International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.16, No.

4, July 2024

REAL TIME PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR

ADAPTIVE OFDM/OTFS SELECTION
Amina Darghouthi1, Abdelhakim Khlifi2, Belgacem Chibani1
1
MACS Laboratory: Modelling, Analysis and Control of Systems, University of Gabes, Tunisia.
2
Innov’COM laboratory, Sup’COM, University of Carthage, Tunisia.

ABSTRACT
Future wireless communication systems must simultaneously address multiple challenges to ensure
accurate data detection, deliver high Quality of Service (QoS), adding enable a high data transmission
with low system design. Additionally, they need to reduce energy consumption and latency without
increasing system complexity. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a commonly used
waveform in 4G and 5G systems, it has limitations in handling significant delay and Doppler spread in
high mobility scenarios. To overcome these weaknesses, a novel waveform named Orthogonal Time
Frequency Space (OTFS) has been proposed, which aims to improve upon OFDM by closely matching
signals to channel behavior. In this study, we propose a novel strategy that enables operators to
dynamically select the best waveform based on estimated mobile user parameters. We use an Integrated
Radar Sensing and Communication System (ISAC) to estimate delay and Doppler, as well as speed and
range. This approach allows the base station to adapt to the mobile target, thereby enhancing the
performance of wireless communication systems in high mobility and low complexity scenarios. Simulation
results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach and show that it outperforms existing
methods.

KEYWORDS
OFDM, OTFS, 5G and beyond, Radar sensing, Dynamic selection, 6G potential applications.

1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication systems are continuously evolving. They lookformeeting the increasing
demands of various mobility situations. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is
a widely used technology. Unfortunately, it faces significant challenges in high mobility
environments. This include Doppler shifts and spread effects [1], [3], [4], [7], [21]. In order to
address these limitations, a new processing approach has been developed that defines a new
modulation technique called Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) [1], [7]. By leveraging
delay and Doppler diversity, OTFS outperforms OFDM in high mobility scenarios, making it a
promising candidate for High Mobility Wireless Communication systems (HMWCS) [1], [2],
[3].Besides, accurately estimating delay Doppler is a significant challenge for future wireless
systems, including 6G.Even though, 4G/5G technologies have made improvements in mobility
scenarios, interruptions can still occur at very high speeds. To deal with this issue, 5G networks
must be capable of supporting speeds up to 500km/h in applications such as Vehicle to
Everything (V2X), drones, and HighSpeed Rails (HSR) [1], [2], [5], [6]. Recently, Multi-Carrier
Modulations (MCM) have been under consideration to tackle the challenges posed by frequency
selective channels, which involve conducting actions in the frequency domain. With the advent of
high mobility scenarios such as hyper loop, it is anticipated that future 6G networks will need to
support mobility at speeds up to 1000km/h [1], [5]. Nevertheless, such high mobility introduces
significant Doppler shift and spread, resulting in HMWCexperiencing rapid selective double
fading. In order to effectively communicate in such conditions, it is crucial to match the
DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2024.16406 109
 International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.16, No.4, July 2024
information to the propagation channel.The clever utilization of cyclic redundancy during
transmission allows for the reduction of terminal complexity thanks to FFT (Fast Fourier
Transform) usages based algorithms. This waveform suffers from some limitations, including a
high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Out of Band (OOB) emissions, and a significant loss
of orthogonal waves in high mobility [7].So, it is necessary to explore alternative modulation
techniques that can overcome these limitations and provide reliable communication in higher
mobility situations. Recently a proposed bi-dimensional waveform, known as OTFS (Orthogonal
Time Frequency Space), utilizes a pair of 2D transforms, namely Symplectic Finite Fourier
transform (SFFT) and Inverse Symplectic Finite Fourier transform (ISFFT) [1], [8], [9], [15].
OTFS has been shown to achieve full diversity and outperform OFDM in high mobility
scenarios, making it a promising candidate for the next generation of mobile networks [11], [12],
[13], [16], [17]. Both OTFS and OFDM waveforms have their own pros and cons. Particularly,
OTFS excelles in high mobility scenarios but it suffers from high processing complexity.While
OFDM is well suited for low mobility scenarios but it experiences significant performance
degradation in higher mobility cases [1], [12].To address these drawbacks.This paper suggests an
original idea to explore an alternative usage of these waveforms. This guaranteesa high quality of
service (QoS) simultaneously for different mobility contexts. One promising approach is the use
of an Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) system for estimating various parameters,
particularly the delay(range) and Doppler (speedof moving objects), to implement OTFS and
OFDM schemes accurately. The objective is to achieve more accurate estimates of delay,
Doppler shift, object velocity, and target count. Traditional velocity estimation methods often
rely on the delay Doppler (DD) technique, but the proposed approach suggests a novel solution to
enhance the performance of wireless communication systems in various mobility scenarios.
Recently, the integration of radar algorithms for parameter estimation has gained significant
attention in the research community [20], [22], [23], [24], [25]. In wireless communication
systems, users are distributed randomly within the coverage area of the base station and exhibit
varying levels of mobility [31], [32].Therefore, it is crucial to propose effective solutions that
cater to the needs of both faster and slower users simultaneously when dealing with a diverse
group of users with varying mobility levels within the base station's coverage area.

