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John Vince

Calculus for Computer Graphics

3rd ed. 2023
John Vince
Bournemouth University, Hereford, UK

ISBN 978-3-031-28116-7 e-ISBN 978-3-031-28117-4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28117-4

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2013, 2019, 2023

1st edition: © Springer-Verlag London 2013

2nd and 3th edition: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019, 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the

Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer
Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham,
Switzerland
This book is dedicated to my wife Hei∂iπ.
Preface
Calculus is one of those subjects that appears to have no boundaries,
which is why some books are so large and heavy! So when I started
writing the first edition of this book, I knew that it would not fall into
this category. It would be around 200 pages long and take the reader on
a gentle journey through the subject, without placing too many
demands on their knowledge of mathematics.
The second edition reviewed the original text, corrected a few
typos, and incorporated three extra chapters. I also extended the
chapter on arc length to include the parameterisation of curves.
In this third edition, I have reviewed the text, corrected a few typos,
and incorporated new chapters on vector differential operators and
solving differential equations.
The objective of the book remains the same: to inform the reader
about functions and their derivatives, and the inverse process:
integration, which can be used for computing area and volume. The
emphasis on geometry gives the book relevance to the computer
graphics community and hopefully will provide the mathematical
background for professionals working in computer animation, games
and allied disciplines to read and understand other books and technical
papers where the differential and integral notation is found.
The book divides into 18 chapters, with the obligatory chapters to
introduce and conclude the book. Chapter 2 reviews the ideas of
functions, their notation and the different types encountered in
everyday mathematics. This can be skipped by readers already familiar
with the subject.
Chapter 3 introduces the idea of limits and derivatives, and how
mathematicians have adopted limits in preference to infinitesimals.
Most authors introduce integration as a separate subject, but I have
included it in this chapter so that it is seen as an antiderivative, rather
than something independent.
Chapter 4 looks at derivatives and antiderivatives for a wide range
of functions such as polynomial, trigonometric, exponential and
logarithmic. It also shows how function sums, products, quotients and
function of a function are differentiated.
 Chapter 5 covers higher derivatives and how they are used to detect
a local maximum and minimum.
Chapter 6 covers partial derivatives, which although easy to
understand, have a reputation for being difficult. This is possibly due to
the symbols used, rather than the underlying mathematics. The total
derivative is introduced here as it is required in a later chapter.
Chapter 7 introduces the standard techniques for integrating
different types of functions. This can be a large subject, and I have
deliberately kept the examples simple, in order to keep the reader
interested and on top of the subject.
Chapter 8 shows how integration reveals the area under a graph
and the concept of the Riemann Sum. The idea of representing area or
volume as the limiting sum of some fundamental units is central to
understanding calculus.
Chapter 9 deals with arc length, and uses a variety of worked
examples to compute the length of different curves and their
parameterisation
Chapter 10 shows how single and double integrals are used to
compute the surface area of different objects. It is also a convenient
point to introduce Jacobians, which, hopefully, I have managed to
explain convincingly.
Chapter 11 shows how single, double and triple integrals are used
to compute the volume of familiar objects. It also shows how the choice
of a coordinate system influences a solution’s complexity.
Chapter 12 covers vector-valued functions, and provides a short
introduction to this very large subject.
Chapter 13 is new, and covers three differential operators: grad, div
and curl.
Chapter 14 shows how to calculate tangent and normal vectors for a
variety of curves and surfaces, which are useful in shading algorithms
and physically-based animation.
