7.

3 Right pyramids, right cones and spheres

7.3 Right pyramids, right cones and spheres (EMBHZ)

A pyramid is a geometric solid that has a polygon as its base and sides that converge at
a point called the apex. In other words the sides are not perpendicular to the base.

The triangular pyramid and square pyramid take their names from the shape of their
base. We call a pyramid a “right pyramid” if the line between the apex and the centre of
the base is perpendicular to the base. Cones are similar to pyramids except that their
bases are circles instead of polygons. Spheres are solids that are perfectly round and
look the same from any direction.

Surface area of pyramids, cones and spheres (EMBJ2)

Lines and Angles Questions are given here to help the students get practice for their
exams. As we know, lines and angles are the important concepts included in Class 7
and 9 of the NCERT curriculum. Lines and angles are the basic figures in geometry that
we learn in our early geometry classes. In this article, you will get the questions and
answers for lines and angles, based on the latest NCERT syllabus.
What are Lines and Angles?

In geometry, a line has no endpoints on either side, whereas a line segment has two
endpoints, and a ray has only one endpoint (its initial point). An angle is formed when
two lines (or rays or line segments) meet.

Also, visit: Lines and Angles

Complementary angles- two angles add up to 90°

Supplementary angles- two angles add up to 180°

 Adjacent angles – two angles have a common vertex and a common arm but no
common interior

Linear pair- adjacent and supplementary

Lines and Angles Questions and Answers

1. An angle is greater than 45°. Is its complementary angle greater than 45° or
equal to 45° or less than 45°?

Solution:

We know that complementary angles add up to 90°.

Let θ and 90° – θ be the complementary angles.

If θ = 45°, then the other angle will be: 90° – θ = 90° – 45° = 45°.

If θ > 45°, the other angle cannot be 45°.

Now consider, θ > 45°

Multiplying by -1 on both sides,

-θ < -45°

Adding 90° on both sides,

90° – θ < 90° – 45°

90° – θ < 45°

Therefore, if one angle is greater than 45°, its complementary angle must be less than
45°.
2. What is the type of another angle of a linear pair if

(a) one of its angles is acute?

(b) one of its angles is obtuse?

(c) one of its angles is right?

Solution:

If the sum of angles is 180°, they form a linear pair.

(a) If we subtract an acute angle from 180°, we get an angle greater than 90°.

Therefore, if one angle is acute, the other angle will be obtuse.

(b) If we subtract an obtuse angle from 180°, we get an angle less than 90°.

Therefore, if one angle is obtuse, the other angle will be acute.

(c) If we subtract 90° from 180°, we get 90°.

Therefore, if one angle is a right angle, the other angle will also be a right angle.

● If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
● If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then:(i) each pair of corresponding
angles is equal
(ii) each pair of alternate interior angles is equal
(iii) each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is
supplementary
● If a transversal intersects two lines such that, either(i) any one pair of corresponding
angles is equal, or
(ii) any one pair of alternate interior angles is equal, or
(iii) any one pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is
supplementary, then the lines are parallel
3. In the figure, l || m and a line t intersect lines l and m at P and Q, respectively.
Find the sum 2a + b.

Solution:

Given that, l || m and t is a transversal.

Also, from the given figure,

132° and a are corresponding angles.

Therefore, a = 132°.

Also, b and 132° are vertically opposite angles.

We know that the pair of vertically opposite angles are equal.

So, b = 132°

Now,

2a + b = 2 x 132° + 132°

= 264° + 132°
= 396°

4. In the figure, AB||EF, ED||CB and ∠APE is 39°. Find∠CQF.

Solution:

Given,

ED||BC and AB is the transversal.

∠APE – 39°

∠QBP = ∠APE {corresponding angles}

⇒ ∠QBP = 39°

Now, AB||EF and BC is the transversal.

∠FQB = ∠QBP {alternate interior angles}

⇒ ∠FQB = 39°

Also,

∠CQF + ∠FQB = 180° {linear pair}

∠CQF + 39° = 180°

∠CQF = 180° – 39°

∠CQF = 141°

Therefore, ∠CQF = 141°.

