LECTURE 25 LEVELLING Levelling is the art of determining the elevation of given points above or below a datum line or establishing in given points of required height above or below the datum line. It evolves measurement in vertical plane. Definition of basic termifis used in levelling: Level surface: Any surface parallel to the mean spheroid of the earth is called level surface and the line drawn on level surface is known as level 2. Horizontal surface: Any surface tangential to level surface at a given point is called - Hoi surface at point. Hence horizontal line is at right angles to plumb line. Vertical surface: It is the line connecting the point & centre of earth. Ver normal to each other. Datum: The point or the surface with respect to which levels of other points or planes are calculated is called 3 Datum or surface. Mean sea level (MSL): Mean sea level is the average height of sea of all stages of tides. Any particular place is derived by averaging over a long period of 19 years. In India the meanils sea level used is that at Karachi (Pakistan). In all important survey this is taken as datum. Reduced level: Levels of various points are taken as heights above the datum surface are known as Reduced level. Bench mark: Bench mark is 2 relatively permanent point of reference whose Elevation w.r.t some assumed datum is known. There are four types of bench mark G.T.S (Great trigonometry survey) Permanent bench mark Arbitrary bench mark. ‘Temporary bench mark.LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS: A level is an instrument giving horizontal line of sight & magnifying the reading far away from it. It consists of following 4 parts. v, Telescope to provide line of sight. vi. Level tube to make the line of sight horizontal. vii. The levelling head to bring the bubble in its centre of run. viii. tripod to support instrument TYPES OF LEVELS: + Dumpy level + wyelevel Cooke's Reversible level Tilting level Auto level Cushing's levelWORKING PRINCIPLE OF AUTO & DUMPY LEVEL: PARTS OF FIGURE Telescope Eye piece Shade Objective end Longitudinal bubble Focusing screw Foot screws Upper parallel plate Diaphragm adjusting screws Bubble tube adjusting screw Transverse bubble tube Foot plate.The dumpy level originally designed by & Gravatt consists of a telescope tube firmly secured in two collars fixed by adjusting screws to the stage carried by the vertical spindle. The modern form of dumpy level has the telescope tube & the vertical spindle cast as one piece & a long bubble tube is attached to the top of the telescope. This form is known as solid dumpy. Levelling head generally consists of two parallel plates with either three- foot screws or four 2 foot screws, The upper plate is known as @ tribrach. Lower part is known asi trivet which can be screwed on to a tripod. The advantages of the dumpy level over the wye level: ple construction with fewer movable parts 2. Fewer adjustments to be made Longer life. graduations. The foot of the staff representing 0 reading. During levelling staff is held vertical at the point and from level horizontal sights taken. Levelling staff may be divided into 2 groups 8. Self reading 9. Target staff. Parts of telescope: Objectives iv) Eye piece vy) Diaphragm vi) Focusing deviceFundamental axis of a level: (e) Vertical axis: Its the centre line of axis of notation of the level. (f) Axis of level B tube: | atits is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the tube le point. it is horizontal when the bubble is central. (e) Axis of telescope: It is the line joining the optical centre of the object glass & the centre of eye piece. (h) Line of collimation or line of sight: It is the line joi optical centre of the object glass. 1g the intersection of cross hairs & Temporary staff adjustment of a level: v) Setting up Levelling up Focusing Setting up: itis to set the tripod stand to 2 convenient height by bringing bubble to the centre of run through the movement of tripod legs radially. Levelling up: To make the vertical axis truly vertical the level screws. made with the help of foot (4) Loosen the clamp and turn the instrument until bubble axis is parallel to line joining any two screws. (6) Turn the two screws inward or outward equally till bubble is centered. (6) Turn the telescope through 90 degrees so that it lies over the third screw. Focusing: For quantitative measurements it is essential that the image should always be formed in the fixed plane in the telescope where the cross Bi hairs are situated The operation of forming or bringing the clear image of the object in the pane of cross hairs is known Glas focusingComplete focusing involves two steps (iv) Focusing the eye @ piece (v) Focusing the objective Telescope in which the focusing is done by the external movement of either objective or eye 2 piece is known as External focusing telescope. Telescope in which the focusing is done by the internally with a negative less is known as 2 internal