Data Base Management System

Data Models
A database system is basically a computer based record Basically the structure of database is known as the data
keeping system. The collection of data usually referred to as model. It is the collection of conceptual for describe the data,
the database that contains the information about a particular data relationship, consistency constraints. The various data
object. (Like student, organization etc.) models that have proposed into three different groups:
“A Database may be defined as a collection of 1. data based logical model
interrelated data stored to gather to serve multiple 2. record based logical model
applications”. 3. physical model
Simply we can say that database is a collection of similar 1. Data based logical models: - this type of data models are
type of data in a systemic format that have same means that used to describing data at the logical and view level. It
related to a particular object. provides the flexible structuring capabilities and allows to
externally specified data constraints. There are many
DBMS: (Database Management System): A Database different models :
Management System is a collection of programs that enables i. The entity – relationship model.
users to create and maintain a database. The DBMS is a ii. The object- oriented model.
General-purpose software system that facilitates the processes iii. The semantic data model.
of defining, constructing, and manipulating databases for iv. The functional data model.
various applications. 2. Record based logical models:- this type of data models
“A DBMS refers to software that is responsible for are also used to describing data at the logical and view
storing, maintaining and utilizing databases. A database along level. In contrast to object- based logical models, they are
with a DBMS is referred to as a database system.” used both to specify the overall logical structure of the
database and to provide a higher- level description of the
1. Data integrity: - in case of DBMS the data is stored at implementation. There are many different models:
one place and it is updated properly as and when i. Relational model: - the relational model uses a
required. So, the database always gives exact value of collection of tables to represent both and the
data to produce correct information so it provides relationships among those data. These tables are call
reliability and integrity. relations. Each table has multiple columns, and each
2. Data consistency: - such effective control measures of column has a unique name. Row of relations is
DBMS provide proper access of data in serial order to generally referred to as tuples, and the columns are
the users. So, the data always remains consistent. usually referred to as attributes. A column is containing
 on type of information that is called domain. This account
model is used to represent one to one (1:1)
relationship.
Sn Name Fname Address Iena meena dika
1 Hum Raichand Tere pass
2 Tum Mogali Mere pass
3 Don Jagiya Lapataganj
Advantage of relational model: a-101 a-102 a-103 a-104 a-
105
a. Data store in simple table structure so that it is very easy
to understand.
b. Data manipulation easy. Advantage:
c. Data can calculate in table format easily. a. It is easy to use.
d. Query language easy and useful in RDBMS. b. It is useful to show one to many relationship of
e. Data can put in table flexibility. applications.
Limitation
a. the major problem of this model is user has to require Limitations
large space to store data in format of table. a. It not useful where data does not stored in form of parent-
ii. Hierarchical data model:- this model represent the child relation.
data in tree or family tree structure. Data store in this b. It takes too much time to reach on particular data.
model as a parent – child relation. In this model a c. It takes extra space because there is a major use of pointer.
child has only one parent but a parent has many d. If user deletes the parent data than all related child data
children. In this model data represented by the automatically deleted.
collection of record and relationship among data are iii. Network model:- this model is used to represent the
represented by the links. This model is used to many to many relationship(m:n). It is just similar to the
represent one to many relationship (1:m). hierarchical model. It is also store data in relation of
parent- child but in this model child also has many
parent. The records in the database are organized as
collection of arbitrary graphs. This model also knows as
CODASYL model.
 jai veeru 6. Value in a row must be unique.
7. Column name in a table must be unique.
8. There are no hard-code relationships between tables.
a-101 10000 a-102 5000 a-103 20000 9. Data stored in rows, columns is called relation (tables).
10.The intersection of row and column must give a single
value in an RDBMS.
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Primary Key:
A key in a relation that is used to uniquely identify the
Advantage:
other fields and also arrange the other fields that is known as the
a. To functioning many to many relationship.
primary key. The primary key is non redundant means it not have
b. It is very easy to reach on a particular data than
data duplication.
hierarchical model.
“A Primary key is a set of one or more attributes that can
Limitation:
uniquely identify tuples within the relation.”
a. There are many numbers of links so it creates
Foreign key:
complexity.
It is used to represent the relationship between two tables.
b. It is not easy to execute new query.
A foreign is a non key attribute whose value is derived from the
c. It requires large space to store pointer.
primary key of another table.
In other words, in relationship common field of another
RDBMS:
table is known as a foreign key.” Foreign key values can be
When user want to operate or handle two or more table
repeated.
this is known as the relational database management system. In
Candidate key:
RDBMS use can access data, delete data on basis on same
Attribute combinations inside a relation that can serve as
condition. User can also perform easily complicated query on
primary key are candidate keys as they are candidates for the
multiple table at once.
primary key position.
In case of two or more candidate keys, only one of then
Properties of RDBMS:
serves as the primary key. The rest of them are alternate key.
1. Data store in the table format.
A candidate key that is not the primary key is called an Alternate
2. user is not assume to know, how data is stored.
Key.
3. It provides online content and structure.
4. It works on the concept of NULL values.
5. Position of a row in a table doesn’t affect the RDBMS.
Data:- generally data means related raw fact and figures. These
are may be numeric, character, date, time, logical etc. advance Entities: An entity is real world thing which have real physical
DBMS may contain image and sound (video). existence. It may be a person, car, house or it may be a company.
Tuples: - A row which contains information about the person/ Each entity has particular properties known as attributes that
objects that is known as record or tuples. A group of tuples describe it. For e.g. an employee entity may be described by
made a table. employee, age, address, salary etc. it is represented by rectangles.
Domain:- a group of values that store in an attribute that is Simply we can say an independent object is known as the entity.
knows as the domain. In other word it is the name of a field.
E – R Model There are two types of entities: weak and Strong entity.
Strong entity: those entities which having primary key in it that is
It is a design tool to compose of entities, attributes and known as the Strong entity.
relationships. It is also a graphical representation of the Weak Entity: those entities which have not primary key in it that
database system and method of representation of operations is known as the Weak entity.
carried that in any system. It provides a high level logical data
model to supports to define real world entities. It is Entity type:- Group of same type of objects are called entity
independent from the hardware. types or entity sets.
Entity, relationship is use for pictorial representation of
any enterprises, it also present the flow of in any system. But Explain the BCNF (BOYCE CODD NORMAL FORM)
generally use this diagram technique to show the relation
Ans : BCNF invented by the Dr. Boyce and Dr. codd. It is used to handle
between enterprise and entities. We use number of auto shape those situations which third normal form does not handle. Characteristics of
to draw such diagrammatic representation. a relationship which is different from third normal form to BCNF.
1. Rectangle or Square:- this is used to defining the entities 1. When a relation has more than one candidate key, it does not produce
in the ER model. the right result.
2. oval / ellipse/ circle :- this shape is used to represent the 2. Third normal form does not deal satisfactory with the case of
attributes of an entity. relationship with overlapping candidate key.
3. BCNF work on the concept of determinant.
3. oval with underline:- this shape is use to represent the 4. A determinant is any attribute which is fully functionally dependent
primary key for an entity. on other attribute.
4. Diamond: this is used to define the relationship in between 5. A relation in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a candidate
the entities. key.
5. Arrow Line:- this use to represent the flow of data in
between the entities.