2. RELATED WORK
The advent of 6G technology brings forth a myriad of challenges and prospects for research. One
of the primary focuses is the examination of various parameters employed for waveform sensing
in Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems [22], [23], [24], [25]. This
research area aims to identify the most suitable waveform parameters for sensing signals
and optimize the allocation of bandwidth between sensing and communication [22], [23],
[24], [25]. Researchers can unlock new opportunities for enhancing network capabilities
and enabling advanced applications, such as autonomous driving and industrial
automation, by tackling the challenges faced by future wireless communication
systems.The importance of accurate delay and Doppler shift parameter estimation in
Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems (ISAC) is highlighted in [18], [19]. To
address this challenge, the author of [19] proposes a novel two-stage estimation algorithm, the
Fibonacci matched filter (MF-F). This algorithm effectively utilizes waveform characteristics in
the Doppler delay shift (DD) domain within orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS), enhancing
the overall performance of the ISAC system. Moreover, the studies[23], [26] explore potential
research areas, including wireless propagation path prediction, electromagnetic spectrum
mapping, and Terahertz technology. To address these domains, the authors propose an Integrated
Sensing and Communication (ISAC) estimation system capable of accurately estimating delay,
Doppler shifts, velocity, and range of moving objects. The studies [18] and [19] emphasize the
significance of accurate delay and Doppler shift parameter estimation in Integrated Sensing and
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Communication Systems (ISAC). To address this challenge, the author of [19] proposes a novel
two steps estimation algorithm, the Fibonacci-matched filter (MF-F).This algorithm effectively
utilizes waveform characteristics in the Doppler delay shift (DD) domain within orthogonal time-
frequency space (OTFS), enhancing the overall performance of the ISAC system. Furthermore,
the studies[23], [26] explore potential research areas, including wireless propagation path
prediction, electromagnetic spectrum mapping, and Terahertz technology. To address these
challenges, the authors propose an Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) estimation
system capable of accurately estimating delay, Doppler shifts, velocity, and range of moving
objects. Besides, the study in [27] showcases the potential of simultaneously estimating range,
Doppler, and azimuth information for any number of objects during transmission, relative to the
number of array antenna elements. Among different algorithms used for estimating channel
conditions (CE) based on antenna data, MUSIC has been extensively utilized. The
implementation of the MUSIC algorithm is straightforward, and it has been modified in various
versions to cater to different scenarios while providing high resolution [27]. In addition, the
article [28] presents a novel integration strategy for moving vehicle detection and wireless
communications utilizing OTFS modulation. By harnessing channel impulse response
coefficients, this approach achieves precise detection of mobile targets during wireless
transmission, estimating distances and speeds of reflecting targets. Furthermore, incorporating
random pilots in OTFS modulation improves vehicle speed estimation in noisy environments,
providing a more reliable solution for moving target detection than conventional
methods.According to [29], the authors introduce new algorithms that are being developed,
enabling the joint estimation of target parameters like angle, range, and velocity using MIMO-
OFDM waveforms, ultimately enhancing the performance of ISAC systems. Authors in [30] have
also, propose a new method for creating a lower complexity automotive radar system using a
narrowband OTFS ISAC (Integrated Sensing and Communication) system. By utilizing a single
OTFS support as a pilot, this method enables accurate estimation of fractional delay and Doppler
shifts, providing higher resolution range velocity profiles. Furthermore, authors in [32] presents
an Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) system using Orthogonal Time Frequency
Space (OTFS) modulation to obtain accurate range velocity profiles. This system uses an OTFS
support with a rectangular pulse as a pilot to simultaneously estimate delay and Doppler shift,
enabling the determination of the range and velocity of radar targets.Table 1 below givesa
comprehensive summary of the various radar techniques utilized in automotive applications,
along with their individual contributions and complexity levels.The Table compares a range of
radar techniques, including object velocity estimation, position estimation, and parameter
estimation. Furthermore, Table 1 introduces a new technique aimed at improving the estimation
of delay and Doppler shift parameters, thereby facilitating a smooth transition between OFDM
and OTFS. The methods employed in this technique encompass Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for
OFDM, the Fibonacci matched filter (MF-F) algorithm for OTFS, and Symplectic Fast Fourier
Transform (SFFT).

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Table 1. Literature on Estimating Algorithms.

Ref Contributions Methods used Complexity

[19] Aims to enhance the estimation of MF-Fibonaccimatched Medium

delay parameters and Doppler filter
shift.
[20] Focuses on estimating the speed of MUSIC algorithm, Radar Low
objects using MUSIC algorithm. It beam forming techniques Medium
enables simultaneous estimation of
range, Doppler, and azimuth
information.
A novel estimation method for Low
processing MIMO-OFDM Medium
communication waveform
echoes, which jointly estimates
target angle-range-velocity
parameters. Also provides
theoretical analysis for the
[28] maximum unambiguous range, MIMO OFDM radar
resolution.
An OTFS-based ISAC system for Fourier transform's self- Low
automotive radar applications, duality and ability to Medium
[31] enabling high-resolution range- maintain shape under time
velocity profiles. delay and Doppler
Proposed Enhancement of delay and For OFDM: FFT
Doppler shift parameter estimation For OTFS: SFFT and MF-
for a switch between OFDM and F Low
OTFS. The methods employed
include FFT for OFDM, the SFFT
and the MF-F algorithm for OTFS.

A. CONTRIBUTIONS

This paper presents, a novel switching strategy that dynamically selects the optimal waveform for
mobile users by integrating radar sensing and communication in a hybrid OTFS-OFDM system.
This approach uses mobile parameter estimation, facilitated by the ISAC radar and the Matched
Filter Fast Fourier (MF-F) algorithm, to improve accuracy and efficiency.The system's
performance is enhanced by choosing between OFDM or OTFS strategies based on estimated
user data detection parameters, with delay and Doppler values being crucial in the selection
process. This methodology aims to improve QoS, reduce complexity, and ensure accurate data
detection in high mobility and low complexity scenarios, outperforming existing methods and
showing potential for future 6G networks.Based the aforementioned paper, this manuscript will
present the following key contributions:

 The suggested system model attains a high range resolution for switching between
OFDM/OTFS based on mobile parameter estimation. By incorporating ISAC radar
sensing into the system model, we are able to achieve more accurate parameter estimates.
This approach effectively reduces the cost and complexity and power consumption
associated with implementing such systems.

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 The proposed estimator provides the lowest variance estimate among unbiased estimators
and achieves the lowest possible Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) compared to all
unbiased methods.
 Finally, the evaluation of error probability in the proposed system demonstrates that
OTFS outperforms OFDM in high mobility scenarios. Additionally, the system can be
further improved by setting threshold values for parameter selection to optimize OFDM
performance over OTFS. The simulation results align well with the expected outcomes
from theoretical models.