5. In the figure, AB, CD and EF are three lines concurrent at O. Find the value of y.

Solution:

From the given figure,

∠AOE = ∠BOF = 5y {vertically opposite angles are equal}

Also, ∠COE + ∠AOE + ∠AOD = 180° {COD is a straight line and the corresponding
angles form a linear pair}

2y + 5y + 2y = 180°

9y = 180°

y = 180°/9

y = 20°

6. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, and the difference of two interior
angles on the same side of a transversal is 20°, find the angles.

Solution:

Let a and b be the two interior angles on the same side of the transversal n for parallel
lines l and m.

According to the given,

a – b = 20°

b = a – 20°
Also, a + b = 180° {since the sum of interior angles made by the transversal is 180°}

a + a – 20° = 180° {since b = a – 20°}

2a = 180° + 20°

2a = 200°

a = 200°/2

a = 100°

So, b = 100° – 20° = 80°

Hence, the required interior angles are 100° and 80°.

7. In the figure, if AB || DE, ∠ BAC = 35° and ∠ CDE = 53°, find ∠ DCE.

Solution:

We know that,

AE is a transversal since AB || DE.

Here, ∠BAC and ∠AED are alternate interior angles.

Hence, ∠BAC = ∠AED

∠BAC = 35° {given}

∠AED = 35°

Now consider the triangle CDE.

We know that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

∴ ∠DCE +∠CED +∠CDE = 180°

Substituting the values, we get;

∠DCE + 35° + 53° = 180°

∠DCE = 180° – 35° – 53° = 92°

8. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4. Find the angles of the triangle.

Solution:

Given that the ratio of angles of a triangle is 2 : 3 : 4.

Let 2x, 3x, and 4x be the angles of a triangle.

We know that the sum of angles of a triangle is 180°.

So, 2x + 3x + 4x = 180°

9x = 180°

x = 180°/9 = 20°

Now,

2x = 2 × 20° = 40°
3x = 3 × 20° = 60°

4x = 4 × 20° = 80

Therefore, the angles of the triangle are 40°, 60°, and 80°, respectively.

9. In the figure, AB||CD, find the reflex ∠ EFG.

Solution:

Given,

AB || CD

From the given figure,

∠2 + ∠ FGD = 180°{Co-interior angles of a transversal}

∠2 = 180° – 135° = 45°

∠1 = ∠ AEF = 34°{alternate interior angles}

∠1 + ∠2 = 34° + 45° = 79°

Reflex ∠EFG = 360° -(∠ 1 + ∠ 2)

= 360° – 79°

= 281°

10. If a transversal intersects two lines such that the bisectors of a pair of
corresponding angles are parallel, then prove that the two lines are parallel.

Solution:

Let AD be the transversal that intersects two lines, PQ and RS, at points B and C,
respectively, as shown in the figure.

Ray BE is the bisector of ∠ABQ, and ray CG is the bisector of ∠BCS, and BE || CG.

We need to prove that PQ || RS.

As we know, the ray BE is the bisector of ∠ABQ.

so, ∠ABE = (1/2)∠ ABQ….(1)

Similarly,

ray CG is the bisector of ∠BCS.

so, ∠BCG = (1/2)∠BCS….(2)

Also, BE || CG and AD is the transversal.

By the corresponding angles axiom,

Thus, ∠ABE = ∠BCG….(3)

Substituting (1) and (2) in (3), we get;

(1/2)∠ABQ = (1/2)∠BCS

⇒ ∠ABQ = ∠BCS

These are the corresponding angles formed by transversal AD with PQ and RS. So they
are equal.

By the converse of corresponding angles axiom,

PQ || RS

Hence proved.

Practice Questions on Lines and Angles

1. Measures (in degrees) of two supplementary angles are consecutive odd integers. Find the
angles.
2. Two lines are respectively perpendicular to two parallel lines. Show that they are parallel to
each other.
3. Amisha makes a star with the help of line segments a, b, c, d, e and f, in which a || d, b || e
and c || f. Chhaya marks an angle as 120° as shown in the figure, and asks Amisha to find
 the ∠x, ∠y and ∠z. Help Amisha in finding the angles.

