The Number System

Number
• is an arithmetic value used for representing the
quantity and used in making calculations
• is a value created by the combination of digits with
the help of certain rules.

• A digit is a symbol from a set 10 symbols ranging from

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

• Any combination of digits represents a Number.

• The size of a Number depends on the count of digits

that are used for its creation.

For Example: 123, 124, 0.345, -16, 73, 9, etc.

• Numbers are of various types depending upon
the patterns of digits that are used for their
creation. Various symbols and rules are also
applied on Numbers which classifies them into a
variety of different types:
 NUMBER CLASSIFICATION

The natural (or counting) numbers

1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , etc.
There are infinitely many natural numbers. The set of
natural numbers, {1,2,3,4,5,...}, is sometimes
written N for short.
 NUMBER CLASSIFICATION

The whole numbers are the natural numbers together

with 0.
0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5, etc.
 NUMBER CLASSIFICATION

The integers are the set of real numbers consisting of the

natural numbers, their additive inverses and zero.
. . . , –5 , –4 , – 3, –2 , –1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5, . . .
 NUMBER CLASSIFICATION

Real numbers are simply the combination of rational and

irrational numbers, in the number system.
In general, all the arithmetic operations can be performed
on these numbers and they can be represented in the
number line.
 NUMBER CLASSIFICATION

At the same time, the imaginary numbers are the un-real

numbers, which cannot be expressed in the number.

Example: −𝟒 = 𝟐𝒊
 NUMBER CLASSIFICATION

At the same time, the imaginary numbers are the un-real

numbers, which cannot be expressed in the number.

Example: −𝟒 = 𝟐𝒊
 NUMBER CLASSIFICATION

The rational numbers are those numbers that can be

written as a ratio or fraction
𝟑 𝟏 𝟕
Example: 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟕 =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
 Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.
a
All terminating and repeating decimals can be expressed in
this way so they are irrational numbers.
b
Examples

4 2 8 6 3 27
5
2
3
= 3
6 = 1 -3 = - 1
2.7 = 10
7 5 3456
0.7 = 10 0.625 = 8 34.56 = 100
1 3 1
0.3 = 3 0.27 =
11 0.142857 = 7
 Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.
a
All terminating and repeating decimals can be expressed in
this way so they are irrational numbers.
b
Show that the terminating decimals below are rational.

0.6 3.8 56.1 3.45 2.157

6 38 561 345 2157

10 10 10 100 1000

Rational
 Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.
a
All terminating and repeating decimals can be expressed in
this way so they are irrational numbers.
b
By looking at the previous examples can you spot a quick method of
determining the rational number for any given repeating decimal.

0.3 0.45 0.273 0.1234

3 45 273 1234
9 99 999 9999
 NUMBER CLASSIFICATION

An irrational number is a number that cannot be written

as a ratio (or fraction)
Example: 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟐 … 𝝅 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐 …
Types of Number System
Positional Number System
• Positional notation or place-value notation,
or weighted numeral system
• as the name implies there will be weight associated
with each digit
• usually denotes the extension to any base of
the Hindu–Arabic numeral system (or decimal
system).
• a positional numeral system is a system for
representation of numbers by an ordered set of
numerals symbols (called digits) in which the
value of a numeral symbol depends on its
position. For each position a unique symbol or a
limited set of symbols is used.
Based on the base value and the number of allowed digits,
number systems are of many types. The four common
types of Positional Number Systems are:
A number system can be considered as a mathematical
notation of numbers using a set of digits or symbols.
In simpler words the number system is a method of
representing numbers.
Every number system is identified with the help of its base
or radix.

Example: 72310 358

1111012 7B316
Decimal Number System
The decimal number system uses ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 with the base number as 10.
The decimal number system is the system that we
generally use to represent numbers in real life. The
decimal number system is also known as the Hindu-Arabic
or Arabic number system since in ancient civilizations it
was difficult to multiply and divide large numbers by using
hands.
For example: 72310, 3210, 425710 are some examples of
numbers in the decimal number system.
If any number is represented without a base, it means that
its base is 10.
Example: 5348
 In decimal number system, each digit in the number is at a specific
place with place value a product of different powers of 10. Here, the
place value is termed from right to left as first place value called units,
second to the left as Tens, so on Hundreds, Thousands, etc. Here, units
have the place value as 100, tens have the place value as 101, hundreds
as 102, thousands as 103, and so on.