B. ORGANISATION AND NOTATION

Such pros will be highlighted, over this proposed paper structured as follows: Section 2 provides
an overview of OFDM and OTFS systems, Section 3 introduces the proposed system model and
parameter estimation methods, Section 4 presents simulation results and discusses system
complexity, and finally, Section 5 concludes the paper with a summary of findings and
suggestions for future research.

The circular convolution operator ⊛ ;The complex conjugate of the transmitter and the received
∗ ∗
signal are denoted by the symbol𝑔𝑡𝑥 and𝑔𝑟𝑥 .

3. SENSING SYSTEM MODEL

3.1. OFDM signal Modelling

In OFDM transmission, data is transmitted through narrow subcarriers within the bandwidth,
where each subcarrier sends M-QAM symbols to an OFDM modulator. Although the
transmission is successful over the channel, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) is a common
occurrence. The modulation and demodulation tasks can be efficiently performed using Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT) and its inverse (IFFT), as illustrated in Fig.1.

Fig1. OFDM Transmitter and Receiver Block Diagram

To mitigate the issue of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) in OFDM transmission, a cyclic prefix
(CP) is inserted between consecutive OFDM symbols. The CP length should be greater than the
channel delay spread to effectively reduce ISI and simplify the equalization process [1], [10],
[11], [13]. In an OFDM system with M subcarriers and N time slots, the total bandwidth of the

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1
OFDM signal is 𝐵 = 𝑀 ∆𝑓, where ∆𝑓 is the subcarrier spacing set to𝑇. The frame duration
is𝑇𝑓 = 𝑁𝑇 = 𝑁𝑀𝑇𝑠 , with T representing one OFDM symbol duration equal to 𝑀𝑇𝑠 , where 𝑇𝑠 is
the sampling time. Assuming a static multipath channel with a maximum delay spread of𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,
𝜏
the channel delay is caused by 𝑚𝑎𝑥 . To address ISI and simplify channel equalization, the cyclic
𝑇𝑠
prefix length LCP should be greater than or equal to 𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 . In this scenario, 𝐿𝐶𝑃 is chosen to be
equal to 𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 . The data symbols are defined as [11], [12], [14], [18]:

𝑋[𝑚, 𝑛] = 𝑚 = 0, … , 𝑀 − 1; 𝑛 = 0, … 𝑁 − 1 (1)

The data symbols are extracted from the alphabet𝐴 = {𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑄 }, where 𝑄 is the number of
unique symbols in the alphabet. Each column of the matrix X contains N symbols. The
transmitted signal 𝑠(𝑡)can be represented as [11], [12], [14], [18]:
𝑁−1 𝑀−1 (2)
𝑠(𝑡) = ∑ ∑ 𝑋[𝑚, 𝑛]𝑔𝑡𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑚∆𝑓(𝑡−𝑛𝑇)
𝑛=0 𝑚=0

The pulse shaping waveform 𝑔𝑡𝑥 (𝑡) is used to model the continuous time transmitted signal,
where 𝑔𝑡𝑥 (𝑡) ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝑇 . The collection of orthogonal basis functions 𝜙(𝑛,𝑚) (𝑡) is
established to shape the M-QAM symbols as follows [11], [12], [14], [18]:

𝜙(𝑛,𝑚) (𝑡) = 𝑔𝑡𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑚∆𝑓(𝑡−𝑛𝑇) ,0≤𝑚≤𝑀;0≤𝑛≤𝑁 (3)

The received basic signals are utilized by the receiver in order to multiplex information, as
described in [10], [12], [13].

𝜙(𝑛,𝑚) (𝑡) = 𝑔𝑟𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑚∆𝑓(𝑡−𝑛𝑇) ,0≤𝑚≤𝑀;0≤𝑛≤𝑁 (4)

where, 𝑔𝑟𝑥 (𝑡) ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝑇 and is zero otherwise. Equation 5, can rewritten as following
[10], [12], [13]:
𝑁−1 𝑀−1 (5)
𝑠(𝑡) = ∑ ∑ 𝑋[𝑚, 𝑛]𝜙(𝑛,𝑚) (𝑡)
𝑛=0 𝑚=0

After that, a CP extension is then added to signal 𝑠(𝑡) in order to overcome multipath channel’s
effects. The cross-ambiguity function between the two signals 𝑔1 (t) and 𝑔2 (t) are defined [10],
[12], [13]:
(6)
𝐴𝑔1,𝑔2 (f, t) ≜ ∫ 𝑔1 (𝑡)𝑔𝑠∗ (𝑡 ′ − 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓(𝑡′−𝑡) 𝑑𝑡′

The ambiguity function 𝐴𝑔1 ,𝑔2 (f, t) defines the correlation between 𝑔1 (t) and 𝑔2 (t) functions
delayed by t and shifted in frequency by f and t in the time-frequency plane. When the
transmitted signal 𝑠(𝑡) passes through a time and frequency-selective radio channel, the received
signal in the time domain is known as 𝑟(𝑡).

Let 𝑟(𝑡) be the received time domain signal after propagation through a time-frequency selective
wireless channel. This channel is characterized by its impulse response ℎ(𝑡). So, the received
signal can be expressed as [10], [12], [13]:

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𝑟(𝑡) = ℎ(𝑡) ⊛ 𝑠(𝑡) + 𝑤(𝑡) (7)

Received signal for time domain, 𝑟(𝑡) is obtained after the transmitted signal, 𝑠(𝑡) passes
through a time-frequency selective wireless channel characterized by its impulse response, ℎ(𝑡).
The received signal is given by the convolution of the transmitted signal with the channel impulse
response, along with the addition of a centered complex Gaussian white noise, 𝑤(𝑡). After the
removal of cyclic prefix (CP), the time-frequency samples received, 𝑟(𝑡)is projected onto each
orthogonal basis function, 𝜙(𝑛,𝑚) (𝑡) .It can be expressed as an FFT operator applied to
continuous time, as stated in [10], [12], [13]:

∗ ( ′ (8)
Y (f, t) = 𝐴𝑔1,𝑔2 (f, t) ≜ ∫ 𝑔𝑟𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑚∆𝑓(𝑡′−𝑡) ,

Y (m, n) = Y (f, t)f =m∆f,t=nT. (9)

3.2. OTFS System Modelling

In this section, we will focus on the well-known concept introduced by Hadani, referred to as the
OTFS approach [7], [15]. Particularly, we will present the system model associated with the
OTFS scheme, as depicted in Fig.2.

