: U-shaped kitchen, from CMHC Accessible
parallel approach the refrigerator from either side,
by Design Guidance (2016) .
and could forward or parallel approach the face of
Source: Ron Wickman.
the bottom-loading freezer’s drawer when open.

Galley kitchen
Drawers: Allow contents of a drawer to be
A galley-style (pass through) kitchen (figure 16)
accessible with minimal bending. Drawers and
will generally facilitate ease of movement between
pull-out shelves (see Figure 17 )or pull-out baskets
key task areas if it provides at least 1,800 mm between
in a deep shelving unit also make storage and
the opposing base cabinets, counter tops, appliances
and walls within kitchen work areas. That measurement retrieval easier. Or provide rotating (“lazy Susan”)
is in addition to any protruding handles from appliances shelves inside the cabinets.
and base cabinet doors and drawers.
Lighting: Ensure colour or tone contrast
Counters and cabinets between walls and counters. Task lighting
within or around cupboards and drawers
Countertops: Continuous countertops allow pots,
is also helpful. Light switches should be
dishes and other potentially heavy objects to slide
accessible from a seated position.
along, minimizing the need for strong core or upper
body strength. Appliance garages on countertops can Adaptable countertops: Provide multiple
help minimize lifting. heights for countertops and work surfaces.
Rolling base cabinets complete with a finished
Cabinet doors: Having no doors or glass doors on
top (figure 18) can provide a convenient
cupboards, or open shelves (rather than cupboards
work surface for seated persons. Provide
with solid doors), helps with visibility. If doors are
a clear space below worktops and sinks.
preferred, D-type pull handles are easier to use, and
colour-contrasted handles would increase accessibility. Kitchen surfaces: Should have low glare,
no sharp edges, and colour contrasts.

A Universal Design Guide PART FIVE | 41

 Sinks, Cooktops and Stoves
Cooktops and stoves:
1. A best practice is to separate the stove cooktop
and oven, allowing for access in a seated position
(legroom under the cooktop and seating height
access to the oven).
2. The cooktop should be designed to be open

DW
underneath, to allow space for a seated person’s
legs. The wall-mounted oven must be positioned
at a height accessible to all users.

Fridge
3. Heat-resilient landing surfaces should be conveniently
located for placing hot pots, pans and other items
from the cooktop and oven, and for placing items Figure 16: 1,800-mm floor space for a galley-style kitchen,
destined for either appliance. from CMHC Accessible by Design Guidance (2016) .
4. Controls should also be mounted near the front Source: Ron Wickman.
of the cooktop and be colour contrasted from the
rest of the cooktop. A person seated in a mobility
device should not have to reach across burners to
adjust controls.
5. Continuous, usable countertop space is provided
that is of sufficient length and, ideally, adjustable
in height.
6. The microwave oven should be situated on
countertops or be built-in, similar to the wall oven.

Sinks:
1. Provide single-lever handles or hands-free faucets at Figure 17: Pantry with pull-out shelving .
the sink with anti-scalding features. There should Source: Photo by Ron Wickman.
be adequate workspace on at least one side and,
preferably, on both sides of the sink. Try to position
the sink so there is at least 610 mm of landing
space/workspace on one side and 450 mm on the
other. It is important to ensure that the sink is not
placed directly next to a wall.
2. Free up legroom and manoeuvring room under the
sink and consider installing a sloped panel beneath
the sink to hide its plumbing and prevent inadvertent
contact or injury to the legs of users. This will
provide the necessary knee and toe room for a
forward approach to the sink in a mobility device.
3. Installing an accessible sink in a corner location is
not recommended, since it restricts access to the
Figure 18: Rolling cabinet provides legroom under
sink by wheelchair users and limits the usability of cooktop and is a portable workstation .
the counter areas. Source: Ron Wickman

A Universal Design Guide PART FIVE | 42

 PART SIX:

Living spaces
SPACES
and bedrooms

Source: Designed by The Daniels Corporation.

 UD features in Figure 19:

A Open concept and barrier-free floor space

B Even lighting

C Accessible balcony over a low door threshold

D Smooth, resilient floor surfaces

A D

Figure 19: Living spaces informed by universal design . Source: Image by The Daniels Corporation.

A Universal Design Guide PART SIX | 44

 Living spaces
There are many ways to plan the layout and design of residential units
within a MURB. Today, modern open-concept designs can make it easier
to accommodate UD principles. Again, it is important to note that there
are multiple ways of living, and it is worth collaborating with potential
residents to learn more about their lifestyles and cultural preferences
to determine what is appropriate for them.

