MTHS121
Introductory Algebra and Calculus II
4.1 Area Under a Curve
STUDY UNIT 4: 4.2 Definite Integral
DEFINITE INTEGRALS AND 4.3 Mean Value Theorems
THE FUNDAMENTAL 4.4 Fundamental Theorems
THEOREMS OF CALCULUS of Calculus
4.5 Substitution Rule
2
STUDY UNIT 4:
DEFINITE INTEGRALS AND
4.2 Definite Integral
THE FUNDAMENTAL
THEOREMS OF CALCULUS
3
4.2 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
• Study guide: pages 61-63
• Stewart: Section 4.2
• Definition 36. Suppose that 𝑓𝑓 is a function defined on 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 . The function 𝑓𝑓 is Riemann
integrable on 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 if for every subdivision of the interval 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 by the dividing points
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥0 , 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 = 𝑏𝑏
• and for every choice of points 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘∗ ∈ 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘−1 , 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 the limit
𝑛𝑛
lim � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘∗ Δ𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘
Δ𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 →0
𝑘𝑘=1
• exists (is finite) and is the same in all cases.
4
4.2 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
• Definition 37. The definite integral of the function 𝑓𝑓 on the interval 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 is
𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛
� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘∗ Δ𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘
𝑎𝑎 Δ𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 →0
𝑘𝑘=1
• The numbers 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are called the lower and upper limits of integration, respectively. Then
also
𝑎𝑎
• (a) ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
• (b) ∫𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Definition 38. The function 𝑓𝑓 is bound on the interval [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] if real numbers 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑀𝑀 can be
found such that 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑀 for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].
• Theorem 23,24
5
4.2 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
• Theorem 25.
𝑏𝑏
• (a) If 𝑓𝑓 is integrable on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0 for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], then ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ 0.
• (b) If 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are integrable on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], then
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ � 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
• Theorem 26. Let 𝑓𝑓 be defined on 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 .
• (a) If 𝑓𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], then 𝑓𝑓 is integrable on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].
• (b) If 𝑓𝑓 is bound on 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 and if 𝑓𝑓 is not continuous in only a finite number of points 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ,
then 𝑓𝑓 is integrable on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].
• (c) If 𝑓𝑓 is not bound on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], then 𝑓𝑓 is not integrable on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].
6
4.2 HOMEWORK
2
• 1. Determine ∫−2 −2𝑥𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 by using Riemann sums.
10 1 3 3
• 2. Find ∫0 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 if the following is given ∫0 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1,∫1 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −1, ∫7 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3,
11 11
∫7 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4, ∫10 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2.
21
• 3. Can ∫0 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 be determined? Refer to the definitions and/or theorems to explain.
20
• 4. Determine whether ∫−10 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is known to be positive or negative.
4
• 5. Determine whether ∫0 (𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is known to be positive or negative.
7
• For more exercises download the following:
• Resources → Class work problems →
mths121 class work [Link]
• Do Class work problem 4
4.2 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
• Answers will be uploaded after Study Unit 4
Class work problems is completed.
8
STUDY UNIT 4:
DEFINITE INTEGRALS AND
4.2 Answers
THE FUNDAMENTAL
THEOREMS OF CALCULUS
9
4.2 HOMEWORK
2 2+2 2+2 8 4 20 32
• 1. ∫−2 −2𝑥𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∑𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘=1 𝑓𝑓 −2 + 𝑘𝑘 = lim ∑𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘=1 5 − 𝑘𝑘 = lim ∑𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘=1 − 2 𝑘𝑘 =
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 n 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 n 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
32 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛+1
lim 20 − = 20 − 16 1 + 0 = 4
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛2 2
10 1 3 7 11 10
• 2. ∫0 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫0 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫1 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫3 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫7 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + − ∫11 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 + −1 − 3 + 4 −
2 = −1 (See Definition 37, Theorem 24)
21
• 3. No, ∫0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cannot be determined, since 𝑓𝑓 is not defined on [0,2], by the definition of Riemann integrable, this
𝑥𝑥
integral cannot be determined.
20
• 4. ∫−10 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is positive by a property of integrals (Theorem 25) and since 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0 for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
4
• 5. ∫0 (𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is negative by a property of integrals (Theorem 25) and since 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 ≤ 0 for all 𝑥𝑥 ∈
[0,4].
10