Chapter 15 shows how differential calculus is used to manage
geometric continuity in B-splines and Bézier curves.
Chapter 16 looks at the curvature of curves such as a circle, helix,
parabola and parametric plane curves. It also shows how to compute
the curvature of 2D quadratic and cubic Bézier curves.
 Chapter 17 is new, and explores a few techniques for solving first-
order differential equations.
I used Springer’s excellent author’s development kit on my
Apple iMac, which is so fast that I create an entire book in 3 or 4
seconds, just to change a single character! This book contains around
two hundred colour illustrations to provide a strong visual
interpretation for derivatives, antiderivatives and the calculation of arc
length, curvature, tangent vectors, area and volume. I used Apple’s
Grapher application for most of the graphs and rendered images, and
Pages for the diagrams.
There is no way I could have written this book without the Internet
and several excellent books on calculus. One only has to Google ‘What is
a Jacobian?’ to receive over a thousand entries in about 1 second!
YouTube also contains some highly informative presentations on
virtually every aspect of calculus one could want. So I have spent many
hours watching, absorbing and disseminating videos, looking for vital
pieces of information that are key to understanding a topic.
The books I have referred to include: Teach Yourself Calculus by
Hugh Neil, Calculus of One Variable by Keith Hirst, Inside Calculus by
George Exner, Short Calculus by Serge Lang, Differential Equations by
Allan Struthers and Merle Potter, and my all-time favourite:
Mathematics from the Birth of Numbers by Jan Gullberg. I acknowledge
and thank all these authors for the influence they have had on this
book. One other book that has helped me is Digital Typography Using
by Apostolos Syropoulos, Antonis Tsolomitis and Nick Sofroniou.
Writing any book can be a lonely activity, and finding someone
willing to read an early draft, and whose opinion one can trust, is
extremely valuable. Consequently, I thank Dr. Tony Crilly for his
valuable feedback after reading the original manuscript. Tony identified
flaws in my reasoning and inconsistent notation, and I have
incorporated his suggestions. However, I take full responsibility for any
mistakes that may have found their way into this publication.
Finally, I thank Helen Desmond, Editor for Computer Science,
Springer UK, for her continuing professional support.
John Vince
Breinton, Herefordshire, UK
February 2023
Contents
1 Introduction
1.​1 What Is Calculus?​
1.​2 Where Is Calculus Used in Computer Graphics?​
1.​3 Who Else Should Read This Book?​
1.​4 Who Invented Calculus?​
2 Functions
2.​1 Introduction
2.​2 Expressions, Variables, Constants and Equations
2.​3 Functions
2.​3.​1 Continuous and Discontinuous Functions
2.​3.​2 Linear Graph Functions
2.​3.​3 Periodic Functions
2.​3.​4 Polynomial Functions
2.​3.​5 Function of a Function
2.​3.​6 Other Functions
2.​4 A Function’s Rate of Change
2.​4.​1 Slope of a Function
2.​4.​2 Differentiating Periodic Functions
2.​5 Summary
3 Limits and Derivatives
3.​1 Introduction
3.​2 Some History of Calculus
3.​3 Small Numerical Quantities
3.​4 Equations and Limits
3.​4.​1 Quadratic Function
 3.​4.​2 Cubic Equation
3.​4.​3 Functions and Limits
3.​4.​4 Graphical Interpretation of the Derivative
3.​4.​5 Derivatives and Differentials
3.​4.​6 Integration and Antiderivatives
3.​5 Summary
3.​6 Worked Examples
3.​6.​1 Limiting Value of a Quotient 1
3.​6.​2 Limiting Value of a Quotient 2
3.​6.​3 Derivative
3.​6.​4 Slope of a Polynomial
3.​6.​5 Slope of a Periodic Function
3.​6.​6 Integrate a Polynomial
References
4 Derivatives and Antiderivatives
4.​1 Introduction
4.​2 Differentiating Groups of Functions
4.​2.​1 Sums of Functions
4.​2.​2 Function of a Function
4.​2.​3 Function Products
4.​2.​4 Function Quotients
4.​2.​5 Summary:​Groups of Functions
4.​3 Differentiating Implicit Functions
4.​4 Differentiating Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
4.​4.​1 Exponential Functions
4.​4.​2 Logarithmic Functions
 4.​4.​3 Summary:​Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
4.​5 Differentiating Trigonometric Functions
4.​5.​1 Differentiating tan
4.​5.​2 Differentiating csc
4.​5.​3 Differentiating sec
4.​5.​4 Differentiating cot
4.​5.​5 Differentiating arcsin, arccos and arctan
4.​5.​6 Differentiating arccsc, arcsec and arccot
4.​5.​7 Summary:​Trigonometric Functions
4.​6 Differentiating Hyperbolic Functions
4.​6.​1 Differentiating sinh, cosh and tanh
4.​6.​2 Differentiating cosech, sech and coth