Guidance
Layout: Design the space for a range of activities, such as watching
television, reading, doing homework, entertaining, playing table
games and dining. Allow for flexible furniture layouts.

Accessibility within the units: There should be an accessible,

barrier-free route, leading to all kitchen appliances and to all
bathroom fixtures. The route must also connect with all secondary
exterior doors, storage areas, exterior balconies, and patios that
are part of the dwelling unit.

Lighting: Make the most of natural light and outdoor views.

Ensure that all living area lighting is even, minimizing glare.

Open concept plans: Having an open-concept floor plan

responds to modern tastes and enables flexibility in the use
of the space.

Floor space: A circular turning space with a diameter of 1,800 mm

will accommodate many wheelchairs. People who use a wheelchair
or scooter need clear floor space in front of furniture and electrical
switches and controls. A continuous accessible path of travel at
least 1,200 mm wide should be provided into and throughout all
living spaces.

Door width: All doorways must be wide enough for diverse users
to pass through. All entrances should be at least 860 mm, but ideally
920 mm wide. Designers need to fully consider the width of the
door in relation to the door hardware and manoeuvring needs of
people using larger mobility devices if choosing to comply with CSA
standards. Door hardware should use lever handles. Viewers through
the entry door can also be provided at multiple heights.

Figure 20: furniture for adaptable, open concept layouts

that can be moved easily but also lock in place for safety .

A Universal Design Guide PART SIX | 45

 Bedrooms
Bedrooms, particularly in a busy home, can have many functions, including for play, work, study and rest. Ideally,
all bedrooms are accessible to family members and visitors using mobility devices. At a minimum, one designated
accessible bedroom should be adjacent to the bathroom, or there should be provisions for adaptability features to
be installed in future. For instance, designing a room with a movable wall and ensuring a wall or section of a wall
can be removed allows for the installation of an accessible ensuite bathroom in the future. The design of the walls
requires some consideration, not only for ensuite bathrooms, but also to ensure there is enough room for turning
circles (1,800 mm by 1,800 mm). Also consider sections in the ceiling that can be dedicated to the installation of
lifts to transfer someone from a bed to a wheelchair or from a wheelchair to a bathtub or shower. This will require
reinforcement to ceiling joists, and electrical rough-ins to the appropriate locations in the ceiling.

Guidance
Bedroom size: Bedrooms should be accessible Lighting: Rocker-type, two-way light switches,
to those using mobility devices. At least two sides one beside the bed and one at the room entrance,
of beds should be accessible. The rooms should should be used to ensure no one is forced to pass
be designed for ease of movement and logical through a dark room. The room should be well
task execution. and evenly lit.

Sight lines: A straightforward bedroom layout Storage: Adjustable shelving units should be
will enable people with limited hearing to have available in the bedroom, and the closet should
clear and open sight lines. be equipped with a light fixture. For further
guidance on shelves and hanging rods, see the
Modern technology: Consider smart technology latest CSA guidance.
that would enable control of heating, lighting and
security features and allow for emergency notification Ceiling: Ensure one bedroom ceiling is designed
for people with visual and hearing difficulties. Plan for lift supports.
for electrical rough-ins for future smart technologies
such as curtain controls, lighting and video support. Door width: All doorways must be wide enough
for diverse users to pass through. All entrances
Windows: Windows should be placed for ease should be at least 860 mm, but ideally 920 mm
of viewing from a seated position and to ensure wide. Designers need to fully consider the width
adequate natural light, security and privacy. of the door in relation to the door hardware
Windows should be easy to operate within the and manoeuvring needs of people using larger
bedroom for users of all heights and levels of mobility devices.
physical strength.

A Universal Design Guide PART SIX | 46

QUIPMEN PART SEVEN:

Mechanical
and electrical
systems and
equipment
 Mechanical and electrical fitting guidance
The design, location, and other functional aspects of building services controls, such as light switches, electrical
outlets, thermostats and environmental controls are important considerations when designing a dwelling layout.
Careful planning and consideration of the placement of these controls is needed to ensure a dwelling can safely
and efficiently be used by occupants and their visitors. There are many options when laying out services and
controls; however, ensuring a consistent, simple design with consistent and intuitive location throughout a
dwelling is generally the best approach.

Guidance
Ensure a consistent style, arrangement, position, Colour contrast controls with their background.
and sequence of light controls throughout the For example, use white-coloured light switch
dwelling. This fosters predictability and a more covers on a darker wall.
intuitive approach.
Ensure controls are adequately lit (100 lx minimum,
Controls should be simple and easy to use. Where or 200 lx where reading is necessary).
feasible, avoid the use of multiple switch-gangs,
since these can be confusing. Use of two- or three-way light switches is
recommended to ensure an occupant does not
Locate the centre line of controls at a consistent need to travel within a darkened room. This is
height from the floor throughout the dwelling, within also of particular importance at staircases, where
a range of 400 mm to 1,100 mm from the floor. a light switch should be provided at the top and
If using a display, it should be 900 mm to 1,100 mm. bottom of stairs.

