International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021, pp. 2221~2229

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2221-2229  2221

Load frequency control of thermal system under deregulated

environment using slime mould algorithm

Sambugari Anil Kumar1, M. Siva Sathya Narayana2, K. Jithendra Gowd3

1Departmentof Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Ananthapuramu,
Andhra Pradesh, India
2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous), Andhra

Pradesh, India
3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Ananthapuramu, Andhra

Pradesh, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper emphasizes the significance of proportional-integral-derivative
(PID) controller parameters using a slime mould algorithm (SMA) to reduce
Received May 14, 2021 load frequency control (LFC) issues in a thermal system in an open market
Revised Sep 22, 2021 scenario. The SMA is used to solve the parameterization of the PID controller,
Accepted Sep 29, 2021 which was formulated as an optimization problem. The performance of the PID
controller parameters improves the dynamic characteristics of the system as
frequency in each area, and also deviations in tie line power after sudden load
Keywords: violation. In order to study the efficiency of the proposed method, the system
was tested with different power transactions for a small load disturbance and
Disco participation matrix the comparative results were presented. The optimal value of the controller
Load frequency control parameters derived from SMA based PID controller is estimated using a finite
PID controller nonlinear optimization using a performance index based method.
Slime mould algorithm
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Sambugari Anil Kumar
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515002, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Each plant needs to monitor load fluctuations and ensure high quality power delivery to its
customers throughout the day. Therefore, the same power cannot be supplied constanly, and the amount of
power generated changes according to load fluctuations. The main purpose of the control scenario is to
generate and supply power in such a stable and economical interconnected system, but keep the frequency
and voltage of the power supply within significant limits. Since reactive power changes as the voltage
changes, the frequency of the system changes primarily due to load disturbances. The main purposes of the
LFC are; i) to keep frequency within acceptable range; ii) maintain a balance between power generation and
load; iii) to keep the power deviations within the limit.
The vast grid of electrical systems is connected to many areas by connections. Network analysis of
reconstructed networks faces the complexity of analysis due to its scaling. Sudden changes in the effect of the
load on the system frequency can lead to uncertain and unstable operation. Therefore, plant working to
maintain the load frequency variations is one of the major issues for Electrical Engineers. The problem with
LFC is controlling the frequency and power bias between the correlation control elements [1], [2]. A very
complex task is to ensure that the entire grid of the electrical system is in equilibrium due to the increasing

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

2222  ISSN: 2088-8694

energy demand in the current scenario. The load is always different depending on the power system. The
main purpose of LFC is to maintain the true energy balance of the electrical system. The frequency of the
system is determined by the generator's mechanical input force. The frequency of the system is directly
influenced by variations in power. The frequency must be kept within safe limits by the controller. This
frequency error is amplified and delivered to the control unit, which then sends it back to the turbine's speed
controller and electrical system network, operating according to block and additional reserves after major
disturbance [3], [4].
Deregulation of the electricity industry is the restructuring of the rules and profit incentives
established by the government to manage and operate the electricity industry. As part of the deregulation,
utilities were abolished as a separate entity having power generation companies (GENCO), transport
company (TRANSCO), and distribution company (DISCO). In this open market scenario, a central authority
called the independent system operator (ISO) governs the spot market participants. In the real-time electricity
market, most vertically integrated utility (VIU) ancillary services play various roles in a deregulated
environment. The ancillary services should be implemented by ISO in different ways to explain certain
problems such as bilateral contracts between controlled areas and policies of deregulation [5]-[10].
Many researchers anticipated various control methods for balancing the LFC problems. A
conventional controller used in automatic generation control (AGC) is PID controller due to their simple
construction, consistency and ample variety of applications which are explained in [11]-[16]. The non-
linearities like governor dead band (GDB) and generation rate constraint (GRC) also affect the performance
of the LFC [17]-[20]. Various soft computing techniques proposed for LFC problems [21]-[27].

2. MULTI AREA DEREGUATED SYSTEM

Figure 1 shows the block diagram representation of two area system under deregulation
environment. Each area consists of two genco’s and two discom’s.