Fig.2. Block Diagrams of OTFS system

The OTFS technique involves the mapping of prepared QAM symbols onto the delay-Doppler
domain (DD). This mapping is achieved by initially converting the symbols from the delay-
Doppler domain to the time-frequency domain (TF) at the transmitter. The QAM symbols are
arranged in a two-dimensional matrix with 𝑁 columns in the Doppler domain and M rows in the
delay domain. The time-frequency grid is discretized into a 𝑀 by 𝑁 grid, using intervals of 𝑇(s)
and ∆𝑓 (𝐻𝑧), to sample the time and frequency axes, respectively. This discretization is
performed for some integers𝑁, 𝑀 > 0, as demonstrated in [11], [12], [18], [31].

⋀ = { (𝑛𝑇, 𝑚∆𝑓 ),𝑛 = 0,· · ·,𝑁 − 1,𝑚 = 0,· · ·,𝑀 − 1 } (10)

The modulated time frequency samples 𝑋[𝑛, 𝑚], 𝑛 = 0, … , 𝑁 – 1, 𝑚 = 0, . . , 𝑀 – 1 are

transmitted over an OTFS frame with a duration of 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑁𝑇 and a bandwidth of 𝐵 = 𝑀 ∆𝑓.

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−∆𝑓 ∆𝑓
The delay Doppler plane Γ in the region (0, 𝑇] × ( 2
, 2
) is discretized into an 𝑀 by 𝑁grid, as
shown in[11], [12], [18], [31].

k l (11)
Γ={( , ), }
NT M∆f k = 0,· · ·,N − 1,l = 0,· · ·,M − 1

𝑘 𝑙
where 𝑁𝑇
and 𝑀∆𝑓
represent the quantization steps of the delay and Doppler frequency axes,
respectively.

In the next step, the Inverse Symplectic Finite Fourier Transform (ISFFT) is applied to the signal
to convert it from the DD domain to TF domain. This transformation can be represented as
follows [11], [12], [18], [31].
𝑁−1 𝑀−1 (12)
1 𝑛𝑘 𝑚𝑙
𝑋 𝑇𝐹
[𝑚, 𝑛] = ∑ ∑ 𝑋[𝑙, 𝑘]𝑒 𝑗2𝜋( 𝑁 − 𝑀 )
√𝑀𝑁 𝑛=0 𝑚=0

where 𝑋[𝑙, 𝑘]is the delay Doppler signal modulated pulse.

In this scenario, each data frame has a total frame duration of 𝐵 = 𝑁𝑇 and a bandwidth of 𝑇𝑠 =
𝑁 ∆𝑓. The matrix 𝑋 𝑇𝐹 [𝑚, 𝑛] is reshaped into a time-frequency domain sequence, and the
transmitted OTFS signal, denoted as 𝑠(𝑡), is obtained by applying the Heisenberg transform to
𝑋 𝑇𝐹 with the transmitter shaping pulse, 𝑔𝑡𝑥 (𝑡).

The Heisenberg transform is a form of multicarrier modulation that utilizes the traditional OFDM
modulator. Specifically, the Heisenberg transform can be implemented through an inverse fast
Fourier transform (IFFT) module and transmit pulse shaping within the framework of
conventional OFDM modulation. As explained in [11], [12], [18], [31], the signal 𝑠 (𝑡) is
transmitted in the time domain using the Heisenberg Transform.
𝑁−1 𝑀−1 (13)
𝑠(𝑡) = ∑ ∑ 𝑋 𝑇𝐹 [𝑚, 𝑛] 𝑔𝑡𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑚∆𝑓(𝑡−𝑛𝑇)
𝑛=0 𝑚=0

where, 𝑔𝑡𝑥 (𝑡)is the window function. In practice, rectangular transmit and receive pulses that are
compatible with OFDM modulation are utilized. Lastly, a cyclic prefix (CP) is added to the time
domain signal for each data frame, as suggested in [11], [12], [18], [31], [32].

𝑠(𝑡) 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 (14)
𝑆𝐶𝑃 (𝑡) = {
𝑠(𝑡 + 𝑇𝑠 ) − 𝑇𝐶𝑃 ≤ 𝑡 < 0

where 𝑇𝐶𝑃 denotes the duration of the CP.

3.3. Channel Model and Received Signal

The impulse response of the wireless channel in the delay Doppler (DD) domain is characterized
by the target detection channel or communication paths transmitted. We assume that there are
multipath components (P), where the ith path is associated with a complex path gain 𝛼𝑖 , delay𝜏𝑖 ,
and Doppler shift 𝑣𝑖 . In this scenario, any two paths are resolvable in the delay Doppler domain
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1 1
(i.e., |𝜏𝑖 -𝜏𝑗 |≥ 𝑀∆𝑓 or |ν𝑖 - ν𝑗 | ≥ 𝑁𝑇 ). Therefore, the impulse response of the wireless channel in the
DD domain is given as [30], [31], [32]:

𝑃 (15)
ℎ(𝜏, 𝜐) = ∑ 𝛼𝑖 𝛿(𝜏 − 𝜏𝑖 )𝛿(ν − ν𝑖 )
𝑖=0

In order to develop a radar ISAC system that integrates both sensing and communication
capabilities, it is essential to calculate the delay and Doppler shifts. These shifts can be computed
𝑟 𝑓v
using the equations𝜏𝑖 = 𝑖 ,νi = 𝑐 𝑖;
𝑐0 𝑐0

where 𝑟𝑖 and velocity νi along the ith path, and 𝑓𝑐 is the carrier frequency and the speed of light is
therefore represented by𝑐0 .