4.​6.​3 Differentiating arsinh, arcosh and artanh
4.​6.​4 Differentiating arcsch, arsech and arcoth
4.​6.​5 Summary:​Hyperbolic Functions
4.​7 Summary
5 Higher Derivatives
5.​1 Introduction
5.​2 Higher Derivatives of a Polynomial
5.​3 Identifying a Local Maximum or Minimum
5.​4 Derivatives and Motion
5.​5 Summary
5.​5.​1 Summary of Formulae
6 Partial Derivatives
6.​1 Introduction
6.​2 Partial Derivatives
 6.​2.​1 Visualising Partial Derivatives
6.​2.​2 Mixed Partial Derivatives
6.​3 Chain Rule
6.​4 Total Derivative
6.​5 Second-Order and Higher Partial Derivatives
6.​6 Summary
6.​6.​1 Summary of Formulae
6.​7 Worked Examples
6.​7.​1 Partial Derivative
6.​7.​2 First and Second-Order Partial Derivatives
6.​7.​3 Mixed Partial Derivative
6.​7.​4 Chained Partial Derivatives
6.​7.​5 Total Derivative
7 Integral Calculus
7.​1 Introduction
7.​2 Indefinite Integral
7.​3 Standard Integration Formulae
7.​4 Integrating Techniques
7.​4.​1 Continuous Functions
7.​4.​2 Difficult Functions
7.​4.​3 Trigonometric Identities
7.​4.​4 Exponent Notation
7.​4.​5 Completing the Square
7.​4.​6 The Integrand Contains a Derivative
7.​4.​7 Converting the Integrand into a Series of Fractions
7.​4.​8 Integration by Parts
 7.​4.​9 Integrating by Substitution
7.​4.​10 Partial Fractions
7.​5 Summary
7.​6 Worked Examples
7.​6.​1 Trigonometric Identities
7.​6.​2 Exponent Notation
7.​6.​3 Completing the Square
7.​6.​4 The Integrand Contains a Derivative
7.​6.​5 Converting the Integrand into a Series of Fractions
7.​6.​6 Integration by Parts
7.​6.​7 Integrating by Substitution
7.​6.​8 Partial Fractions
8 Area Under a Graph
8.​1 Introduction
8.​2 Calculating Areas
8.​3 Positive and Negative Areas
8.​4 Area Between Two Functions
8.5 Areas with the -Axis
8.​6 Area with Parametric Functions
8.​7 Bernhard Riemann
8.​7.​1 Domains and Intervals
8.​7.​2 The Riemann Sum
8.​8 Summary
Reference
9 Arc Length and Parameterisation​of Curves
9.​1 Introduction
9.​2 Lagrange’s Mean-Value Theorem
9.​3 Arc Length
9.​3.​1 Arc Length of a Straight Line
9.​3.​2 Arc Length of a Circle
9.​3.​3 Arc Length of a Parabola
9.3.4 Arc Length of
9.​3.​5 Arc Length of a Sine Curve
9.​3.​6 Arc Length of a Hyperbolic Cosine Function
9.​3.​7 Arc Length of Parametric Functions
9.​3.​8 Arc Length of a Circle
9.​3.​9 Arc Length of an Ellipse
9.​3.​10 Arc Length of a Helix
9.​3.​11 Arc Length of a 2D Quadratic Bézier Curve
9.​3.​12 Arc Length of a 3D Quadratic Bézier Curve
9.​3.​13 Arc Length Parameterisation​of a 3D Line
9.​3.​14 Arc Length Parameterisation​of a Helix
9.​3.​15 Positioning Points on a Straight Line Using a Square
Law
9.​3.​16 Positioning Points on a Helix Curve Using a Square
Law
9.​3.​17 Arc Length Using Polar Coordinates
9.​4 Summary
9.​4.​1 Summary of Formulae
9.​5 Worked Examples
9.​5.​1 Arc Length of a Straight Line
9.​5.​2 Arc Length of a Circle
Another random document with
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 “I would never have anything to do with blackbird catching again,”
he continued. “It is a foul, horrible, hellish trade, and the work done
on some of those crafts that trade with the Fiji Islands and New
Guinea, in the labour trade, is, to say the best about it, hellish.”
“No,” I remarked, as Captain Brown finished his story, “I should
think not. I wonder if you ever ventured near again?”
“Not until now,” he replied, “I left the vessel at Brisbane and got a
berth in a Sydney collier as mate, I made several trips in her along
the coast, and when the diggings opened in Victoria the skipper left
to try his luck, so I was given command. We made several very good
trips to New Zealand and back, and I put by a bit of money. Then
the Palmer diggings opened, and here we are now bound for the
Solomon Islands again, but not blackbird catching, not if I know it. I
hope we shall not have any trouble with the natives, however. Look
here, Mr. Farrar, I think we had better see what firearms we can
muster, and have them ready for use.”
I thought so, too, and on examining our stock found that we had
two rifles, six muskets, four revolvers, one brass cannon on deck,
and plenty of ammunition.
The weather was lovely as we sailed through the passage between
the Bonvouloir Isles and the Island of Aignan. The natives of these
islands are cannibals, and both fierce and cruel; this spot is dreaded
by sailors, as many vessels have been wrecked, and both the living
and the dead eaten, so we kept both a good distance off the shore,
in case we got becalmed, and a good look-out for visitors. When we