4. In the figure, if PQ ⊥ PS, PQ || SR, ∠ SQR = 28°, and ∠ QRT = 65°, find x and y.

5. Prove that two lines that are respectively perpendicular to two intersecting lines intersect
each other.

An angle is formed when two rays are joined together at a common point. The common
point here is called node or vertex and the two rays are called arms of the angle. The
angle is represented by the symbol ‘∠’. The word angle came from the Latin word
“Angulus”. Learn more about lines and angles here.
The angle is usually measured in degrees, using a protractor. Degrees 30°, 45°, 60°,
90°, 180° shows different angles here. The types of angles are based on the values of
angles in degrees.

We can also represent angles in radians, i.e., in terms of pi (π). 180 degrees is equal to
π in radians.

Table of contents:

● Definition
● Types
● Interior and Exterior Angles
● Positive and Negative Angles
● Parts of Angles
● Measurement
● In degrees
● In Radians
● Gradian
● Problems
● FAQs

Definition
An angle is a form of geometrical shape, that is constructed by joining two rays to each
other at their end-points. The angle can also be represented by three letters of the
shape that define the angle, with the middle letter being where the angle actually is
(i.e.its vertex). Angles are generally represented by Greek letters such as θ, α, β, etc.
Eg. ∠ABC, where B is the given angle.

Angle measurement terms are – degree °, radians or gradians.

The amount of rotation about the point of intersection of two planes (or lines) which is
required to bring one in correspondence with the other is called an Angle.

Types of Angles
There are majorly six types of angles in Geometry. The names of all angles with their
properties are:

● Acute Angle: It lies between 0° to 90.

● Obtuse Angle: It lies between 90° to 180°
● Right Angle: The angle which is exactly equal to 90°
● Straight Angle: The angle which is exactly equal to 180°
● Reflex Angle: The angle which is greater than 180 degrees and less than 360 degrees
● Full Rotation: The complete rotation of angle equal to 360 degrees
Note: Sometimes full rotation is not considered as a kind of angle. Therefore, in such
cases, we consider there are five types of angles.

Type of angles Description

Acute Angle < 90°

Obtuse Angle > 90°

Right Angle = 90°

Straight Angle =180°

Reflex Angle >180°

Full rotation/complete angle =360°

Interior and Exterior Angles

In case of a polygon, such as a triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, etc., we have
both interior and exterior angles.

● Interior angles are those that lie inside the polygon or a closed shape having sides and
angles.
● Exterior angles are formed outside the shape, between any side and line extended from
adjacent sides.

For example, an image of a pentagon is given here, representing its interior angles and
exterior angles.

Positive & Negative Angles

● Positive Angle- An Angle measured in Anti-Clockwise direction is Positive Angle.
● Negative Angle- An angle measured in Clockwise direction is Negative Angle.
Parts of Angles

● Vertex- The corner points of an angle is known as Vertex. It is the point where two rays
meet.
● Arms– The two sides of angle, joined at a common endpoint.
 ● Initial Side – It is also known as the reference line. All the measurements are done taking
this line as the reference.
● Terminal Side- It is the side (or ray) up to which the angle measurement is done.

Angle Measurement
To measure everything in this world, we need a unit in a similar angle measurement
requires three units of measurement :

Degree of an Angle

It is represented by ° (read as a degree). It most likely comes from Babylonians, who

used a base 60 (Sexagesimal) number system. In their calendar, there was a total of
360 days. Hence, they adopted a full angle to be 360°. First, they tried to divide a full
angle into angles using the angle of an equilateral triangle. Later, following their number
system (base 60), they divided 60° by 60 and defined that as 1°. Sometimes, it is also
referred to as arc degree or arc-degree which means the degree of an arc.

An angle is said to be equal to 1° if the rotation from the initial to the terminal side is
equal to 1/360 of the full rotation.

A degree is further divided into minutes and seconds. 1′ (1 minute) is defined as

one-sixtieth of a degree and 1” (1 second) is defined as one-sixtieth of a minute. Thus,

1°= 60′ = 3600”

Angle Measurement in Degrees

Radian of an Angle

This is the SI unit of angle. Radian is mostly used in Calculus. All the formula for
derivatives and integrals hold true only when angles are measured in terms of a radian.
It is denoted by ‘rad’.