Figure 1. Diagram of two area system under deregulation

2.1. Traditional electric power system scenario

The traditional electricity market consists of utilities that own and operate their own electricity.
From production to distribution, the public service has full control. Utilities own the infrastructure and power
lines and sell them directly to consumers. Utilities must comply with the electricity tariffs set by each state

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021 : 2221 – 2229
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2223

utility council. This type of market is often called a monopoly due to limited consumer choice. However, its
advantages include stable prices and long-term security.

2.2. Deregulation power system scenario

The term deregulation is the process of changing the rules and regulations that govern the electricity
sector, allowing consumers to choose their electricity supplier. Free electricity market. This allows market
participants to invest in power plants and transmission lines, allowing competitors to buy and sell electricity.
Genco owners wholesale this electricity to retailers. Retail outlets set prices for consumers. In many cases,
this makes profit for consumers by allowing them to compare prices and services from unlike third party
providers and offering a special contract structure.

2.3. Disco participation matrix

The AGC system consists of two systems with equal area, i.e., thermal and hydro electric units. In
each area there are two gencos and two discos. The coefficient of participation in the contract corresponds to
the percentage of the total amount that DISCO j has concluded with GENCO i. The total number of entries in
the column must equal to unity. Disco participation matrix is given by.

𝑐𝑝𝑓11 𝑐𝑝𝑓12 𝑐𝑝𝑓13 𝑐𝑝𝑓14

𝑐𝑝𝑓21 𝑐𝑝𝑓22 𝑐𝑝𝑓23 𝑐𝑝𝑓24
𝐷𝑃𝑀 = [ ] (1)
𝑐𝑝𝑓31 𝑐𝑝𝑓32 𝑐𝑝𝑓33 𝑐𝑝𝑓34
𝑐𝑝𝑓41 𝑐𝑝𝑓42 𝑐𝑝𝑓43 𝑐𝑝𝑓44

3. SLIME MOULD ALGORITHM

The proposed algorithm (SMA) is a population-based heuristic algorithm proposed by Li et al. in
2020. This algorithm is inspired by the nature of the behavior of mould during oscillation movements. The basic
design of this algorithm is shown in Figure 2 which is based on the optimal food path, using both positive and
negative feedback systems. The molecule dynamically adjusts the search path to search for food quality. The
SMA algorithm follows three main principles: grabble, wrap and approach. Grabble prevents other molecules
from colliding during the food fishing process. The grab phenomenon shows the same velocity of viscous
forms. The phenomenon of the approach shows that how to move towards the center of food.

Figure 2. Flowchart of slime mould Algorithm

3.1. Step: 1 approach food

The impending behaviour of slime moulds as a mathematical equation to replicate the contraction
mode:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋 (𝑡) + 𝑣𝑏 . (𝑊 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑋𝐴 (𝑡) − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝐵 (𝑡)), 𝑟 < 𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = { 𝑏 (2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐 . 𝑋(𝑡), 𝑟 ≥ 𝑝
⃗⃗⃗

𝑝 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ|𝑆(𝑖) − 𝐷𝐹 (3)

𝑣𝑏 = [−𝑎, 𝑎]
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (4)

𝑡
𝑎 = arctan ℎ(− ( ) + 1) (5)
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑡

The weight of the slime mould is.

Load frequency control of thermal system under deregulated environment using … (Sambugari Anil Kumar)
2224  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝑏𝐹−𝑆(𝑖)
1 + 𝑟. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( + 1) , 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = {
𝑊(𝑠𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑙𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥(𝑖)) 𝑏𝐹−𝑤𝐹
} (6)
𝑏𝐹−𝑆(𝑖)
1 − 𝑟. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( + 1) , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝑏𝐹−𝑤𝐹

𝑆𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑙𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑡(𝑆) (7)

3.2. Step: 2 wrap foods

The equation for updating the position of the slime mould is:

𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑. (𝑈𝐵 − 𝐿𝐵) + 𝐿𝐵, 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 < 𝑧

𝑋̇ = {𝑋𝑏 (𝑡) + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋𝑏 (𝑡). (𝑊. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝐴 (𝑡) − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝐵 (𝑡)) , 𝑟 < 𝑝} (8)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑟 ≥ 𝑝
𝑣𝑐 . 𝑋(𝑡)
⃗⃗⃗

where lower bound LB is 0 and upper bound UB is 1.

3.3. Step: 3 grabble food

⃗⃗⃗⃗ is given by the (4) and reaches to zero by increasing the iteration and V c also having
The value of 𝑣𝑏
lower bound -1 and upper bound 1 and gradually comes to zero.

