Quiz Comprehensive Final Exam Assignment

1. Horoscopes were developed by those who study __________.

A. astrology. C. anthropology.
B. astronomy. D. geology.

2. Penn and Teller used actors pretending to be professionals to convince shoppers of the benefits
of magnet therapy to demonstrate the power of _______.
A. magnets. C. suggestion.
B. science. D. psychology.

3. __________ is the study of the position of celestial bodies and their influence over human
behavior.
A. Astronomy C. Astrology
B. Anthropology D. Geology

4. Which of the following topics should be included in the discussion?

A. limitations C. future research
B. practical significance D. All of the above

5. When writing the discussion, you are encouraged to use _____ tense.
A. past C. present
B. future D. present perfect

6. Which of the following is an example of a testable research hypothesis?

A. Religious groups are moral.
B. Religious groups are immoral.
C. Members of religious groups consider themselves to be moral.
D. Both A and B

7. Which of the following is an underlying goal for all research?

A. describe C. predict
B. explain D. influence

8. At which step do researchers sometimes reevaluate the hypothesis and research design?
A. data collection C. conclusions
B. analysis of data D. reporting of findings

9. __________ is a statement about the relationship between variables.

A. Categorization C. Fabrication
B. Association D. Hypothesis

10. Social desirability occurs when....

A. participants respond in a manner that will be viewed positively by researchers.
B. participants respond in a manner that will be viewed negatively by researchers.
C. participants fail to complete the entire survey
D. participants answer survey consistent with police officers
11. Which of the following is an example of a source of information for archival research?
A. census information C. police reports
B. marriage applications D. all of the above

12. Which of the following is an example of archival research?

A. using census information to answer a research question
B. survey students on their attitudes
C. watching people in public places
D. observing animals in nature

13. Kona and Kuri are trying to decide on which research method they should employ for a project
in their research methods class. They have decided to use a correlational research method. Of
the reasons listed below, what is the best reason why Kona and Kuri selected this method?
A. It will allow them to investigate a topic with fewer ethical restrictions.
B. It will show cause and effect.
C. It is not ethical.
D. It eliminates alternative explanations.

14. Gazdzinski and colleagues examined the relationship between weight of individuals and
biochemical deficiencies. This was an example of what type of research?
A. correlational research C. case study
B. archival research D. survey research

15. __________ is the likelihood that the instrument used to measure a variable actually is related
to the topic or theory of interest.
A. Internal validity C. Construct validity
B. External validity D. Reliable validity

16. The dependent variable is __________.

A. the variable being measured.
B. the attribute of the participant.
C. the attribute of the researcher.
D. the variable being manipulated.

17. Recently, the Mozart effect was studied by Jones and Estell by dividing high school participants
into two groups. The first group listened to Mozart's music and the second group did not. Both
groups completed a series of spatial problems tasks. In this example, what was the experimental
group?
A. the participants exposed to Mozart's music
B. the participants exposed to no music
C. the participants completing the spatial problems tasks
D. there was no experimental group

18. __________ is a reliability assessment where a measure is divided into two halves and the
halves are compared.
A. Split-half method C. Internal consistency
B. Parallel-forms D. Test-retest
19. __________ states that your measure should be similar to other measures of the same variable.
A. Convergent validity C. Construct validity
B. Divergent validity D. Reliable validity

20. A nondirectional research hypothesis states that there _____________.

A. is an increase in differences. C. is no explanation.
B. is a decrease in differences. D. is a difference.

21. When hypotheses in a research study are exhaustive, they are _____________.
A. the only possibilities. C. the beginnings of a good theory.
B. the best possible choices. D. stated in the simplest way possible.

22. Dan is searching on the Internet for information on her research topic. The search results lead to
only 10 hits. Dan's search resulted in a small number of records because _____________.
A. his topic is too broad.
B. his topic is too narrow.
C. his topic is not interesting enough to be researched.
D. the search engine is not working properly.