The length of the arc of a unit circle is numerically equal to the measurement in radian
of the angle that it subtends.

In a complete circle, there are 2π radians.

360 = 2π; radian

Therefore, 1 radian = 180°/π

Gradian of an Angle

This unit is least used in Maths. It is also called a gon or a grade.

An angle is equal to 1 gradian if the rotation from the initial to terminal side is 1/400 of
the full rotation. Hence, the full angle is equal to 400 gradians.

It is denoted by ‘grad’.
Figure 3 shows the example of angles in gradian.

Figure 3: Angle Measurement in Gradian

Practice Problems
Draw angles using a protractor for the following measurements:

● 45 degrees
● 55 degrees
● 70 degrees
● 90 degrees
● 130 degrees

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Q1

What is an angle?
An angle is a geometrical figure formed by two rays, when joint at a single point. The
two rays are known as arms or sides of angle and the common point is the vertex.

Q2

What are the six types of angles?

The six major types of angles are:

Acute angle

Obtuse angle

Right angle

Straight angle

Reflex angle

Full rotation
Q3

How angles are measured?

Angles are usually measured in degrees. We can use a measuring instrument, i.e.
protractor, to measure any unknown angle.

Q4

What is the value of an angle equal to 60 degrees, in radians?

60 degrees can be expressed in radians as π/3.

Since, 180 degrees equals to π, therefore,

60 degrees = π/180 x 60 = π/3 (in radians)

Q5

What is a zero angle?

An angle with zero degree measurement is called zero angle.

Q6

Can a triangle have two 90 degree angles?

A triangle cannot have two 90 degrees or right angles, because by the angle sum
property of the triangle, we know that, sum of all the three angles of a triangle is equal
to 180 degrees. If two angles are of 90 degrees, then the third angle has to be zero,
which is not possible

.Chapter 10: Probability

10.1 Revision (EMBJP)

Terminology (EMBJQ)

Outcome: a single observation of an uncertain or random process (called an

experiment). For example, when you accidentally drop a book, it might fall on its cover,
on its back or on its side. Each of these options is a possible outcome.

Sample space of an experiment: the set of all possible outcomes of the experiment. For
example, the sample space when you roll a single

6-sided die is the set

{1;2;3;4;5;6}

{1;2;3;4;5;6}. For a given experiment, there is exactly one sample space. The sample
space is denoted by the letter

S.

Event: a set of outcomes of an experiment. For example, during radioactive decay of

1 gramme of uranium-

234

234, one possible event is that the number of alpha-particles emitted during

1 microsecond is between

225

225 and

235

235.

Probability of an event: a real number between

0
0 and

1 that describes how likely it is that the event will occur. A probability of

0 means the outcome of the experiment will never be in the event set. A probability of

1 means the outcome of the experiment will always be in the event set. When all
possible outcomes of an experiment have equal chance of occurring, the probability of
an event is the number of outcomes in the event set as a fraction of the number of
outcomes in the sample space.

Relative frequency of an event: the number of times that the event occurs during
experimental trials, divided by the total number of trials conducted. For example, if we
flip a coin

10

10 times and it landed on heads

3 times, then the relative frequency of the heads event is

10

=0,3
310=0,3.

Union of events: the set of all outcomes that occur in at least one of the events. For

2 events called

A and

B, we write the union as “

A or B

A or B”. Another way of writing the union is using set notation:

A∪B

A∪B.

Intersection of events: the set of all outcomes that occur in all of the events. For

2 events called

A and

B
B, we write the intersection as “

A and B

A and B”. Another way of writing the intersection is using set notation:

A∩B

A∩B.

Mutually exclusive events: events with no outcomes in common, that is

(A and B)=∅

(A and B)=∅. Mutually exclusive events can never occur simultaneously. For example the
event that a number is even and the event that the same number is odd are mutually
exclusive, since a number can never be both even and odd.