The successful integration of system detection requires careful evaluation of both the round-trip
delay and the Doppler effect. In this scenario, the path delay and Doppler shift correspond to
𝑙𝑖 k
integer multiples of the delay and Doppler resolution, denoted as 𝜏𝑖 = 𝑀∆𝑓 and νi = 𝑁𝑇𝑖 ,
respectively.

In high mobility scenarios, the transmitted signal can undergo various changes, resulting in shifts
in both the time and frequency domains. Consequently, the received signal matrix 𝑌 𝑇𝐹 [𝑚, 𝑛] is
obtained by sampling the crossambiguity function 𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑥,𝑟 (𝑡, 𝑓) according to [13], [14],
[16],[30],[31],[32]

𝑌 𝑇𝐹 [𝑚, 𝑛] = 𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑥,𝑟 (𝑡, 𝑓)𝑡=𝑛𝑇,𝑓=𝑚𝛿𝑓 (17)

where the sampling cross ambiguity function 𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑥,𝑟 (𝑡, 𝑓) as indicated:

∗ ( (18)
𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑥,𝑟 (𝑡, 𝑓) ≜ ∫ 𝑔𝑟𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡′)𝑟(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋(𝑡−𝑡′)

Finally, the DD domain samples are obtained by applying the SFFT to 𝑌[𝑙, 𝑘][13], [14],
[16],[30], [31], [32]:
𝑁−1 𝑀−1 (19)
1 𝑛𝑘 𝑚𝑙
𝑌[𝑙, 𝑘] = ∑ ∑ 𝑋[𝑚, 𝑛]𝑒 𝑗2𝜋( 𝑁 − 𝑀 )
√𝑀𝑁 𝑛=0 𝑚=0

Where 𝑋[𝑚, 𝑛] is the signal using the inverse symplectic finite Fourier transform (ISFFT).

4. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE
In this section, we will present the appropriate signal processing method based on a selected
approach for the analysed signal. This method pertains to the ISAC radar's technique for
estimating various parameters, which is a valuable tool for identifying and estimating the
parameters of unknown objects that characterize a mobile user.

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Fig.3. Proposed architecture based on a real time parameters estimation.

As illustrated in Fig.3, the framework of the signal processing system, which contains three
primary processing blocks. The first block is the base station, which includes components such as
Random Data, Inverse Fourier Transform Symplectic (ISFFT), and Heisenberg Transform. The
base station transmits a signal to the Sensing Target, which is a mobile object such as a vehicle.
The Sensing Target then returns an echo signal to the receiver in the base station, forming an
integrated ISAC device. The ISAC receiver processes the signal using various tools such as the
Wigner transform, Fourier Transform Symplectic (SFFT), and Sensing Signal Detection. The
Sensing Signal Detection is responsible for estimating various parameters such as delay spread,
Doppler frequency, velocity, and range of the detected objects. These signals are processed by
comparing them to predefined thresholds for range (delay), velocity (Doppler frequency),known
to as Parameter thresholds [1], [29], and [31]. These thresholds are essential in distinguishing
between lower and higher mobility cases. If the estimated parameters fall below the threshold, the
Sensing Signal Detection sends a signal to the base station to proceed with the OFDM signal
processing tasks. Conversely, if the speed exceeds the threshold, the OTFS signal processing is
retained. In summary, the OFDM approach is primarily applicable in lower mobility. The
previous analysis has led us to propose an architecture for a hybrid OTFS-OFDM system that
utilizes user estimation based on the ISAC radar application's approach for estimating various
parameters. Before discussing the proposed framework, let's first understand the principle of the
ISAC technique. The ISAC radar operates on the Matched Filter Fast Fourier (MF-F) algorithm,
which enhances the estimation of detection parameters in radar ISAC. The MF-F algorithm offers
several advantages, such as improved precision through the use of the Fibonacci sequence,
fractional precision estimates of detection parameters, reduced number of comparisons required,
and low complexity compared to other estimation algorithms. It has also shown resilience in
numerical simulations, ensuring accurate estimates even in challenging conditions. This
algorithm is used for various parameters estimation and data detection. The Doppler estimation,
supported by ISAC radar, is improved through an iterative refinement process, ensuring higher
accuracy and better data detection. The choice between OFDM and OTFS greatly impacts system
performance. Once the user's parametersare estimated, the parameters value can be determined.
The receiver processing enables the implementation of two modes for ISAC radar applications:

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active detection and joint passive detection. The objectives of these two modes are detailed as
follows [30], [31]:

 The objective of active detection is to calculate channel delay 𝜏 and Doppler shift 𝜐by
considering transmit vector 𝑋 and receive vector.
 The primary goal of passive detection and joint data detection is to estimate the channel
parameters (𝛼, 𝜏, 𝜈) and retrieve both 𝑋 and the received vector 𝑌.

To obtain the parameters of the ith target, we need to consider the useful signal, represented
by𝛼𝑖 Γ𝑖 𝑠, and the interference signal, represented by∑𝑗≠𝑖 𝛼𝑗 Γ𝑗 𝑠. In order to effectively estimate the
parameters, it is crucial to implement an interference cancellation mechanism.
This mechanism involves eliminating the interference signal from the previously estimated (i-1)
targets. Specifically, for the first target with parameters (𝛼1 , 𝜏1 , 𝜈1 ), the estimator is provided as
follows [30], [31]:

(𝛼̂1 , 𝜏̂1 , 𝜐̂1 ) = arg 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝛼̂1,𝜏̂1,𝜐̂1 )𝜖Λ𝑖 ‖(Γ𝑖 )𝐻 − y‖2 (20)

where (𝛼̂1 , 𝜏̂1 , 𝜐̂1 ) are target parameters the estimated Doppler and 𝑐0 the velocity of sight.
The estimated delay and Doppler can be presented firstly based on the indication expression [30],
[31] as follows:
(𝜏̂ 𝑖 , 𝜐̂𝑗 ) = arg 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝜏,𝜐)𝜖Λ𝑖 |(Γ𝑖 )𝐻 𝑌𝑖 |2 (21)

WhereΓ𝑖 delay Doppler plane, 𝜐̂𝑖 is the estimated Doppler and c0 the velocity of sight and fc the
carrier frequency. We can present also, the estimated velocity is indicated as follows[30], [31]:

𝜐̂𝑖 c0 (22)
𝑣̂𝑖 =
2f𝑐

where 𝜐̂𝑖 is the estimated Doppler and 𝑐0 the velocity of sight?