23. Each day that Jim walks to class he notices that his fellow students always have their heads
down looking at their phones. Jim tells his professor he would like to conduct a study looking at
why students spend so much time looking at their phones. Jim has just gotten a research idea
from _____________.
A. a theory C. everyday experience
B. a functional problem D. prior research

24. Jenn believes that her writing abilities are better than John's writing abilities. If Jenn presents
this as a research hypothesis, Jenn is stating what kind of research hypothesis?
A. null C. exhaustive
B. directional D. nondirectional

25. James is conducting a study on professors' attitudes toward text messaging in class. Specifically,
he is measuring whether professors believe that text messaging is disruptive to class and
whether text messaging is becoming a problem in higher education. James is collecting
_____________ measures for his dependent variable.
A. behavioral C. attitudinal
B. cognitive D. physiological

26. When a researcher classifies data on a scale that assumes equal distance and has a true zero,
the researcher is using a(n) _____________ scale.
A. ordinal C. ratio
B. nominal D. interval

27. A dependent variable is the variable in a study that is _____________.

A. measured C. manipulated
B. developed D. interesting
28. Jerry is conducting a study on the type of leadership style (i.e., democratic or autocratic) a
person has and the influence that style has on employee satisfaction. What is the independent
variable in this study?
A. employee satisfaction C. leadership style
B. democratic leadership D. autocratic leadership

29. Alexandra is investigating exercise habits among college students. Alexandra has asked students
to indicate the number of times they work out each week. To investigate exercise, Alexandra is
using a(n) _____________ scale.
A. ordinal C. ratio
B. nominal D. interval

30. Ingrid has begun work on a research project. She has decided to recruit participants from
General Psychology classes. However, she plans to make sure that her sample matches the
university population in terms of ethnicity (i.e., 53% should be Caucasian, 25% should be African
American, and 22% should be Hispanic American). Ingrid is planning to use which nonprobability
sampling procedure?
A. cluster C. quota
B. convenience D. snowballing

31. A probability sampling technique in which a researcher begins by identifying subgroups and
then randomly samples from each group is called _____________ probability sampling.
A. stratified C. simple
B. cluster D. systematic

32. When two population overlap minimally on a dependent variable, they are said to have a(n)
_____________ effect size.
A. small C. medium
B. large D. average

33. While selecting participants for her study, Jamie draws names from a hat to place participants in
groups. Once the participant's name has been selected, she does not put it back in the hat.
Jamie is using _____________.
A. sampling with replacement C. sampling without replacement
B. sampling with duplication D. sampling without duplication

34. By selecting a convenience sample that is comprised of subgroups similar in number to a

population, you are using a _____________ sampling procedure.
A. cluster C, snowballing
B. stratified D. quota

35. When a change in the dependent variable could be due to an event occurring sometime during
the research study, and beyond the researcher's control, _________ is a threat to internal
validity.
A. history C. regression to the mean
B. maturation D. selection
36. You have just learned of survey results conducted by your university on the drinking behaviors
of the college campus. Wondering about the results, you ask yourself the following questions:
how were participants selected, were participants selected depending on if they lived on or off
campus, were all the participants in a sorority or fraternity, were non-traditional age students
included in the survey, and were men and women equally sampled? These types of questions
indicate that you are concerned about what threat to internal validity?
A. history C. maturation
B. selection D. regression to the mean

37. When a change in the dependent variable could be due to the researcher somehow letting the
participant know how s/he (the researcher) wants the participant to respond, or somehow the
participant comes up with an idea as to how s/he (the participant) should respond, __________
is a threat to internal validity.
A. diffusion of treatments C. placebo effect
B. instrumentation D. demand characteristics

38. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the similarities between extraneous
and nuisance variables?
A. Research findings can be influenced by both variables in unwanted ways.
B. Research findings can be influenced by both variables in predictable ways.
C. Researchers actively manipulate both variables in a study.
D. Researchers do not consider these variables to be of importance in interpreting results.

39. Conner is conducting a within subjects design with four levels to his independent variable.
Conner has ¼ of the participants complete each level in ABCD order, a ¼ of participants in BCDA
order, a ¼ of participants in CDAB order, and a ¼ of participants in DABC order. What is Conner
using to limit order effects?
A. statistical variance C. counterbalancing
B. attrition D. mixed methodology

40. Which of the following statements regarding a within subjects design is correct?
A. Participants are exposed to only one level of the independent variable.
B. Participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable.
C. Participants are exposed to a maximum of two levels of the independent variable.
D. None of the above.