4. DESIGN OF CONTROLLERS
The PID controller is a reliable and simple controller that can deliver good control results. The
proportional gain (Kp), integral gain (K I), and derivative gain (KG) are the three primary parameters that must
be determined while designing a PID controller. The integral square error (ISE) criterion is used as the
objective function in this work for the paper.
𝑡
𝐽 = 𝐼𝑆𝐸 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑚(∆𝑓1 )2 + (∆𝑓2 )2 + (∆𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑒 )2 . 𝑑𝑡 (9)

For each controller the minimum value will be considered as -2 and maximum value will be considered as 2.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this paper, two area deregulated multi-source power systems to determine the efficiency of the
proposed PID controller. It also includes the effects of non-linear factors such as GRC and GDB. The main
reason for the inclusion of GRC is that sudden changes in power attract steam to the turbine, which leads to
condensation of steam due to diabetic expansion or contraction. The return steam produces small droplets of
water that corrode the turbine blades in the event of a collision. This is a long-term process that can lead to
serious problems. The GRC limit was set at 0.05%. Similarly, GDB is defined as the sum of speed changes
without changing the position of the steam valve. The GDB limit is set at 0.06%. Various simulation studies
are carried out to study the efficacy of LFC will be performed. The objective function is utilized to reduce
LFC problems by using SMA, and then the performance of SMA-based PI, PID controllers is compared to
GWO-based PI and PID controllers. The analysis of performance is done with reference to the percentage peak
overshoot and settling time. The simulation results are carried out in different power transactions is being as.

5.1. Case 1: Pool CO-based transaction

A pool co-based transaction occurs when DISCOs share a load with any of the GENCOs in the same
region. The area participation factor is 0.5 for four values that are assumed to be equal. Figure 3 (a) shows
the deviation of frequency in area-1, Figure 3 (b) shows the deviation of frequency in area-2 and Figure 3 (c)
shows the deviation of tie line power by using various SMA based and GWO based controllers. Table 1
shows that SMA based controller gives better results as compared to GWO based controller under pool co
based transaction.

0.5 0.1 0.5 0.5 0 0

0.5 0.1
𝐴𝑃𝐹 = [ ] 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜 = [ ] 𝑝. 𝑢 𝐷𝑃𝑀 = [0.5 0.5 0 0]
0.5 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 0 0 0 0 0

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021 : 2221 – 2229
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2225

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3. These figures are; (a) deviation of frequency in area-1, (b) deviation of frequency in area-2,
(c) deviation of tie-line power under pool-co based transaction for 1% step load disturbance

Table 1. Comparison of peak overshoot, undershoot, and settling time using various controllers under
pool-CO based transcation
S. No % Peak overshoot (p.u) % Peak undershoot (p.u) Settling time (Sec)
Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie
GWO-PI 0.05 0.12 0.055 0.18 0.28 0.01 3.5 3.2 3.6
SMA-PI 0.04 0.08 0.053 0.16 0.26 0.009 3 3 3.2
GWO-PID - - 0.02 0.08 0.11 - 2.5 1.8 2.8
SMA-PID - - 0.018 0.06 0.09 - 1.8 1.1 2

Load frequency control of thermal system under deregulated environment using … (Sambugari Anil Kumar)
2226  ISSN: 2088-8694

5.2. Case 2: Bilateral-based transaction

Bilateral based transactions occur when DISCOs share the load with any of the GENCOs in another
location. The area participation factor is 0.75, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.5 for four values that are considered to be
uneven. Figure 4 (a) shows the deviation of frequency in area-1, Figure 4 (b) shows the deviation of
frequency in area-2 and Figure 4 (c) shows the deviation of tie line power by using various SMA based and
GWO based controllers. Table 2 shows that SMA based controller gives better results as compared to GWO
based controller under bilateral based transaction.