Once the estimated delay and Doppler are obtained, the target range can be calculated using the
following equation from [30], [31], [32]:

𝛼̂𝑖 c0 (23)
𝑟̂𝑖 =
2

In this study, we delve deeper into examining the precision of OTFS-OFDM sensing through the
usage of a novel two phases estimation technique that integrates FFT and SFFT. The evaluation
criterion employed is the root mean square error (RMSE). The RMSE value for the range metric
is denoted as [30], [31], [32]:

𝒟
(24)
1
𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸(𝑟) = √𝔼𝑟𝜖𝒟 [ ∑ (𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟̂𝑖 )2 ]
𝑃
𝑖=1

Where the Real values, are denoted by 𝑟 = [𝑟1 ,· · · , 𝑟𝑃 ], and the estimated values, are denoted
as𝑟̂ = [𝑟̂1 ,· · · , 𝑟̂𝑃 ], represent the target range. The simulated samples set is 𝒟. Based on the
estimated parameters, we propose a dynamic waveform selection strategy that empowers
operators to optimally choose the most suitable waveform for mobile users. This decision is made
by comparing a predetermined threshold parameter with the estimated ones. The proposed

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architecture enhances the performance of wireless communication systems in various scenarios of
mobility levels by selecting the OTFS strategy for high mobility scenarios where the estimated
performance metric surpasses a specific threshold (𝑃̂ ≥ 𝑃threshold ), and the OFDM strategy for
low mobility scenarios where the estimated performance metric falls below the threshold value
(𝑃̂ < 𝑃threshold ), where 𝑃threshold = {𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 30𝑚, 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 120𝑘𝑚/ℎ})[1],[32].

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

To evaluate the aforementioned approach, simulations were conducted under the conditions
summarized in Table 2 below.

Table 2. Simulation Parameters of OTFS and OFDM.

Parameter Value
Channel Power Delay Profile EVA
Subcarrier Spacing ∆𝑓 15 KHz
Number of symbols per frame 128
Number of Subcarriers per 16
Block
Carrier Frequency 𝑓𝑐 (GHz) 0.95

Velocity V(km/h) 3,10,200,500

Modulation 64QAM

5.1. Complexity Analysis

In this section, we discuss the complexity of the proposed hybrid system that switches between
OTFS and OFDM waveforms in the transmitter and receiver signal processing chains. We
provide a detailed analysis of the complexity of the MF-F algorithm, which is divided into two
parts. The first part, the MF step, involves a low complexity circular shift operation with a
complexity of 𝒪 (𝑀) + 𝒪 (𝑁),resulting in a total complexity of𝒪 (𝑀𝑁), and a multiplication
operation. The second part, step F, involves matrix calculations with a complexity of
𝒪 (𝑀𝑁)2 .when performed directly. The multiplication of the diagonal matrix has a complexity
of 𝒪(𝑀𝑁), and the cyclic shift matrix operation has a complexity of (𝒪 (𝑀𝑁 )2 ).

The FFT at point M and inverse FFT at point N have respective complexities of
𝒪((𝑀𝑁)𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑀))and𝒪((𝑀𝑁)𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑁)). Therefore, the total complexity of the proposed MF-F
algorithm is of the order of 𝒪((𝑀𝑁 )𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑀𝑁 )).The Table 3summarizes the various
complexity parameters of various algorithms used in different waveforms.

Table 3. Complexity Analysis

Waveform’s Algorithm Complexity

OFDM [18] FFT 𝒪((𝑁)𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑁))
OTFS [26], [27], [28] SFFT
𝒪((𝑀𝑁)𝑙𝑜𝑔2(𝑀𝑁))

FFT(if 𝑝̌ ≤ 𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) 𝒪((𝑁)𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑁))

Proposed SFFT(if 𝑝̌ > 𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) 𝒪((𝑀𝑁)𝑙𝑜𝑔2(𝑀𝑁))

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The aim of deploying the ISAC radar system for OTFS-OFDM is to enhance the performance of
the algorithm in practical scenarios. The integration of the ISAC radar significantly reduces the
complexity associated with the implementation of OFDM/OTFS. Our proposed architecture,
designed to facilitate a guided switch between OTFS and OFDM, ensures high data detection and
low implementation complexity, particularly in high mobility scenarios, due to MF-F algorithm.
This approach not only improves system efficiency but also reduces complexity. Furthermore, the
integrated approach enhances system efficiency, allows for adaptation to changing channel
conditions, and improves the robustness of the communication system. It also enhances data
quality, robustness, and mobility. The proposed framework offers a comprehensive and global
solution to address the complexity of OTFS and the challenges faced during ahigh mobility for
OFDM. The integration of ISAC radar simplifies the implementation of OTFS-OFDM,
guaranteeing high data detection and low implementation complexity. This is especially
advantageous in rapid moving cases. Overall, the proposed architecture improves system
efficiency, adapts to changing channel conditions, and enhances the robustness of the
communication system, thereby improving data quality, robustness, and mobility.