Controls should be located within an area of clear Use automatic, motion, timed, or photocell-activated
floor space (minimum 820 mm x 1,390 mm) and light fixtures where appropriate to ensure adequate
with a clear path of travel (no furniture, counters, lighting and safety of occupants and their visitors.
etc.) for access by the user.
Locate at least one electrical outlet in a room at
Operation of controls should be able to be done a convenient height, where it will not be impeded
with one hand and require minimal force. Controls by furniture, doors, etc. This also applies for
that require grasping, turning, or twisting are not communication and network connections (phone,
recommended (e.g., crank-type timers on ventilation internet, etc.), where applicable, depending on
devices). Rocker-style light switches are preferred. the room.

Control features should provide tactile and/or Consider roughing-in a power supply at interior/
auditory information and feedback, as applicable, exterior doors, adjacent to windows, and at ceiling
to indicate function, position, and confirmation height to allow for future installation of automatic
of activation. devices such as door operators, automatic window
blinds, and ceiling hoists.

A Universal Design Guide PART SEVEN | 48

ASE STUD CASE STUDY:

Daniels’
Accessibility
Designed
Program/
universal design

The following case study shows how the Daniels Corporation

incorporated universal design features into one of their
multi-unit residential projects. Note that the products,
practices and designs presented reflect best practices at
the time the building was constructed and are featured to
illustrate a general approach to universal design. Readers are
advised that the universal design elements of this case study
may not meet current building code requirements or standards
currently in force in their locations. Readers are encouraged to
consult with appropriate regulatory authorities on acceptable
approaches to meeting accessibility or other design and
construction requirements.
 About The Daniels Corporation
The Daniels Corporation (Daniels) is a real estate developer and builder with a 38-year history in the Greater
Toronto Area (GTA). Daniels has built more than 35,000 award-winning homes and apartments; master-planned
mixed-use, multigenerational communities; and commercial and retail spaces. For almost four decades, Daniels has
been a fully inclusive city-builder, always looking beyond the bricks and mortar to integrate opportunities for social,
cultural and economic well-being to positively impact the communities in which they build.

Background Through ongoing discussions about how to expand their commitment to building more
inclusive communities, Daniels decided it was time to address a significant gap in the
marketplace—a shortage of new homes designed to accommodate mobility and other
accessibility needs. Keeping the four guiding principles of the Accessibility for Ontarians
with Disabilities Act (AODA) in mind (independence, dignity, integration, and quality of
opportunity) Daniels engaged experts in the field to help evaluate the accessibility of
their designs within their buildings and within the suites themselves.

The What Daniels discovered through the evaluation process was that, despite their suite
designs meeting or, in some cases, exceeding the AODA standards, there was not
challenge only an opportunity, but an imperative to do more to address the needs of a broad
spectrum of homebuyers and tenants, including those who use assistive mobility
devices and have specific mobility needs.

Results In 2017, Daniels introduced its trailblazing Accessibility Designed Program (ADP),
the first of its kind in North America, to provide a higher standard in accessible
and impact homes and to make condominium living more inclusive for people of all abilities.
ADP suites have been included in all Daniels vertical communities ever since.
The Program is aligned with the goals and principles of universal design and provides
examples of best practices in universal design.

ADP suites exceed the accessibility standards of the Ontario Building Code by
including features such as power-operated suite entry doors, rollout balconies with
swing doors, large roll-in showers and wider doors throughout, at no extra cost.
In addition, homebuyers can further customize their ADP suite, for an additional cost.
With the goal of making the entire condominium environment as inclusive as possible,
Daniels also incorporates ADP features in the amenities, common spaces and building
entrance, such as lowered concierge desks, accessible kitchens in the party rooms,
larger turning radii and waste chutes with automatic door openers.

This barrier-breaking program has also resulted in a unique partnership with L’Arche
Toronto: Daniels has custom designed an eight-bedroom unit in their Artworks Tower
condominium, located in Toronto’s Regent Park neighbourhood, to meet the assisted-
living needs of L’Arche, which provides housing for people with intellectual disabilities.