were passing Aignan Island, Tombaa came aft, and told me not to go
too close in shore.
“By and bye, wind no more, plenty bad black fellow come off in
canoe, and make fight white fellow too muchee, no belong longa
time, ship go all the same here, black fellow come plenty—much
corrobboree—by-en-by white fellow no more. Black fellow eat em
white fellow allee samee banana.”
“All right, Tombaa, we’ll keep a bit further out. But I don’t think
the wind will die away before sunset.”
“Me watchee allee same you,” said Tombaa, as he walked forward.
 We had a spanking breeze, and the little “Pelew” was racing along
in fine style. The sky was clear as a bell and the sea nearly smooth
with just a gentle ripple on the surface. We were sheltered by the
island, as we sailed along under the lee.
At four p.m., Captain Brown came on deck, while Tombaa was at
the wheel. Just after the watch was relieved, the wind suddenly fell
dead calm, precisely as the Kanaka had foretold. The “Pelew” was
then about two miles off the reef that skirts the island. The captain
took his glass and examined the coast, and there, away on the
starboard bow, could be seen several large canoes outside the reef.
Orders were at once given to put a boat out, and tow the schooner
further off from the land. I took the Dane and the two Kanakas into
the boat, and pulled to the north-east for three hours. About half-
past seven, as we opened out the east point, a strong breeze sprang
up, so we took the boat in, and were soon clear of the island.
A few hours later the sky became overcast, and then a dense
black, the wind moaned and shrieked, and over the darkness came a
close network of lightning darting in all directions, like a spider’s
web. Soon the sea rose higher and higher, pitching and tossing our
little vessel about like a shuttlecock. We were snugged down to a
close-reefed fore staysail, and the corposants that hung about the
mast heads, had a weird, uncanny appearance. The little craft
behaved splendidly, she shipped a lot of spray but no heavy water.
All hands were kept standing by during the night, but towards
daylight the storm blew itself out, and the sky grew clear and calm
again.
On the fourth day out we sighted Cape Hunter, and before dark
we were anchored in the bay. The following morning the agent and
the store-keeper came off with several large canoes, and the cargo
was transferred to them. No one was allowed on shore and we took
in about fifty tons of sweet potatoes, taro, bananas, sago and copra.
I was very much surprised to see the splendid canoes built by the
Solomon Islanders. They were without doubt well built and finely
carved about the head and stern. I saw several leave the bay while
we lay there, carrying fifty men, a large parcel of merchandise, and
a lot of stores. They carry a large square sail, but in calm weather,
as many as forty men can be seen paddling. These men are strong
and well built and quite fearless, and I was told that two of these
canoes were going to the New Hebrides Isles, quite five hundred
miles away, and that they have a method of navigation by the stars
that is only known to themselves. I was astonished, but I certainly
should not have cared to risk my life in one so many miles from land.
The next orders were to proceed to Bourgainville and finish
loading there. We were three days beating along the coast of New
Georgia, passing west of Choiseul Island, around the south-east
point of Bourganville, and on our way to our port. We were no
sooner at anchor than the trader came off in a canoe and told us we
were not to land, nor allow any natives to come on board, as there
had been some trouble with a trading vessel that had fired on some
of the natives and killed several, and that they were in a great state
of excitement and resentment because of this. We loaded some tons
of cocoanuts, and some pearl shell, also a quantity of pretty grass
matting. The trader came off with each lot, and I certainly think that
I would sooner risk my life with the cannibals than with that
individual. He was, without a doubt, the most villainous looking man
I ever cast my eyes on, and they have not been a few.
We sailed for Brisbane on the second day, and reached it after a
splendid run of eight days.
The owners were very pleased with the results of the trip, but
were surprised that Captain Brown had not brought a few Kanakas
for the sugar plantations telling him they were a good speculation.
“No, thanks,” he replied, “I have had enough ‘blackbird catching’
to last me my lifetime, those can do it as likes, but not me.”
 CHAPTER XXVII