Complementary events: two mutually exclusive events that together contain all the
outcomes in the sample space. For an event called

A, we write the complement as “

not A

not A”. Another way of writing the complement is as

A′.
Video: 239K

Identities (EMBJR)

The addition rule (also called the sum rule) for any

2 events,

A and

B is

P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A and B)

P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A and B)

This rule relates the probabilities of

2
2 events with the probabilities of their union and intersection.
The addition rule for

2 mutually exclusive events is

P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)

P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)
This rule is a special case of the previous rule. Because the events are mutually
exclusive,
P(A and B)=0
P(A and B)=0.
The complementary rule is

P(not A)=1−P(A)

P(not A)=1−P(A)

This rule is a special case of the previous rule. Since

A
A and
(not A)
(not A) are mutually exclusive,
P(A or (not A))=1
P(A or (not A))=1
Trigonometry For Class 11
Trigonometry is one of the major topics in Maths subject. Trigonometry deals with the
measurement of angles and sides of a triangle. Usually, trigonometry is considered for
the right-angled triangle. Also, its functions are used to find out the length of the arc of a
circle, which forms a section in the circle with a radius and its center point.

If we break the word trigonometry, ‘Tri’ is a Greek word which means ‘Three’, ‘Gon’
means ‘length’, and ‘metry’ means ‘measurement’. So basically, trigonometry is a study
of triangles, which has angles and lengths on its side. Trigonometry basics consist of
sine, cosine and tangent functions. Trigonometry for class 11 contains trigonometric
functions, identities to solve complex problems more simply.

Trigonometry Formulas
Here, you will learn trigonometry formulas for class 11 and trigonometric functions of
Sum and Difference of two angles and trigonometric equations.

Starting with the basics of Trigonometry formulas, for a right-angled triangle ABC
perpendicular at B, having an angle θ, opposite to perpendicular (AB), we can define
trigonometric ratios as;

Sin θ = P/H

Cos θ = B/H

Tan θ = P/B

Cot θ = B/P

Sec θ = H/B

Cosec θ = H/P

Where,
P = Perpendicular

B = Base

H = Hypotenuse

Trigonometry Functions
Trigonometry functions are measured in terms of radian for a circle drawn in the XY
plane. Radian is nothing but the measure of an angle, just like a degree. The difference
between the degree and radian is;

Degree: If rotation from the initial side to the terminal side is (1/360)th of revolution, then
the angle is said to measure 1 degree.

1 degree=60minutes

1 minute=60 second

Radian: If an angle is subtended at the center by an arc of length ‘l, the angle is
measured as radian. Suppose θ is the angle formed at the center, then

θ = Length of the arc/radius of the circle.

θ = l/r

Relation between Degree and Radian:

2π radian = 360°

Or

π radian = 180°

Where π = 22/7

Learn more about the relation between degree and radian here.
Table for Degree and Radian relation

Degree 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°

Radian π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

Earlier we have discussed of trigonometric ratios for a degree, here we will write the
table in terms of radians.

Trigonometry Table

Angle 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

sin θ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1 0 -1 0

cos θ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0 -1 0 1

tan θ 0 1/√3 1 √3 undefined 0 undefined 0

Sign of Trigonometric Functions

sin(-θ) = -sin θ

cos(-θ) = cos θ

tan(-θ) = -tan θ

cot(-θ) = -cot θ

sec(-θ) = sec θ

cosec(-θ) = -cosec θ

Click here to know more about the sign of trigonometric functions.

Also, go through the table given below to understand the behaviour of trigonometric
functions with respect to their values in different quadrants.
 Quadrant I Quadrant II Quadrant III Quadrant IV

sin Increases from 0 to Decreases from 1 to Decreases from o to Increases from -1 to

1 0 -1 0

cos Decreases from 1 Decreases from o to Increases from -1 to Increases from 0 to

to 0 -1 0 1

tan Increases from 0 to Increases from -∞ to Increases from 0 to Increases from -∞ to

∞ 0 ∞ 0

cose Decreases from ∞ Increases from 1 to Increases from -∞ to Decreases from -1

c to 1 ∞ 1 to ∞

sec Increases from 1 to Increases from -∞ to Decreases from -1 Decreases from ∞

∞ 1 to ∞ to 1

cot Decreases from ∞ Decreases from 0 to Decreases from ∞ Decreases from 0 to

to 0 -∞ to 0 -∞

This behaviour can be observed from the trigonometry graphs.