106 105 104 103 102 101 100

1000 100 10 1
Example 1: 12,365 has place values as,

Solution:

= ( 1 x 10 4 ) + ( 2 x 10 3 ) + ( 3 x 10 2 ) + (6 x 10 1 )+(5 x 10 0)

= (1 x 10,000) + (2 x 1,000) + (3 x 100) + (6 x 10)+ (5 x 1)

= 10,000 + 2,000 + 300 + 60 + 5

= 12,365
Example 2: 341,975,052 has place values as,
Solution:

341,975,052
Binary Number System
"Bi" in Binary means "two". Binary system is used to
represent a number in terms of two numbers only, 0 and
1. The numbers in this system have a base (radix) of 2.
Digits 0 and 1 are called bits, a group of 4 bits is called a
nibble, and 8 bits together make a byte.

For example: 10012, 1111012, 101010102 are some examples

of numbers in the binary number system.
In a binary number, the bit furthest to the left is called most significant
bit (MSB) and the bit furthest to the right is called least significant bit
(LSB). The MSB gives the sign of the number (sign bit), 0 for positive
and 1 for negative. The remaining bits hold the magnitude of the
number.

The data in computers is stored in terms of bits and bytes. The binary
number system does not deal with other numbers such as 2,3,4,5 and so
on. The binary number system is used commonly by computer
languages like Java, C++. As the computer only understands binary
language that is 0 or 1, all inputs given to a computer are decoded by it
into series of 0's or 1's to process it further.

For example: 10012, 1111012, 101010102 are some examples of

numbers in the binary number system.
Binary Number System Chart
The numbers from 1 to 10 can be expressed in a binary
number system in the following way:
Octal Number System
The octal number system uses eight digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6
and 7 with the base of 8. The advantage of this system is
that it has lesser digits when compared to several other
systems, hence, there would be fewer computational
errors. Digits like 8 and 9 are not included in the octal
number system. Just as the binary, the octal number system
is used in minicomputers but with digits from 0 to 7.

For example: 358, 238, 1418 are some examples of numbers in

the octal number system.

The octal numbers have many applications and importance

such as it is used in computers and digital numbering
systems.
When solving an octal number, each place is a power of eight.
For example: (347)8 = (3 x 82 ) + (4 x 81 ) + (7 x 80 )
Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal is a numbering system with base 16.
The word hexadecimal can be divided into 'Hexa' and 'deci',
where 'Hexa' means 6 and 'deci' means 10.
It can be used to represent large numbers with fewer digits. In
this system there are 16 symbols or possible digit values from
0 to 9, followed by six alphabetic characters -- A, B, C, D, E
and F.
For example: 7B316, 6F16, 4B2A16 are some examples of
numbers in the hexadecimal number system.
Hexadecimal is considered as one of the most convenient
ways to showcase a binary number in computers and is done
by using a conversion table. This system is used in computers
to reduce the large-sized strings of the binary system.
Decimal Number System Hexadecimal Number System
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 A
11 B
12 C
13 D
14 E
15 F
 Conversion Rules of Number Systems

A number can be converted from one number system to

another number system. Like binary numbers can be
converted to octal numbers and vice versa, octal numbers
can be converted to decimal numbers and vice versa and
so on. Let us see the steps required in converting number
systems.
Example 1: Convert 1001112 into the decimal system.
Step 1: Identify the base of the given number
The base is 2
Step 2: Multiply each digit of the given number, starting from the
rightmost digit, with the exponents of the base. The exponents
should start with 0 and increase by 1 every time as we move from
right to left. Since the base is 2 here, we multiply the digits of the
given number by 20, 21, 22 , and so on from right to left.
Step 3: Just simplify each of the products and add them.

Final Answer: 1001112 = 3910 OR 1001112 = 39

Second Solution: We can use the following steps to make this process
simplified.