Homeward Bound

Captain Brown and I left the “Pelew” at Brisbane, he, because he did
not care for the Solomon Island trips for the reason stated in the
previous chapter, and I, because what I had seen and heard had
satisfied any desire I had to visit those regions. We made our way to
Newcastle, where Captain Brown had his home. Here I found letters
awaiting me from England, which stirred within me a longing to see
the old country once more. I had been away about eight years and
seven months, and the strange part of this long absence was that I
had promised those at home it should not be a long voyage, but
circumstances, and my love of roaming had lengthened the months
into years. I determined, however, that now I would go back, but
before doing this I made up my mind to have a good time in
Newcastle, and I did, for if you have money to spend, that is the
place to get through it. For six weeks I went the pace, and had the
jolliest time of my life, and spent my money like a real British sailor,
or a fool, which was nearer the mark. I saw the Browns frequently,
and parted from them with regret, for the captain and I had seen
some ups and downs together, and he was a good comrade, one of
the best. He smiled when I called to bid them good-bye, and told
them I was going home to England.
“It’s about time you did, you mad-brained young beggar, at the
pace you are going at you’ll soon be played out.”
“No jolly fear,” I replied, “so good-bye, good-bye, and good luck.”
The next day I engaged as second officer on the ship, “Tonquin,”
bound for England, via San Francisco. The “Tonquin” was a smart
double topgallant yard ship, and a fast sailer. She carried a crew of
thirty-three hands all told. Most of these had been picked up in the
colonies, as the old crew had deserted, for the gold-field rush was
still on. They were a fairly decent lot of men. Captain McLellan was a
hardheaded Scotchman, who hailed from Leith, and had been many
years in command, and was great on discipline, proud of his ship
and his company, both of which he counted as second to none. The
first mate, Mr. Brown, was a Glasgow man, who had for years been
doing his best to drown his brains in whiskey, and since their arrival
in the colonies he had rarely been sober. When I reported myself to
him on the following morning he was half-witted with drink, and
instead of giving me full particulars about the ship and the work in
hand, also the work in prospect, he simply said “all right, go and
look after the men, and get the ship ready for sea.” I hunted up the
third officer, Mr. Smith, and found him working like a nigger, and as
black as the ace of spades. He was young and inexperienced, but
willing, and not afraid of work, he had also plenty of go in him, and I
found he had in him the making of a thorough seaman when he had
got a little more experience. He soon showed me where all the sails,
stores, etc., were kept.
All hands were set to work bending sails, reaving the running gear,
and getting the ship ready for sea. We saw very little of the first
mate that day, he kept in his room and was drinking hard. The next
morning the captain came to me before going on shore and told me
not to bother about him, as he would be all right when we got to sea
—that was all right as far as he was concerned—but his work had to
be done by Smith and myself.
The crew, under Dan Kelly the boatswain, bent all the sails before
dark, and the captain coming on board just as we had finished,
expressed his pleasure and satisfaction at the good day’s work we
had done, and ordered the steward to give each man a good glass of
grog. This was done, and all hands seemed satisfied with themselves
and their surroundings. I told them to go and get a good night’s
rest, as we should haul out from the wharf at daylight, but somehow
I felt in my mind that the captain had made a great mistake in giving
them the grog while lying at the wharf.
 The coal tips were working all night, and at six a.m., the last truck
load of black diamonds was tipped into the hold.
“Now turn out you fellows,” I heard the boatswain calling, as the
steward brought my coffee to my room. “Now where are you, here
show yourselves, you’re mighty slack at turning out this morning.”
Just then there was a knock at my door, and a voice called out,
“are you there Mr. Farrer?” it was the boatswain.
“Yes, boatswain, what’s the matter.”
“Matter, sir, why half the blooming crowd has cleared out.”
“The dickens they have,” I cried as I ran along to the forecastle,
where I found it was all too true. Rushing aft I told the steward to
rouse the captain and let him know that most of the sailors had
cleared out. Then, jumping ashore, I hurried up Hunter Street to the
Police Office, and told the superintendent in charge, and received
the information that he could give us no help until we took a warrant
out against the men.
“But,” I replied, “the ship is going to sail out to-day, and if the
captain has to take out a warrant for each man, look at the delay it
will cause.”