Read more:

● Sum and difference of angles in Trigonometry

● Graph of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
● Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Functions of Sum and Product of two angles

(I)

sin (x+y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

sin (x-y) = sin x cos y – cos x sin y

cos (x+y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y

cos (x-y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

sin (π/2 – x) = cos x

cos (π/2 – x) = sin x

(II)

tan (x+y) = (tan x + tan y) /(1−tan x tan y)

tan (x-y) = (tan x − tan y)/(1 + tan x tan y)

cot (x+y) = (cot x cot y −1)/(cot y + cot x)

cot(x-y) = (cot x cot y + 1)/( cot y − cot x)

(III)

cos 2x = cos2 x-sin2 x = 2cos2 x-1 = 1-2sin2 x = (1-tan2 x)/(1+tan2 x)

sin 2x = 2sin x cos x= 2tan x/(1+ tan2 x)

tan 2x = 2 tan x/(1-tan2 x)

(IV)

sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x

cos 3x = 4 cos3 x – 3 cos x

tan 3x = [3tan x-tan3 x]/[1-3 tan2 x]

(V)

cos x+cos y=2 cos(x+y2) cos(x−y2)cos x–cos y=−2 sin(x+y2) sin(x−y2)sin x+sin
y=2 sin(x+y2) cos(x−y2)sin x–sin y=2 cos(x+y2) sin(x−y2)
(VI)

2 cos x cos y = cos (x+y) + cos (x-y)

2 sin x sin y = cos (x-y) – cos (x+y)

2 sin x cos y= sin (x+y) + sin (x-y)

2 cos x sin y = sin (x+y) – sin (x-y)

To solve the trigonometric questions for class 11, all these functions and formulas are
used accordingly. By practising those questions, you can memorize the formulas as
well.

Solved Examples

Example 1:

Prove that sin(x+y)/ sin(x−y) = (tan x + tan y)/(tan x–tan y)

Solution:

We have

LHS = sin(x+y)/sin(x−y)

= (sin x cos y + cos x sin y)/(sin x cos y − cos x sin y)

Dividing numerator and denominator by cos x cos y, we get

= (tan x + tan y)/(tan x–tan y) ———–Proved.

Example 2:
Find the value of cos (31π/3).

Solution:

We know that the value of cos x repeats after the interval 2π.

Thus, cos (31π/3) = cos (10π + π/3)

= cos π/3 = 1/2

Learn more about trigonometry by downloading BYJU’S- The Learning App and get
interactive videos.

Additional Trigonometry Related Articles For Class 11

Trigonometric Functions Class 11 Trigonometric Functions – Sine, Cos, Tan, Sec, Cosec &
Cot

Chapter 3 – Trigonometric Functions Trigonometric Equations

Trigonometric Ratios Of Standard Complementary Angles : Trigonometric Ratios

Angles

Mean, median mode and range (find missing data)

Conversion of Units
In Mathematics, it is required to convert the units while solving many problems. To carry
out the required calculations, mathematical conversions are needed. For example, to
find the area of a triangle, if a base is given in cm, and height is given in meter, and you
are asked to find the area of a triangle in cm, it is necessary to convert the height in
meters into centimetres. Therefore, it is required to know the conversion of units to
convert a unit into the required unit.

What is Conversion of Units?

The use of a unit depends on the situation, such as the area of a room is expressed in
meters, but the length of a pencil is expressed in centimetres and its thickness in mm.

Thus, we need to convert one unit to another. Before understanding the concept of
conversion of units, we need to understand the relationship between units.

Length and Mass conversion

Mensuration is an ancient concept. Every physical quantity, like length, mass, time,
temperature etc., have a specific unit. By definition, a unit is a magnitude of a physical
quantity.

There are two systems of units:

1. SI units (International System of Units)

2. Metric system

For example, the SI unit of length is a metre (m), while metric units are kilometre (km),
meter (m), decimetre (dm), centimetre (cm) and millimetre (mm).

SI unit of mass is Kilograms (kg).

