MINERALS 2.

5-fingernail
•are naturally occuring, inorganic solids with a definite 3.5- Copper penny
chemical composition and a crystal lattice structure 5.5-knife/glass plate
•substances that are harnessed and used by humans in 6.5- Steel hail
everyday life. 8.5-masonry drill bilt
•although thousand of minerals have been identified, •SPECIFIC GRAVITY
just 10 minerals make up most of the volume of earth - defined as the density of mineral compared to the
'crust. (plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, amphibole, density of water, ratio of density of object and the
pyroxene, olivine, calcite, biotite, garnet, and clay). density of water
• over 4000 mineral exist in earth's crust - it depends upon the minerals mass and spacing of its
•composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium. atoms.
potassium, sodium, and magnesium. •CLEAVAGE
Mineralogist - refers to tendency of minerals to break along very
•are scientist who study minerals smooth, flat, and shiny surfaces
• identify and categorize minerals.(uses high- powered • FRACTURE
microscopes, most are recognizable using their physical -mineral fracture may break along random, irregular
properties.) surfaces.
Physical Properties of Minerals. -Conchoidal Fructure -broken surfacer show concentric
1.Color rings or curved surface
2.Streak -Even Fructure-broken surface is smooth & flat
3.Luster - Uneven Fructure- mineral breaks with irregular surface
4.Hardness - Splintery structure - breaks with a rough
5.Specific Gravity • TENACITY
6.Cleavage - mineral's ability to hold its particles together or the
7.Fracture minerals level of resistance to stress such as bending,
8.Tenacity breaking, crushing, or tearing.
• COLOR - indicates if the mineral is brittle, elastic, malleable, etc.
-not constant in most of the minerals and commonly. the Additional Properties.
color is due to stain and impurities as well as the defects •Odor
in crystalline structure of minerals. •Feel
BIOTITE-black, brown, green • Striations
Calcite- Pearlescent & Pale colors • Taste
DOLOMITE-pink, pale brown, colorless •Magnetism
FELDSPAR- yellow, white, pink, green, gray CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Hematite - metallic gray or black •Cuarto (2016) classified minerals according to their
HORNBLENDE-green, yellow, brown, black chemical composition using Dana system which divides
•STREAK minerals into eight basic classes.
-color of mineral in powder form •Native Elements
-determined by marking unglazed porcelain or simply •Silicates
scratching it. •Oxides
-rubbed on streak plate to determine color •Sulfides
Hematite Streak •Sulfates
•LUSTER •Halides
-describes the appearance of mineral when light is •Phosphate
reflected from its surface. It can be described as opaque, •Carbonate
trans parent, dull, or shiny. •Mineraloids
-Metallic luster is opaque and very reflective like gold &
silver •Rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals
-Nonmettalic/Pearly luster is dull, silky, greasy, & pearly sometime with nonmineral solid particles.
like silicates Classification of Rocks
-Classy of vitreous luster is like a broken glass •Igneous rocks or magmatic rocks are formed through
-Adamantine luster is gem-like the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous
-Dull or Earthy luster has non-reflective surface rock can be classified into:
• HARDNESS •Intrusive igneous rocks. This type of igneous rock is
-resistance of minerals to abrasion or scratching. and is formed from solidification of magma below the surface
measured relative to Moh's scale of hardness. They have large crystals of minerals that formed over
Mohs Hardness Scale time through the slow process of crystallization in a
Diamond-10 magma. Granite, diorite, gabbro, pegmatite, and
Corondum-9 peridotite are examples of this type of rock.
Topaz-8 •Extrusive igneous rocks. This type of igneous rock is
Quartz-7 formed through a faster rate of solidification of lava on
orthoclase-6 the surface of Earth. They can become glassy in
Apatite-5 appearance due to less crystallization or vesicular like
Fluorite-4 Scoria, due to the air that was trapped inside when they
Calcite-3 solidified and formed on the surface of the earth. Other
Gypsum-2 examples of this type of rock are andesite, basalt, dacite,
Talc-1 obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, and tuff.