0.75 0.1 0.5 0.25 0 0.3

𝐴𝑃𝐹 = [ 0.25 ] 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜 = [ ] 𝑝. 𝑢 𝐷𝑃𝑀 = [0.2
0.1 0.25 0 0]
0.5 0.1 0 0.25 1 0.7
0.5 0.1 0.3 0.25 0 0

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 4. These figures are; (a) deviation of frequency in area-1, (b) deviation of frequency in area-2,
(c) deviation of tie-line power under bilateral based transaction for 1% step load disturbance

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021 : 2221 – 2229
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2227

Table 2. Comparison of peak overshoot, undershoot, and settling time using various controllers for bilateral
based transcation
S. No % Peak overshoot (p.u) % Peak undershoot (p.u) Settling time (Sec)
Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie
GWO-PI 0.35 0.3 - 0.15 0.09 0.06 4.2 4.2 4.2
SMA-PI 0.33 0.26 - 0.14 0.08 0.057 3.8 3.8 3.9
GWO-PID 0.03 0.06 - 0.18 0.025 0.056 2.5 2.8 3.2
SMA-PID 0.02 0.05 - 0.16 0.02 0.055 2.2 2.1 2.3

5.3. Case 3: Contract violation

Contract violation occurs when the disco wants more electricity than the actual value, the contract is
disrupted. There is no genco contracting out of this surplus electricity. This uncontracted electricity should be
provided by a genco in the same area as the disco. Consider case-2, which requires additional power of 0.1
p.u MW to a disco 1. Figure 5 (a) shows the deviation of frequency in area-1, Figure 5 (b) shows the
deviation of frequency in area-2 and Figure 5 (c) shows the deviation of tie line power by using various SMA
based and GWO based controllers. Table 3 shows that SMA based controller gives better results as compared
to GWO based controller under contract violation based transaction.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 5. These figures are; (a) deviation of frequency in area-1,5, (b) deviation of frequency in area- 2; 5, (c)
deviation of tie-line power under contract violation for 1% step load disturbance

Load frequency control of thermal system under deregulated environment using … (Sambugari Anil Kumar)
2228  ISSN: 2088-8694

Table 3. Comparison of peak overshoot, undershoot, and settling time using various controllers for contract
violation based transcation
S. No % Peak overshoot (p.u) % Peak undershoot (p.u) Settling time (Sec)
Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie
GWO-PI 0.4 0.42 - 0.1 0.08 0.08 3.8 3.2 3.8
SMA-PI 0.38 0.4 - 0.08 0.07 0.08 3.2 2.8 3.6
GWO-PID - 0.09 - 0.2 - 0.082 2.2 2.5 3.3
SMA-PID - 0.07 - 0.2 - 0.082 2 2.3 3.1

6. CONCLUSION
This paper examines the performance of a PID controller in deregulated market structure for various
transactions and contract violations. In the power system, load demand is a difficult challenge to solve since it
requires the design of various optimum controllers. The main task of the controller is to ensure that the
frequency is maintained and the voltage magnitude is constant at all times. The DPM approach is implemented.
A comparison of the two controllers reveals that the SMA based PI, PID controller outperforms the GWO based
PI, PID controller in terms of settling time, overshoot, and undershoot.

