CO Notes
CO Notes
PART-A
1
2
7)
8
List the various types of computers and list any two features of each
type of computer (Covered in part B)
Briefly define generations of computers (Covered in part B)
PART-B
i) ADD C
complement.(2M )
11. Explain the function of ALE and IO/M signals in the 8085
architecture(3M )
ALE – It is an Address Latch Enable signal. It goes high during first T state of a machine cycle and en
ables the lower 8-bits of the address, if its value is 1 otherwise data bus is activated.
IO/M’ – It is a status signal which determines whether the address is for input-output or memory.
When it is high(1) the address on the address bus is for input-output devices. When it is low(0) the ad
dress on the address bus is for the memory.
The DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition) instruction allows addition of numbers represented
in 8-bit packed BCD code. It is used immediately after normal addition instruction operating
on BCD codes. This instruction assumes the AL register as the source and the destination,
and hence it requires no operand.
ROTATE is a logical operation of the 8085 microprocessor. It is a 1-byte instruction. This instruction
does not require any operand after the opcode. It operates the content of the accumulator and the
result is also stored in the accumulator. The Rotate instruction is used to rotate the bits of
accumulator.
2. List the logical instructions and Data transfer instructions in detail of 8085.
(5M )
3. Explain the internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor.(10M )
4. Write an ALP to multiply two 16-bit numbers with an example.(10M )
5. Write an ALP to perform the division operation of two numbers (8-bit).(7M )
In immediate addressing mode the source operand is always data. If the data is 8-bit, then the
instruction will be of 2 bytes, if the data is of 16-bit then the instruction will be of 3 bytes.
Examples:
LXI H 3050 (load the H-L pair with the operand 3050H immediately)
In register addressing mode, the data to be operated is available inside the register(s) and register(s)
is(are) operands. Therefore the operation is performed within various registers of the
microprocessor.
Examples:
In direct addressing mode, the data to be operated is available inside a memory location and that
memory location is directly specified as an operand. The operand is directly available in the
instruction itself.
Examples:
LHLD address (load contents of 16-bit memory location into H-L register pair)
In register indirect addressing mode, the data to be operated is available inside a memory location
and that memory location is indirectly specified by a register pair.
Examples:
MOV A, M (move the contents of the memory location pointed by the H-L pair to the accumulator)
In implied/implicit addressing mode the operand is hidden and the data to be operated is available
in the instruction itself.
Examples:
CMA (finds and stores the 1’s complement of the contents of accumulator A in A)
2. Accumulator
The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of arithmetic/logic
unit(ALU).
This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and
logical operations.
The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator.
The accumulator is also identified as register A.
3. Flags
- Zero Flag (Z): Sets or Resets based on the result stored in the accumulator.
If the result stored is zero the flag is set else it is reset.
- Auxiliary Carry Flag(AC) : This flag is set if there is a carry from low nibble(lowest
4 bits) to high nibble(upper 4 bits) or a borrow from high nibble to
low nibble, in the low order 8-bit portion of an addition or
subtraction operation.
- Parity Flag (P): This flag is set if there is even parity else it resets.
- Carry Flag (CY): This flag is set if there is a carry bit else it resets.
4. Program Counter (PC)
This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions this
register is a memory pointer.
Memory locations have 16 bit addresses and that is why this is a 16 bit
register.
The function of the PC is to point to the memory address from which the
next byte is to be fetched.
When a byte(machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is
incremented by one to point to the next memory location.
ii)Sorting
iii)Add N numbers.
i)STA
ii) LDA
iii)IN
iv) OUT
UNIT-4
1)
2)Write the usage of stacks.
3)
4)
5)
8)
9)What is DAC ? (Covered in part B)
PART-B
1)
2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of RS232 series of protocols.
3)
4)
5. Illustrate interface keyboard and seven-segment display
6)
List the major components of 8259A interrupt controller and explain their
functions (Covered in U4)