“That’s no business of mine,” he replied, adding, “perhaps if you
paid them better and fed them better they would not run away.”
I made no answer to this remark, as I felt it was only too true in
many cases, so returned to the ship to find Captain McLellan in a
towering passion. Lines were run out to the departure buoys, and
the ship hauled off.
“Shackel the starboard cable on to the buoy, Mr. Farrer,” the
captain called out.
“Aye, aye, sir,” I replied.
This was done and the captain went ashore to see if he could have
the men arrested, and if not, to try and get others to fill their places,
so that the ship would not be detained.
About two hours after the captain had left, a large colonial barque
came slowly down the river in full sail, outward bound with a fair
wind. She was a perfect picture, as she slipped along on a strong
ebb tide. Mr. Smith and I were admiring her, when we saw to our
surprise five of our runaway sailors leaning over her side and waving
their caps at us in derision as they passed.
“The dirty mean skunks,” said Smith, in a towering passion, and
before I could say a word he had darted into his room, snatched up
a revolver, and rushing along the deck to the nearest point of the
receding barque, fired at the men waving their caps. Fortunately for
him the shots fell short, and in half an hour she was outside the
Nobbies, and bounding away toward New Caledonia.
It was very aggravating, but nothing could be done, so we had to
make the best of it.
Shortly afterwards the boat returned with the captain and six
sailors, all dead drunk, and lying like sacks at the bottom of the
boat. Shangie Brown, as great a scamp as ever encumbered the
earth was with them, to receive his share of the seamen’s advance.
Two months advance at six pounds per month, each man received,
but the boarding house master took it for them, the money to be
paid when the men were safely on board. A bottle of drugged
whiskey was given to them in the meantime, and by the time they
came to their senses they were well out to sea, and the boarding-
house master was back in Newcastle with their two months’ advance
in his pocket.
“Get a slip rope on the buoy, and unshackle the chain,” called out
the captain.
“Aye, aye, sir,” replied Dan Kelly, and soon had the cable off and
shackled on to its anchor, and then all hands went to dinner. During
that interesting meal, the sailors, as sailors will, got counting their
numbers, and found they were short of four men.
“Look here boys,” said Humphreys, a big lump of a fellow, who
looked strong enough to do two men’s work with ease, “I’m not
going out in this hooker short handed, there’s plenty of work in her
for the lull complement of men, and we ought not to go out without
the other four, let’s go aft, and see the old man.”
At that moment Captain McLellan was on the poop talking to the
ship-chandler, whose boat was alongside.
 “Well, what do you fellows want,” he said, as the men came to a
standstill near the break of the poop, “what’s wrong now?”
“We’re short-handed, sir,” said Humphreys, touching his cap, “and
we won’t go in the ship until you get four more men.”
The captain looked at them one by one as they stood there just at
the break of the poop.
“Oh, you’re not going, aye. Ah, well just step into the cabin every
one of you, and I’ll read you the ship’s articles, and perhaps you will
be satisfied then.”
As the crowd marched stolidly into the cabin, and the captain
whispered to me, as he turned to follow them, “Get the end of the
tug’s rope on board and tell him to go ahead at once. The pilot will
look after her.” While the captain detained the men in the cabin, the
ship was cast off the buoy, and the tug pulling for all she was worth,
soon had her outside the entrance. When the sailors came out of the
cabin they realized that they had been tricked, then they showed
fight, at least the leaders did, but that was soon taken out of them,
and the few that were sober and willing, loosed and set the square
sails, and when the ship had a good offing, the tug was cast off, and
blowing her syren as a good-bye salute, steamed back to Newcastle,
and we stood out on our long run to San Francisco.
Very little work was done except trimming the sails during the first
two weeks, the wind and sea were so boisterous, and the men
gradually fell into their proper places. Nothing out of the ordinary
ship’s life occurred on the passage, and after a run of fifty-seven
days we arrived in San Francisco.
However, as soon as the anchor was down, a crowd of Yankee
boarding house runners and crimps boarded us. Many of them even
went aloft and helped the men to furl the sails. Of course each of
them had the usual flask of whiskey in his pocket to help their
persuasive powers in getting the men to clear out of the ship. It was
simply useless we officers ordering them ashore from the vessel,
they just laughed at us and tapped the revolver in their hip pocket.
My blood boiled, and had it not been that Mr. Brown came along just