41. You want to replicate Barlett et al.'s research on action figures and negative body image in
young adult males. Your independent variable has three levels: no action figures, highly
muscular figures, and moderately muscular figures. You want to conduct a between subjects
design. How many total participants will you need if you want 10 participants in each level of
the IV?
A. 10 participants C. none of the above
B. 30 participants D. cannot be determined

42. Which of the following is not a disadvantage to a between subjects design?

A. increased participants C. unequal group sizes
B. increased statistical variance D. attrition
43. A research matrix is __________.
A. a visual representation of the dependent variable.
B. a visual representation of a research design.
C. a visual representation of the researchers tasks.
D. not used in psychology research.

44. Participants experiencing the same order of presentation of the levels of the independent
variable can lead to __________.
A. order effects. C. arrangement effects.
B. organize effects. D. presentation effects.

45. A recent study by Dommeyer (2008) examined what factors influence whether or not people
respond to a mail survey. In other words, are there factors that can influence if a person
responds to a survey that he or she received in the mail? Dommeyer wanted to know if the
attractiveness of the researcher (attractive and not attractive) in a cover letter would influence if
people responded to the mail survey. Dommeyer also wanted to know if the sex of the
researcher (male or female) in the cover letter would influence if people responded to the mail
survey. The second independent variable (or subject variable in this case) was sex of the
researcher in the cover letter. It had _____ levels.
A. two C. four
B. three D. cannot be determined

46. Researchers Brescoll and Uhlmann (2008) wanted to know if men and women were judged the
same for expressing similar emotions in the workplace. Participants in this experiment watched
a video of a job candidate. The job candidates were being interviewed while sitting at a table.
The job candidates were describing an incident in which they and a colleague lost an important
account and how it made them feel. The first independent variable was sex of job candidate. Sex
had two levels: male and female. The second independent variable was emotion displayed.
Emotion displayed had two levels: anger and sadness. So, participants viewed one of four job
candidates. In this study, the second independent variable of emotions displayed was a
__________ subjects variable.
A. between C. mixed
B. within D. facet

47. A recent study by Dommeyer (2008) examined what factors influence whether or not people
respond to a mail survey. In other words, are there factors that can influence if a person
responds to a survey that he or she received in the mail? Dommeyer wanted to know if the
attractiveness of the researcher (attractive and not attractive) in a cover letter would influence if
people responded to the mail survey. Dommeyer also wanted to know if the sex of the
researcher (male or female) in the cover letter would influence if people responded to the mail
survey. This quasi-experiment would be referred to as a _____ X ______ research design.
A. 2 X 1 C. 2 X 3
B. 2 X 2 D. 2 X 4
48. Which type of single case design best represents the design used by Ebbinghaus in his study on
memory?
A. ABA C. ABBA
B. Multiple baseline D. AB

49. According to the text, which of the following modern areas of psychological research might use
single case designs?
A. clinical research C. educational
B. counseling D. all of the above

50. Which of the following classic studies in psychology is a single case design?
A. Stroop Effect C. Darley & Batson's Good Samaritan
B. Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve D. Milgram's study on obedience

51. Tamara has just finished collecting her data for her research methods final project. Her results
indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the means of the groups. In
this situation, Tamara should __________.
A. consider the research hypothesis to have been disproven.
B. reject the null hypothesis.
C. both A and B
D. none of the above

52. Which of the following is a correct decision?

A. Fail to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.
B. Reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
C. Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
D. None of the above

53. The __________ is the number in the middle of the data set.
A. mean C. mode
B. median D. variance

54. You asked students in your class to indicate how much of a morning person they are on a scale
of 1 to 10, with 1 indicating "not at all" and 10 indicating "very much." Your responses were: 9,
6, 4, 5, 2, 9, 2, 8, 9, and 7. Calculate the mode for these scores.
A. 8 C. 5
B. 6.1 D. 9

55. As part of her class, Dr. Smith requires student to either participate in a research study or
complete an alternate assignment. Dr. Smith is following which guideline of the APA ethics
code?
A. 8.06: Offering Inducements for Research Participation
B. 8.08: Debriefing
C. 8.02: Informed Consent
D. 8.04: Client/Patient, Student, Subordinate Research Participants
56. Of the following, which is not a special population protected by the IRB?
A. minors C. pregnant women
B. mentally impaired D. terminally ill

57. Quantitative data involves information you can count, measure, and/or calculate.
A. True
B. False
58. Science is always objective/free from bias.
A. True
B. False

59. Which type of research might establish causation?

A. Correlational
B. Experimental

60. Theories can be influenced by worldview beliefs.

A. True
B. False