•Sedimentary rock is formed by the deposition and 5. Dewatering uses the concentration to convert it to
cementation of mineral or organic particles on the floor usable minerals. This involves filtration and
of oceans and other bodies of water at the Earth's sedimentation of the suspension and drying of the solid
surface. Sedimentary rocks can be classified into clastic, material harvested from this suspension.
chemical, and organic. FOSSIL FUELS
•Clastic sedimentary rock. It is formed from the - remains of plants and animals that died millions of years
mechanical weathering debris of rocks. Examples are ago.
breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale. -They are the world's primary energy source that provide
•Chemical sedimentary rock. It is formed when dissolved most of the energy support in transportation, electricity,
materials precipitate from the solution. Examples of and industries.
these are rock salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some dolomites. -They are natural and finite resources that are very
•Organic sedimentary rock. It is formed from the build-up abundant and has a cheaper cost production compared to
of plant or animal debris. Examples of this type are coal other resources present on Earth.
and fossiliferous limestone. -They are considered as non- renewable energy source as
•Metamorphic rock forms from existing rock types called they take millions of years to form.
"parent rock" in the process called metamorphism, which FOSSIL FUELS
means a change in form. The original rock which can be 1. COAL
an igneous, sedimentary, or another metamorphic rock is 2. OIL
subjected to heat and pressure, causing a profound 3. NATURAL GAS
chemical or physical change. Metamorphic rocks can be COAL
classified into: - resources are found predominantly where forest trees,
•Foliated metamorphic rock. It is formed through plants and marshes existed before being buried and
pressure due to compression of rocks that create bands compressed millions of years ago.
called foliation. Examples are gneiss, phyllite, schist, and -Philippines uses approximately 50% coal resource to
slate. produce energy and electricity.
•Non-foliated metamorphic rocks. It has no foliation or COAL RANKS
bands. Examples of this type are hornfels, marble, • Anthracite is the highest rank of coal. It is a hard, brittle,
quartzite, and novaculite. and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal,
containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low
MINERALS percentage of volatile matter.
Ore - a natural rock or sediment containing one or more •Bituminous Coal has a high heating value and is the most
valuable mineral. common type of coal used in electricity generation. It
Mining - is the process of mineral extraction from a rock appears shiny and smooth at first glance, but when you
seam or ore. look closely, you will see that it has layers.
Mining •Subbituminous Coal is black in color and dull, and has a
1. Surface Mining is used to extract ore minerals near the higher heating value than lignite.
surface of the earth. The soil and rocks that covered the •Lignite is also known as brown coal. It is the lowest
ores are removed through blasting. Blasting is a grade coal with the least concentration of carbon.
controlled use of explosive and gas exposure to break OIL
rocks. -is an organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in
2. Underground Mining - is used to extract the rocks, mud at the bottom of the sea and lakes. It is used mainly
minerals and other precious stories that can be found to produce transportation fuels and petroleum-based
beneath the earth's surface. In underground mining, products.
miners need to create a tunnel so they can reach the ore -Philippines imports crude oil and petroleum from Saudi
minerals. Arabia and Russia. The majority of the market are Petron
Surface Mining Corporation, Pilipinas Shell, and Chevron Philippines.
1. Open-pit Mining NATURAL GAS
2. Strip Mining -is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture
3. Dredging of methane. It is the Earth's cleanest fossil fuel and is
Mineral Processing odorless and colorless in its natural state.
- is the process of extracting minerals from the ore, -Natural gas is produced from sedimentary rock
refining them, and preparing these minerals for use. formation by forcing chemicals, water, and sand down a
Mineral Processing well under high pressure. The Philippines' main domestic
1. Sampling is the removal of a portion which represents source of energy is the Malampaya natural gas field
a whole needed for the analysis of this material. which is located at Palawan Island.
2. Analysis is important to evaluate the valuable
component in. This includes chemical, mineral, and
particles size analysis
3. Comminution is the process where the valuable
components of the ore are separated through crushing
and grinding. This process begins by crushing the ores to
a particular size and finishes it by grinding the ores into a
powder form.
4. Concentration - involves the separation of the valuable
minerals from the raw materials.