then, and advised me not to put myself out over the dirty low
beasts, I should have tumbled a few of them over the side,
regardless of what followed.
“Don’t fash yer-self laddie,” he said, “they’re not fit for a decent
man to dirty his hands on, and the men are aye like a lot of silly
sheep when they’ve had a glass o’ their poison inta them, a’ll nay
call it by the decent name o’ spirits for it isna ony such.”
We hauled into the wharf during the day, and the following
morning all that was left of the sailors were Jack Anderson, Charlie
Partridge, and Charlie Hogg, they had all cleared out.
The stevedores started at once to unload the coal, soon we were
up to our eyes in coal dust.
For a fortnight I explored and saw all the sights good, bad, and
indifferent that were to be seen in that go-a-head city of the west. I
found too that it was very risky work to pry into the dark corners of
this revolver-ruled city of palaces, prisons and hells, and many a
narrow shave I had in seeking to know Who’s Who and What’s What.
At last our coal was all out, and the ship cleaned down, and
thankful we were to see the last of the coal dust washed off the ship
and ourselves. We then received orders to proceed up the river to
Vallaya to load wheat for the United Kingdom. Although we were so
shorthanded the trip up to Vallaya was a treat. To describe the
scenery would require the pen of a poet and an artist, for it is
without rival in being the finest in the world.
The cargo was all waiting for us stored up in the great sheds near
the wharf, and we were no sooner alongside than the carpenters
came aboard and commenced lining the ship fore and aft with
boards covered with Gunnie Sheeting. It was contract work, so you
may be sure no time was lost over it. The following morning the
grain was pouring into the hold from the elevators in a steady
stream, and one could almost see the ship sinking lower and lower
into the water, as the grain poured steadily in, like water down a
spout, and in thirty-six hours from the time of starting, the ship was
loaded. None of the officers or apprentices were allowed on shore at
Vallaya. We were all kept too busy attending ship under the elevator
shoots. I was disappointed at this, but it could not be helped, and on
the third day the “Tonquin” was towed down the beautiful river
again, and came to anchor in San Francisco Bay.
We found San Francisco en fête, as President Grant had just
arrived from his tour round the world.
All the syrens, steam hooters, fog horns, ship’s bells, and steam
whistles in the district were clashing and clanging for all they were
worth to celebrate his safe arrival.
The sky was lit up with rockets and fireworks, pandemonium
reigned, and the whole city seemed to have gone mad.
The following day we filled up the vacancies in our crew, and in
the company of five other clippers set sail for Liverpool. A good deal
of speculation was rife as to who should reach the Channel first, and
a good number of bets were laid amongst the various captains and
officers.
The “Tonquin” as I said before, was a very smart sailer and
Captain McLellan was just the man to get all the speed he could out
of her.
The “City of Madrid,” “Khersonese,” and the “Mallowdale” all left
San Francisco within a few hours of the “Tonquin,” but during the
long run of fourteen thousand miles, we never got a sight of each
other after the first day.
We arrived at Falmouth one hundred and seventeen days after
leaving San Francisco, and got orders to proceed to Liverpool, this
taking us seven days beating round to accomplish, and I arrived
home just nine years from the day on which I sailed on the “John
Kerr,” so here I part from my readers, as the stone has once more
rolled home, not to settle, oh, no, but should this have interested my
readers, I have no doubt that the further rollings of this restless
stone will be found in another volume.
FINIS
Printed by the Devonshire Press, Ltd., Torquay
 Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is public domain.
The publication used as the basis of this eBook contained
several alternative and some now obsolete spellings that have
been retained.
The spelling of place names has also been retained as
published, however, Cookstown is possibly meant to be
Cooktown; Tristan d’Acunha, Tristan da Cunha; Wainmomata,
Wainuiomata; Seatown, Seatoun; Haraka Bay, Karaka Bay;
Lower Hut, Lower Hutt; Sea of Marmora, Sea of Marmara;
Mitylene, Mytilene; Monserrat, Montserrat; Eucador, Ecuador;
Matacama, Mayacama; Infiernello bridge, Infiernillo bridge;
Sacremonta Railway, Sacramento Railway; San Bartolome,
Bartolomé; Smythe’s Straits, Smyth’s Strait; Ecclestone,
Eccleston; McQuarrie and Macquarry, Macquarie; Sidney,
Sydney; Southlands, Southland; Ducos Peninsular, Ducos
Peninsula; Foveaux Straits, Foveaux Strait; San-Christobal, San
Cristobal; Bourgainville, Bougainville.
Punctuation has been standardized; hyphenation retained as in
the original publication.
The following appear to have been typographical errors and
have been changed:

Page 11
which there is no excurse changed to
which there is no excuse

Page 13
and in the tussel changed to
and in the tussle

Page 23
just as the Almight changed to
just as the Almighty Father placed

Page 33
climbing to the futtoch changed to
climbing to the futtock-shrouds

Page 43
corpusant lights were seen changed to
corposant lights were seen

Page 48
chief named Te Aroa changed to
chief named Te Araroa

Page 52
mollyhawks screeched through the rigging changed to
mollymawks screeched through the rigging

Page 55
said at the beginning, Scandanavians changed to
said at the beginning, Scandinavians

Page 70
of the s.s. “Bogata,” of the Pacific Navigation changed to
of the s.s. “Bogota,” of the Pacific Navigation

Page 93
took my sheath knife an changed to
took my sheath knife and

Page 102
some cooking utnesils changed to
some cooking utensils

Page 105
One of them, called Yunkque changed to
One of them, called Yunque

Page 106
flemish-eyes, splices, seezings changed to
flemish-eyes, splices, seizings

Page 123
I ever met with were the lima changed to
I ever met with were the llama

Page 124
the stone of the Incas, a marcusite changed to
the stone of the Incas, a marcasite

Page 125
“miradores” or carved wooden balconies changed to
“miradors” or carved wooden balconies

Page 125
revelry for three days and the “miradores” changed to
revelry for three days and the “miradors”

Page 129
contractor was Henry Meiggs, of Calfornia changed to
contractor was Henry Meiggs, of California

Page 132
horrible squarking noise changed to
horrible squawking noise

Page 133
With screeching and squarking changed to
With screeching and squawking

Page 160
meeting one of the Gambeta Indian changed to
meeting one of the Gambetta Indian

Page 183
then fitted up for a jury mast changed to
then fitted up for a jurymast

Page 190
growing in the Titree scrub changed to
growing in the Ti tree scrub

Page 193
Titree scrub that was too thick changed to
Ti tree scrub that was too thick

Page 203
stringy bark, tie tree and various changed to
stringy bark, ti tree and various

Page 210
wild horses, kangaroos and wallabys changed to
wild horses, kangaroos and wallabies

Page 211
of the mammalia which possess changed to
of the Mammalia which possess

Page 246
roll the two lower topasils changed to
roll the two lower topsails

Page 247
contiuually going to keep her changed to
continually going to keep her

Page 249
pitchpine lower mast was put changed to
pitch pine lower mast was put

Page 272
on these were erected either corrurugated changed to
on these were erected either corrugated

Page 307
corrobberee—by-en-by white fellow changed to
corrobboree—by-en-by white fellow

Page 308
of sweet potatoes, tara, bananas, sago changed to
of sweet potatoes, taro, bananas, sago
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