A Universal Design Guide CASE STUDY—THE DANIELS CORPORATION | 50

 103
Before the Daniels Accessibility Designed
Program, finding an accessible condo in
Toronto was like finding a unicorn. They were
ADP suites very rare, if they existed at all, and we had
completed or mostly given up on finding a truly accessible
under construction. home. Loving where you live is living in a space
that works for you. For us, it’s an accessible
environment. In one word, it means freedom.

144
ADP suites in
—Owners of a Daniels ADP home in
Toronto’s Regent Park neighbourhood

design development.

ADP
suites range
ADP standard suite
design features
from one-bedroom ─ Roll-in shower with tiled base . While, under the
Ontario Building Code (OBC), barrier-free washrooms
to three-bedroom require a larger turning radius, they do not require any
layouts. other barrier-free features. Barrier-free washrooms
also often have bathtubs, and therefore do not meet
the needs of mobility device users. ADP bathrooms,
however, feature roll-in showers with tiled bases and
grab bars.
─ Handheld and ceiling-mounted shower heads .
Video on YouTube: Flexible, handheld and ceiling-mounted shower heads
“Virtual Tour: Daniels greatly improve the functionality of the shower and
Accessibility Designed will be provided in all roll-in showers.
Program (ADP)”
─ Roll-out balcony with swing door . Conventional
balconies are typically accessed by a sliding door
with a threshold high enough to make access difficult.
Moreover, balcony doors are often too narrow to
accommodate a mobility device.

A Universal Design Guide CASE STUDY—THE DANIELS CORPORATION | 51

 Physical barriers prevent millions of Canadians
with mobility, auditory and visual challenges
from living comfortably within most
condominium buildings and communities.
We can and will design and build homes
and communities that are truly inclusive
and that go beyond the bare minimums
required by the Ontario Building Code.
—Mitchell Cohen, President & CEO,
The Daniels Corporation

─ Side-by-side Washer and Dryer . While typical

condominium suites offer stacked washer and dryer
Continuous
units to save floor space, this makes the dryer unit improvement
on top difficult to reach for those in mobility devises.
ADP suites have the washer and dryer units placed Although Daniels’ ADP is an
side-by-side to improve access while residents do important step in the right
their laundry. direction, they are committed to
the continued improvement of
─ Power-operated suite entry door . Power-operated their design standards to ensure
suite entry doors and a low threshold greatly improve universal design in all their buildings
the functionality of the suite. and throughout their communities.
─ Wider doors throughout . Under the OBC, at least
one bedroom door and one bathroom door are
required to have a clear opening of at least 865 mm
(34 in.) in barrier-free suites. ADP suites will provide Contact The Daniels
at least 865 mm clearance on all bedroom doors and Corporation
the accessible bathroom door. To learn more about Daniels’
─ Additional clearance in bathroom . The OBC Accessibility Designed
requires a 1,500 mm turning radius in bathrooms, Program, contact:
but, in ADP suites, the accessible bathroom will have
Brock Stevenson
additional clearances, including a 900 mm x 1,500 mm Vice-President, Design + Architecture
transfer space beside the toilet and shower, and knee [email protected]
clearance underneath the sink.
Marco Chow
Coordinator, Design + Architecture
[email protected]

A Universal Design Guide CASE STUDY—THE DANIELS CORPORATION | 52

 Further guidance and resources
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2016b). Accessible Housing by Design – Bathrooms, Exterior Spaces,
Kitchens, Bathrooms. Ottawa: CMHC.

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2016e). Accessible Housing by Design – Lifts and Residential Elevators.
Ottawa: CMHC.

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2016f). Accessible Housing by Design – Residential Hoists and Ceiling
Lifts. Ottawa: CMHC.

Canadian Standards Association. (2018 and errata 2020). B651-18: Accessible design for the built environment.
Mississauga, Ontario: CSA.

Centre for Excellence in Universal Design. (2015d). Universal design guidelines for homes in Ireland: Spaces for Living, 3.
Dublin: Author.

Centre for Excellence in Universal Design. (2015d). Universal design guidelines for homes in Ireland: Elements and
Systems, 4. Dublin: Author.

North Carolina State University, “The Center for Universal Design – Environments and Products for All People.”
Retrieved August 22, 2021.

Crawford, C.; Bernasky, T.; Hardie, S.; Jadgal, M.; Grisim, K.; and Wicklund, E. (2021). From Accessibility to Universal
Design: Research and Detailed Specifications for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings. Winnipeg: Canadian Centre on Disability
Studies Inc., operating as Eviance

Government of Canada. (2019–20). Progress Report on Implementation of “Nothing Without Us”: Accessibility
Strategy for the Public Service of Canada. Retrieved October 30, 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/government/
publicservice/wellness-inclusion-diversity-public-service/diversity-inclusion-public-service/accessibility-public-service/
accessibility-strategy-public-service-toc/progress-report-implementation-nothing-without-us-2019-20.html.