focusing telescope Sensitiveness of a bubble tube: When the difference in elevation between any two points is determined from a single set up by back si on one point and fore si on the other. The error is due to non-parallelism. When the bubble is not in the centre of run and sensitivity is lost, due to the error of curvature and refraction which is eliminated if lengths of 2 sides are made equal. Error due to Curvature: The horizontal line of sight does not remain straight butit slightly bends towards having concavity towards earth surface due to refra c= 02/2 Error due to Refraction: As the line of sight is curved downwards towards the earth surface reading gets decreased. To make the objects appear higher than they really are, this correction is applied to staff readings, Cq=0.01121d? where d km.TERMS USED IN LEVELLING: (d) Station: Station is the point where levelling staff is held & not the point where level is kept. (e) Height of instrument: For any set up of the level the height of instrument is the elevation of the plane of sight respect to assumed datum. This also known as @ plane of collimation. (f) Back sight: It is sight taken on a level staff held at @ point of known elevation with an intension of deter (g) Intermediate sight (1.5): Sight taken on after taking back sights before taking last sight from an instrument station is known as {4 intermediate sight. The sight is also known as ve sight (add) (h) Fore sight (F.S): This is the last reading @ taken from instrument just before shifting the instrument. This is also ve sight. (i) Change point (C.P): This is 2 point on which both fore sight & back sight are taken. () Reduced leve datum. I: Reduced level of a point is the level of the point with respect to assumed TYPES OF LEVELLING ” ple levelling vi) Differential levelling vii) Fly levelling viii)Profile levelling ix) Cross-sectioning x) Reciprocal levellingSimple levelling: It is the levelling ifference in levels of two near by points. It is obtained by simple Differential levelling: When the distance between two points is very large it may not be possible to take the readings from single setting of instruments. Each shifting facilitated by taking CP. Fly levelling: It is to carry out levelling with respect to temporary bench mark in convenient Crossectioning: In many engineering projects to calculate earth work involved not only LS is involved but CS of ground is taken in regular intervals. Reciprocal levelling: When it is not possible to balance FS and BS due to non-parallelism of line He [(ha- hp) + (b's- bn) 1/2. PROFILE LEVELLING: This type of levelling is known as @longitudinal section. The reduced levels of various points at regular intervals are found along a line or a set of lines. Then the engineers draw the sectional view of the ground to get the profile. This type of levelling is commonly employed in deciding railways, highways, canal, sewage line routes. After getting reduced level of various points along the line, profile of the ground is plotted on a drawing sheet. Normally vertical scale is much larger than the horizontal scale to clearly view the profile. Then when the engineers decide the formation level of the proposed project The decision is mainly based on balancing, cutting & filling so that the transport of earth is minimum. However, the proposed gradient of formation level should not be more than as permitted. After deciding the formation level & the gracient the difference between two consecutive points is known. If RL of first point is known RL of other points are calculated.‘STEPS TO TAKE OBSERVATION: 5. Differential levelling is the method of direct levelling the object of which is. To determine Difference in elevations of two points regardless of horizontal position of point with tespect to each Other, when points are apart it may be necessary to setup the instrument several times. This type of Levelling is also known as FLY LEVELLING®, 6. Instrument level is setup at convenient positions near first point (say A). 7. Temporary adjustments should be done, (setting up, levelling up, elimination of a par- allot) are Performed. 8, First sight of B.M (point of known elevation) is taken and reading is entered in back Sight column. 9. If distance is large instrument is shifted, the instrument becomes turning point (or) changing point. 10. After setting up instrument at new position, performing temporary adjustment and Take back sight as turning point. 111. Thus, turning point will have both back sight and fore sight readings. 12. Link wise the process is repeated till last point (say B) is reached. 13. Readings are entered in a tabular form is given Below and Reduced levels are calculated either by height of instrument method (or rise and fall method. STATION POINT BACK SIGHT INTERMIDEATE SIGHT FORESIGHT | HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT REDUCED, LeveL REMARKS, ARITHMETIC CHECK: - = BS - OF Ss SRISE - SFALL= WAST RL - FIRST RL To