5.2. Evaluating Performance of Radar ISAC System

The simulation involved conducting 200 Monte Carlo experiments for each algorithm using three
sets of estimated parameters, namely {(𝑅1 = 10 m, 𝑉1 = 3km/h, 𝑉2 =10km/h, 𝑉3 = 30km/h, 𝑉4 =
200km/h, 𝑉5 = 500km/h)}, {(𝑅2 = 30 m, 𝑉1 = 3km/h, 𝑉2 =10km/h, 𝑉3 = 30km/h, 𝑉4 = 200km/h, 𝑉5
= 500km/h)}, and {(𝑅3 = 90 m, 𝑉1 = 3km/h, 𝑉2 =10km/h, 𝑉3 = 30km/h, 𝑉4 = 200km/h, 𝑉5 =
500km/h)}.The results presented in Fig.4 indicate that the proposed algorithm in this study
outperforms other algorithms in terms of Range Sensing performance.

(a) (b)

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(c)

Fig. 4. RMSE vs. range under various algorithm.

The simulation results presented in Fig.4 showcase the suboptimal Range-sensing performance of
the FFT algorithm compared to the other algorithms. Nevertheless, the FFT and SFFT algorithms
present a comparable Range sensing performance. In addition, Fig.4 illustrates the range sensing
RMSE profile at SNR=10 dB, where the suggested algorithm that combines FFT and SFFT. This
exceedsother algorithms dealing with perceptual accuracy, with lower RMSE values. Furthermore,
the proposed algorithm demonstrates robustness under varying conditions, with stable perceptual
RMSE values, while other algorithms exhibit instability and lack of robustness. In Fig.5, a
comparison between our proposed approach and existing techniques, namely FFT, MF-F, and SFFT
is presented, in terms of velocity estimation versus SNR radar.

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(a) (b)

Fig.5. RMSE vs. Velocity under various algorithm.

Figs 5(a) and 5(b) illustrate that our proposed framework achieves a substantial improvement in
resolution using the same resources, highlighting its superiority in velocity estimation compared to
existing methods. In brief, the results demonstrate that our suggested architecture outperforms
current techniques in velocity estimation. The significant enhancement in resolution achieved by
our technique can greatly enhance object detection and tracking, which has significant implications
for various applications in wireless communication. To conclude, the combined FFT and SFFT
algorithm provides a versatile and robust approach for radar detection, demonstrating improved
performance in various conditions. Its adaptability and efficiency make it a valuable tool in radar
technology. The results suggest that our ISAC system for speed estimation exhibits exceptional
performance across multiple metrics, with high accuracy and robustness under challenging
conditions.

5.3. BER PERFORMANCE

In this section, the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the proposed OTFS-OFDM method is
evaluated for different Doppler frequencies. Initially, an OFDM system is considered as a
function of estimated speed, and the corresponding BER is depicted in Fig.6 for different Doppler
frequencies. The modulation scheme employed is 64QAM.

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Fig.6. BERs Performance of OFDM

In Fig.6, we have selected five different values for the Doppler Frequency estimate:
𝐹̂𝑑 =657.4976Hz, 𝐹̂𝑑 =2.15 kHz, 𝐹̂𝑑 =6.04 kHz, 𝐹̂𝑑 =40 kHz, and 𝐹̂𝑑 =114 kHz. When the
estimated speed is low (3km/h, 10km/h, and 30km/h), the BER values are similar for all cases.
However, as the Doppler estimate increases to 𝐹 ^𝑑 =40 kHz and 𝐹 ^𝑑 =114 kHz, the BER turns
highest among these values. This suggests that higher Doppler frequencies lead to an increase in
BER due to inaccurate channel estimation and failure in data detection caused by the allocation of
signal power to the channel speed. These findings indicate that as mobility speed increases,
OFDM users experience a decline in BER performance. This is because OTFS applies high
mobility to achieve DD diversity, while the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is compromised
in highly mobile scenarios. Fig. 6 demonstrates that the Higher order Modulation scheme requires
a big SNR levels to attain a good BER.The BER is assessed from 0 dB to 15 dB for a 64-QAM
modulation scheme. It is noticed that OFDM at low Doppler frequency yields the best BER,
while OFDM at high mobility results in the lowest BER values within the 0 dB to 15 dB range.
Therefore, using low mobility for OFDM processing aligns well with the simulation outcomes in
Fig. 6. The findings demonstrate that in scenarios with low mobility, the OFDM approach offers
nearly optimal BER that is not affected by the speed utilized. However, as the Doppler frequency
increases, the BER encounters a significant rise, leading to suboptimal performance. It is crucial
to reconsider the choice of processing tools to address the drawbacks of OFDM in such scenarios.
To deal with the problem of high mobility of the waveform, we propose the OTFS waveform as
the optimal solution for the proposed waveform. The SNR and the estimation of various
parameters assisted by ISAC radar are less affected by the OTFS waveform. Therefore, the
higher the noise level, the more important it is to use an ISAC radar for accurate speed
estimation.

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Fig.7. BERs Performance of OTFS.

Fig.7 provides a comprehensive illustration of the intricate relationship between Bit Error Rate
(BER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and estimated Doppler frequency in the context of 64-
QAM modulation scheme. The figure elucidates that, for a given SNR value, the BER exhibits a
positive correlation with the estimated Doppler frequency, a phenomenon commonly observed in
communication systems operating at various speeds. Furthermore, the figure underscores the
impact of increased speed on system performance, as manifested by an elevated BER.
Remarkably, both low and high rate Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) schemes
demonstrate superior BER performance compared to other approaches. This observation can be
attributed to the unique characteristics of OTFS, which enable it to effectively mitigate the
deleterious effects of high Doppler frequencies and mobility. Moreover, Figure 7 reveals a salient
aspect of higher order modulation schemes, namely their requirement for a higher SNR to attain a
favourable BER. The BER assessment, conducted across an SNR range of 0 dB to 15 dB,
corroborates this assertion. Notably, OTFS at low Doppler frequencies consistently offers the
best BER performance. However, at high mobility, the results are nearly identical, yielding the
lowest BER values within the 0 dB to 15 dB range. The findings presented in Figure 7
substantiate the efficacy of employing high mobility for OTFS processing, aligning with the
simulation outcomes. The results unequivocally demonstrate that in high-mobility scenarios, the
OTFS approach delivers nearly optimal BER performance, unaffected by the high speeds
utilized. This underscores the robustness and versatility of the OTFS scheme in handling diverse
mobility conditions.Thereby offering a promising evolution for future research and development
in the realm of wireless communication.