International Organization for Standardization, (2014). ISO/ICE Guide for Addressing Accessibility in Standards. Guide 71.
Retrieved: November 17, 2021. http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=57385.

Maisel, J.L. and Ranahan, M. (2017). Beyond Accessibility to Universal Design. Retrieved October 2021.
https://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/accessible/beyond-accessibility-universal-design.

Maisel, J.L. (2011). Chapter 25. The evolution of universal design in housing in the United States: Toward visitability
and pattern books. In Universal Design Handbook. Eds. Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Korydon H. Smith. New York:
McGraw-Hill, pp. 25.1–25.8.

National Research Council Canada. (2021). Model code adoption across Canada. Retrieved August 2021:
https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/codes-canada/model-code-adoption-across-canada.

Pandemic Perspectives on Ageing in Canada in Light of COVID-19: Findings from a National Institute on
Ageing/TELUS Health National Survey. National Institute on Ageing (Canada), Ryerson University. October 2020.
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c2fa7b03917eed9b5a436d8/t/5f85fe24729f041f154f5668/1602616868871/
PandemicPerspectives+oct13.pdf.

A Universal Design Guide GUIDANCE & RESOURCES | 53

 RL Mace Universal Design Institute. Website: https://www.udinstitute.org.

RL Mace Universal Design Institute. (2019). A brief history of universal design. Retrieved from
https://www.udinstitute.org/ud-history.

RL Mace Universal Design Institute. (2021a). What is universal design? Retrieved from
https://www.udinstitute.org/what-is-ud.

RL Mace Universal Design Institute. (2021b). Universal design principles. Retrieved from
https://www.udinstitute.org/principles.

Sinha, S. K. (2020). National Institute of Ageing (NIA)/TELUS Health Survey. National Institute of Ageing. Retrieved from:
https://www.nia-ryerson.ca/commentary-posts/2020/9/22/almost-100-per-cent-of-older-canadians-surveyed-plan-to-
live-independently-in-their-own-homes-but-is-this-even-possible.

Steinfeld, E.; White, J. R.; and Levine, D. R. (2010). Inclusive housing: A pattern book: Design for diversity and equality.
WW Norton & Company.

Steinfeld, E. and Maisel, J.L. (2012). Universal design: Creating inclusive environments. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.

The British Standards Institution (2005). Standard BS 7000-6:2005: Design management systems – Managing inclusive
design. Retrieved November 2021. https://shop.bsigroup.com/products/design-management-systems-managing-
inclusive-design-guide/standard.

City of Winnipeg (2006). Universal design guiding principles. Retrieved September 2021.
https://winnipeg.ca/ppd/Documents/CityPlanning/UniversalDesign/Universal-Design-Guiding-Principles-for-Developers.pdf.

University at Buffalo, Center for Inclusive Design and Environment Access, School of Architecture and Planning. Retrieved
September 02, 2021. http://idea.ap.buffalo.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/110/2019/10/UDGoals_DigitalDistribution.pdf.

Wickman, Ron. (2020). Accessible Architecture, Beyond the Ramp. Winnipeg: Gemma B. Publishing.

A Universal Design Guide GUIDANCE & RESOURCES | 54

 Endnotes
1
The Accessible Canada Act came into force in 2019, and aims to identify, remove, and prevent barriers for persons
with disabilities in Canada. To respond to the Act, the Government of Canada launched the Accessibility Strategy
for the Public Service of Canada, also referred to as “Nothing Without Us,” in 2019 as a roadmap to prepare
the public service to lead by example and become a model of accessibility for others in Canada and abroad.
https://www.canada.ca/en/government/publicservice/wellness-inclusion-diversity-public-service/diversity-inclusion-
public-service/accessibility-public-service/accessibility-strategy-public-service-toc/progress-report-implementation-
nothing-without-us-2019-20.html.
2
National Institute on Ageing (NIA)/TELUS Health Survey, Pandemic Perspectives on Ageing in Canada in Light of
COVID-19: Findings from a National Institute on Ageing/TELUS Health National Survey; https://static1.squarespace.com/
static/5c2fa7b03917eed9b5a436d8/t/5f85fe24729f041f154f5668/1602616868871/PandemicPerspectives+oct13.pdf.
3
North Carolina State University, “The Center for Universal Design - Environments and Products for All People,”
[Online]. The website is no longer available but for further information about Universal Design, please consult:
https://idea.ap.buffalo.edu/.

A Universal Design Guide ENDNOTES | 55

 69998 20230217-002A

CMHC.ca