Importance of Mathematical Conversions

In order to have accuracy and avoid confusion in measurement, we need to convert one
unit to another. For instance, we do not measure the length of a pencil in kilometres. In
such a case, one has to convert kilometre (km) to centimetre (cm). Generally, the
conversion of one unit to another unit of the same quantity is performed using
multiplicative conversion factors. Let’s see how to convert a different unit of length and
mass.

Table for Length Conversion

The conversion of units related to length can be represented as:

The length conversion is given in the figure above. The relation between the adjacent
unit varies by the multiple of 10 (moving left to the right) and vice-versa (i.e. moving
right to the left).

The table for conversion of length is:

Unit conversion for Length

1 millimeter 0.001 meter

1 centimeter 0.01 meter

1 decimeter 0.1 meter

1 decameter 10 meters

1 hectometer 100 meters

1 kilometer 1000 meters

1 inch 2.54 × 10−2 meters

1 foot 0.3048 meters

1 mile 1.609344 km

Example: Convert 2 mm to dam.

Solution: Given 2 mm length.

From the length conversion table, we see dam is 4th position left to mm.

Thus, dividing the given length by 104.

⇒ 2 mm = 2/104 dam
 ⇒ 2 mm = 0.0002 dam

Table for Mass Conversion

The conversion of mass or weight can be done as shown in the below figure.

The below table helps to understand the convection of units for mass.

Unit conversion for Mass

1 milligram 0.001 gram

1 centigram 0.01 gram

1 decigram 0.1 gram

1 decagram 10 gram
 1 hectogram 100 gram

1 kilogram 1000 grams

Unit Conversion Table

Let’s have a look at some basic unit conversion of mass and length.

Units of Length Units of Mass

1 km = 10 hm 1 kg = 10 hg

= 100 dam = 100 dag

= 1000 m = 1000 g

1m = 10 dm 1 g = 10 dg

= 100 cm = 100 cg

= 1000 mm = 1000 mg

1 dm = 10 cm 1 dg = 10 cg

= 100 mm = 100 mg

1 cm = 10 mm 1 cg = 10 mg
From the table above, we have seen values of units of length are not the same, i.e. 1
km ≠ 1m. When 1 km is equal to 1000 m, we need 1000 meters to make up one
kilometre. This makes a kilometre a bigger unit than a meter. This is same for 1 kg =
1000g. Conversion of units can be done in a few steps.

In mathematics, we also come across time-related problems, for example, simple and
compound interest, speed and distance, work, etc.

The below table shows the conversion of units for time.

Conversion of Units for Time

1 minute 60 seconds

1 hour 60 minutes (or) 3600 seconds

1 day 24 hours

1 week 7 days

1 year 365 days

In geometry, we deal with many problems of finding the area and perimeter of shapes.
In such cases, one may need to convert the units of measure of area. The below table
helps in such types of conversions.

Conversion of Units for Area

1 sq. inch 6.4516 x 10-4 square meter

1 sq. foot 9.2903 x 10-2 square meter

1 acre 4.0468 x 103 square meter

1 hectare 1 x 104 square meter

1 sq. mile 2.5888 x 106 square meter

Points to remember:

● To convert bigger units to a smaller unit multiply.

● To convert a smaller unit to a bigger unit divide.

Conversion of Units Solved Examples

Example 1: Convert 2 cm to km.

Step 1: Draw a line or box as shown below,

km hm dam m dm cm mm

Step 2: Put 1 at the larger unit to be converted.

Here we want to convert cm to km,

Since km is the larger unit, thus put 1 under the corresponding column (km).

km hm dam m dm cm mm

Step 3: Now put 0 till the smaller unit.

Here we want to convert cm to km, put 0 till the corresponding smaller unit.

km hm dam m dm cm mm

1 0 0 0 0 0
We see the conversion is from a smaller to a larger unit. Thus, we need to divide the
given length by 100000 (i.e. 105).

2cm = 2/105 km

⇒2cm = 0.00002 km

Example 2: Convert 5 grams to milligrams.

Solution: We have to convert 5 grams to milligrams.

We know, 1 g = 1000 mg

Thus, 5 g = 5 × 1000 = 5000 mg