1001112 = (1×25) + (0×24) + (0×23) + (1×22) + (1×21) + (1×20)

= (1×32) + (0×16) + (0×8) + (1×4) + (1×2) + (1×1)
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 39
Example 2: Convert 10101012 into the octal system.

Step 1: Identify the base of the given number, base is 2

Step 2: Then covert binary to decimal

10101012 = (1 * 26) + (0 * 25 ) + (1 * 24) + (0 * 23) + (1 * 22)

+ (0 * 21) + (1 * 20)

= 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

0101012 = 8510
Step 3: Divide the given number by the base of the required number
and note down the quotient and the remainder in the quotient-
remainder form. Repeat this process (dividing the quotient again by the
base) until we get the quotient less than the base.

85 Decimal Number Quotient Remainder

8
divided by 8
8 10 5 85 divided by 8 10 5
8 1 2 10 divided by 8 1 2

Step 4: The given number in the octal number system is obtained just
by reading all the remainders and the last quotient from bottom to top.

Final Answer: 0101012 = 8510 = 1258.

Example 3: Convert 108 to a binary number.

Step 1: Identify the base of the given number, base is 8

Step 2: Then covert octal to decimal

108 = ( 1 * 81 ) + ( 0 * 80 )
= (1*8 )+ (0*1)
= 8+0
108 = 810
 Step 3: Now convert this decimal number into its equivalent binary
number.

Decimal Number divided by 2 Quotient Remainder

8 divided by 2 4 0
4 divided by 2 2 0
2 divided by 2 1 0

Step 3: The given number in the binary number system is obtained just
by reading all the remainders and the last quotient from bottom to top.

Final Answer: 108 = 810 = 10002

Example 4: Convert 432010 into the octal system.

Step 1: Identify the base of the required number.

Since we have to convert the given number into the octal system,
the base of the required number is 8.

Step 2: Divide the given number by the base of the required number and
note down the quotient and the remainder in the quotient-remainder form.
Repeat this process (dividing the quotient again by the base) until we get
the quotient less than the base.
Decimal Number divided by 2 Quotient Remainder

4320 divided by 8 540 0

540 divided by 8 67 4
67 divided by 8 8 3
8 divided by 8 1 0
Step 3: The given number in the octal number system is obtained just
by reading all the remainders and the last quotient from bottom
to top.

Decimal Number divided by 2 Quotient Remainder

4320 divided by 8 540 0

540 divided by 8 67 4
67 divided by 8 8 3
8 divided by 8 1 0

Final Answer: 432010 = 103408

Example 5: Convert hexadecimal (67F)16 to decimal.

Step 1 Identify the base of the given number. Here, the base of (67F)16
is 16

Step 2 Then covert hexadecimal to decimal

(67F)16 = ( 6 * 16 2 ) + ( 7 * 16 1 ) + ( 15 * 16 0 )

= ( 6 * 256 ) + ( 7 * 16 ) + ( 15 * 1 )

= 1536 + 112 + 15

(67F)16 = 166310 Final Answer

Example 6: Convert (AE5)16 to Octal.

Step 1 Identify the base of the given number. Here, the base of (AE5)16
is 16

Step 2 Then covert hexadecimal to decimal

(AE5)16 = ( A * 16 2 ) + ( E * 16 1 ) + ( 5 * 16 0 )

= ( 10 * 256 ) + ( 14 * 16 ) + ( 5 * 1 )

= 2560 + 224 + 5
(AE5)16 = 278910
Step 3: Divide the given number by the base of the required number and
note down the quotient and the remainder in the quotient-remainder form.
Repeat this process (dividing the quotient again by the base) until we get
the quotient less than the base.

Decimal Number divided by 2 Quotient Remainder

2789 divided by 8 348 5

348 divided by 8 43 4
43 divided by 8 5 3
Step 4: The given number in the octal number system is obtained just
by reading all the remainders and the last quotient from bottom
to top.

Decimal Number divided by 2 Quotient Remainder

2789 divided by 8 348 5

348 divided by 8 43 4
43 divided by 8 5 3

Final Answer: (AE5)16 = 278910 = 53458

THANK YOU!!!