REFERENCES
[1] W. Tan, “Unified Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller for Power Systems via IMC,” in IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 341-350, Feb. 2010, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2036463.
[2] K. P. S. Parmar, S. Majhi, and D. P. Kothari, “Automatic generation control of an interconnected hydrothermal power
system,” 2010 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), 2010, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/INDCON.2010.5712663.
[3] K. Das, P. Das, and S. Sharma, “Load frequency control using classical controller in an isolated single area and two
area reheat thermal power system,” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol.
2, no. 3, pp. 403-409, March 2012, doi: 10.1.1.413.5255.
[4] S. Saxena and Y. V. Hote, “Load Frequency Control in Power Systems via Internal Model Control Scheme and
Model-Order Reduction,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 2749-2757, Aug. 2013,
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2245349.
[5] G. T. C. Sekhar, R. K. Sahu, A. K. Baliarsingh, and S. Panda, “Load frequency control of power system under
deregulated environment using optimal firefly algorithm,” Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 74, pp. 195-211,
January 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.07.025.
[6] K. P. S. Parmar, S. Majhi, and D. P. Kothari, “LFC of an interconnected power system with multi-source power
generation in deregulated power environment,” Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 57, pp. 277-286, May 2014,
doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.11.058.
[7] R. J. Abraham, D. Das, and A. Patra, “Load following in a bilateral market with local controllers,” Electr. Power
Energy Syst., vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1648-1657, December 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2011.06.033.
[8] P. Bhatt, R. Roy, and S. P. Ghoshal, “Optimized multi area AGC simulation in restructured power systems,”
Electr.Power Energy Syst., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 311-322, May 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2009.09.002.
[9] W. Tan, H. Zhang, and M. Yu, “Decentralized load frequency control in deregulated environments,” Electrical
Power and Energy Systems, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 16-26, October 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.02.013.
[10] H. Guolian, Q. Lina, Z. Xinyan, and Z. Jianhua, “Application of PSO-based fuzzy PI controller in multi-area AGC
system after deregulation,” 2012 7th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2012,
pp. 1417-1422, doi: 10.1109/ICIEA.2012.6360946.
[11] G. T. Chandra Sekhar, R. K. Sahu, A. K. Baliarsingh, and Sidhartha Panda, “Load frequency control of power
system under deregulated environment using optimal firefly algorithm,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol.74,
pp.195–211, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.07.025.
[12] L. C. Saikia, J. Nanda, and S. Mishra, “Performance comparison of several classical controllers in AGC for multi-
area interconnected thermal system,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 33, no. 3,
pp. 394-401, March 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.08.036.
[13] B. K. Sahu, T. K. Pati, J. R. Nayak, S. Panda, and S. K. Kar, “A novel hybrid LUS-TLBO optimized fuzzy-PID
controller for load frequency control of multi-source power system,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 74, pp.
58-69, January 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.07.020.
[14] A. Huddar and P. S. Kulkarni, “A robust method of tuning a decentralized proportional-integral load frequency
controller in a deregulated environment using genetic algorithms,” Electric Power Components and Systems, vol.
37, no. 3, pp. 265-286, February 2009, doi: 10.1080/15325000802454419.
[15] M. Shiroei and A. M. Ranjbar, “Supervisory predictive control of power system load frequency control,” Int. J.
Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 61, pp. 70-80, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.03.020.
[16] Md N. Anwar and S. Pan, “A new PID load frequency controller design method in frequency domain through direct
synthesis approach,” Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 67, pp. 560-569, May 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.12.024.
[17] J. Morsali, K. Zare, and M. T. Hagh, “AGC of interconnected multi-source power system with considering GDB and GRC
nonlinearity effects,” 2016 6th Conference on Thermal Power Plants, 2016, pp. 12-17, doi: 10.1109/CTPP.2016.7482927.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2021 : 2221 – 2229
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2229

[18] R. Ramjug-Ballgobin, S. Z. S. Hassen, and S. Veerapen, “Load frequency control of a nonlinear two-area power system,”
2015 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Security (ICCCS), 2015, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/CCCS.2015.7374172.
[19] Tain-Sou Tsay, “Load-frequency control of interconnected power system with governor backlash nonlinearities,”
Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1542-1549, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2011.06.005.
[20] E. S. Ali and S. M. Abd-Elazim, “Bfoa based design of pid controller for two area load frequency control with nonlinearities,”
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 51, pp. 224-231, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.02.030.
[21] S. Rupatharani and S. Selvakumari, “Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Power Systems using Genetic
Algorithm,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology , vol. 3, no. 16, 2015.
[22] H. Gozde and M. C. Taplamacioglu, “Automatic generation control application with craziness based particle swarm
optimization in a thermal power system,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 8-16, January
2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.08.010.
[23] E. S. Ali and S. M. Abd-Elazim, “Bacteria foraging optimization algorithm based load frequency controller for interconnected
power system,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 633-638, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.12.022.
[24] S. Prakash and S. K. Sinha, “Application of artificial intelligence in load frequency control of interconnected power
system,” International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 264-275, 2011, doi:
10.4314/ijest.v3i4.68558.
[25] S. Deb, S. Fong, and Z. Tian, “Elephant Search Algorithm for optimization problems,” 2015 Tenth International
Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM), 2015, pp. 249-255, doi: 10.1109/ICDIM.2015.7381893.
[26] D. K. Sambariya and S. Shrangi, “Optimal design of pid controller for load frequency control using harmony
Search algorithm,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 19-32,
January 2017, doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v5.i1.pp19-32.
[27] D. Guha, P. K. Roy, and S. Banerjee, “Load frequency control of large scale power system using quasi-oppositional
grey wolf optimization Algorithm,” Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 19, no. 4,
pp. 1693-1713, December 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2016.07.004.

Load frequency control of thermal system under deregulated environment using … (Sambugari Anil Kumar)