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Fig.8. BERs Performance of OTFS-OFDM

The Fig.8 presents the BER performance of a hybrid scheme for OTFS-OFDM systems,
employing a 64-QAM modulation scheme. This hybrid scheme combines the advantages of both
waveforms to raise BER performance in rapidly movement. By applying OFDM processing in
parallel, the issue of high mobility is effectively addressed. The OTFS filter proves to be superior
due to its ability to reduce noise caused by the speed of the moving object. These observations
strongly support the selection of OTFS in high-speed scenarios. However, when considering low
Doppler frequencies, the processing complexity of OTFS compared to OFDM favors the
retention of OFDM due to its simpler implementation. This can be attributed to the Doppler
effect, which induces changes in signal frequency and phase at higher speeds. The figures clearly
show the suitability of OTFS, as no performance degradation is observed under such conditions.
These results further reinforce the preference for OTFS in high mobility scenarios. Moreover, the
simulation results in Figure 6 align well with the use of less OFDM processing, effectively
resolving the high mobility problem. Even though this technique can be utilized for lower
mobility, its processing complexity is higher compared to that of OFDM. Despite its potential for
low mobility applications, the processing complexity of OTFS often results in OFDM being
preferred due to its simpler implementation. An interesting observation is that the BER curves for
all scenarios converge, indicating that user mobility has little impact. This highlights the
significance of OTFS in high mobility scenarios. It is worth noting that the data reveals that a
highly mobile user achieves a BER almost identical to that of a user with low mobility. The
intriguing observation is that the BER curves for all scenarios converge, indicating that user
mobility has little impact. This characteristic highlights the significance of OTFS in faster
mobility. It is worth noting that the data reveals that a highly mobile user achieves a BER that is
nearly identical to that of a user with low mobility. Additionally, this technique can be applied to
low speeds, although its processing complexity is higher compared to OFDM. In spite of the
potential application at low speeds, the complexity of implementing OTFS often drives to the
preference of OFDM due to its simpler implementation. Another interesting consequence is that
both OTFS and OFDM waveforms exhibit significant variations in BER, suggesting that the
choice of waveform can be guided by radar ISAC based on parameter’s estimation such as
Doppler and speed estimation. Specifically, this approach can enhance BER for high mobility
users when utilizing the OTFS waveform. Conversely, for low mobility users, the OFDM
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waveform seems to be a reliable choice. The results demonstrate that the hybrid scheme
outperforms the employment of OTFS or OFDM waveforms alone. Lower mobility cases, the
BER of the hybrid scheme is similar to that of using the OFDM waveform alone, as the Doppler
spread can be disregarded, making the use of OTFS waveform less advantageous. However, it is
crucial to note that the performance of the hybrid scheme heavily relies on selecting appropriate
parameters, such as the subcarrier spacing and the delay Doppler grid size of the OTFS.
Furthermore, implementing a hybrid scheme is more complex than using either OTFS or OFDM
waveforms separately, which may be a concern in certain practical applications. The findings
demonstrate that the hybrid scheme outperforms the usage of OTFS or OFDM waveforms
individually. In cases with low mobility, the BER of the hybrid scheme is comparable to that of
the OFDM waveform, as the impact of Doppler spread can be disregarded, making the OTFS
waveform less advantageous. However, it is important to emphasize that the performance of the
hybrid scheme heavily depends on the selection of appropriate parameters, such as the subcarrier
spacing and the delay Doppler grid size of the OTFS. Additionally, implementing the hybrid
scheme is more complex compared to using OTFS or OFDM waveforms separately, which may
raise concerns in practical applications. In conclusion, the results suggest that the hybrid scheme
is a viable option for enhancing BER performance in higher mobility situations.

6. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a novel concept for a hybrid system that enables the selection of either
OTFS or OFDM waveforms by alternating between signal processing chains in the transmitter
and receiver. The system is based on the ISAC system assistance, which estimates and
incorporates delay, Doppler, velocity, and range for sensing and communication purposes. The
focus of our research is on OTFS, a waveform that is gaining popularity due to its availability in
high user mobility scenarios. Our proposed strategy aims to make a validated selection between
OTFS and OFDM to better address user mobility needs. The ISAC system further improves the
selected approach by providing accurate estimation, low complexity, and high-resolution range.
Our study has resulted in a more suitable and useful processing approach based on the user's
mobility level. The findings of our research have validated the effectiveness of our proposed
concept and its sustainability in really livedworld systems with switching procedures. We suggest
the possibility of developing more advanced strategies in the future, such as adaptive or
automated switching procedures based on different criteria for immediate implementation. In
conclusion, the switching selection strategy acts as a powerful tool for enhancing the
performance of OTFS-OFDM systems, paving the way for promising results and empowering
rich future research and development.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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AUTHORS

Amina Darghouthi was born in Tozeur Tunisia, in 1993. Doctoral student researcher in
electrical engineering at the National Engineering School of Gabes (Tunisia).She is an
esteemed member of the Research Laboratory Modeling, Analysis, and Control Systems
(MACS), registered under LR16ES22 (www.macs.tn), actively involved in research. In
addition to her research pursuits, Fatma is currently serving as a contractual lecturer at the
National School of Engineers of Gabes, where she shares her knowledge and expertise
with students.

Abdelhakim Khlifi, Innov’COM laboratory, Sup’COM, University of Carthage, Tunisia

Belgacem Chibani, 3MACS Laboratory: Modelling, Analysis and Control of Systems,

University of Gabes, Tunisia

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