Second Edition

Power
Electronics
Devices and Circuits

V. Jagannathan
Power Electronics
Devices and Circuits
SECOND EDITION

V. Jagannathan
Professor and Head
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Coimbatore Institute of Technology
Coimbatore

New Delhi-110001
2011
POWER ELECTRONICS: Devices and Circuits, Second Edition
V. Jagannathan

© 2011 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may
be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from
the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4196-8

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Seventh Printing (Second Edition) L L November, 2010

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana-124507.
 Contents

Preface xi
1. Introduction 1–19
1.1 What is Power Electronics? 1
1.2 History 1
1.3 Power Electronics Applications 2
1.4 Power Semiconductor Devices and Their Classifications 3
1.5 Power Semiconductor Devices: Characteristics and Ratings 5
1.6 Ideal and Real Switches: Comparison of Characteristics 7
1.6.1 Ideal Switch Characteristics 7
1.6.2 Desirable Characteristics of a Real Switch 7
1.6.3 Power Loss Characteristics of an Ideal Switch 7
1.6.4 Power Loss Characteristics in a Real Switch 8
1.7 Power Electronic Systems 10
1.8 Types of Power Electronic Circuits/Converters 11
1.9 Merits and Demerits of Power Electronic Converters 12
1.10 Recent Developments 12
Summary 13
Solved Examples 14
Review Questions 18
Problems 18

2. Power Switching Devices and their Characteristics 20–108

2.1 Preliminaries 20
2.2 Power Diodes 20
2.2.1 Diode V–I Characteristics 21
2.2.2 Diode Reverse Recovery Characteristics 22
2.2.3 Types and Ratings of Power Diodes 22
2.2.4 Series and Parallel Operation of Diodes 23
iii
iv Contents

2.3 Thyristors 24
2.3.1 Structure, Symbol, and V–I Characteristics 24
2.3.2 Transistor Analogy 26
2.3.3 Thyristor Turn-on Methods 27
2.3.4 Thyristor Turn-off Methods 30
2.4 Switching Characteristics of Thyristors 30
2.4.1 Switching Characteristics during Turn-on 30
2.4.2 Switching Characteristics during Turn-off 32
2.5 Thyristor Gate Characteristics 33
2.6 Thyristor Commutation Methods 35
2.6.1 Natural Commutation 35
2.6.2 Forced Commutation 35
2.7 Thyristor Protection 39
2.7.1 Over Voltage Protection 40
2.7.2 Suppression of Overvoltages 40
2.7.3 Overcurrent Protection 41
2.7.4 Snubber Circuits 44
2.8 Thyristor Ratings 44
2.8.1 Anode Voltage Ratings 45
2.8.2 Current Ratings 46
2.8.3 Surge Current Rating 49
2.8.4 I2t Rating 49
2.8.5 di/dt Rating 50
2.9 Series and Parallel Operation of Thyristors 50
2.9.1 Series Operation 51
2.9.2 Parallel Operation 53
2.10 Triggering of Thyristors 55
2.10.1 Triggering of Thyristors in Series 55
2.10.2 Triggering of Parallel Connected SCRs 57
2.11 Heat Sinks, Heating, Cooling and Mounting of Thyristors 57
2.11.1 Thermal Resistance 58
2.11.2 Thyristor Heat Sinks 59
2.12 Thyristor Trigger Circuits 59
2.12.1 RC Firing Circuits 59
2.12.2 Synchronized UJT Triggering (or Ramp Triggering) 61
2.12.3 Ramp and Pedestal Triggering 62
2.12.4 Pulse Transformers 63
2.13 Other Thyristor Devices 64
2.13.1 TRIAC 64
2.13.2 DIAC 65
2.13.3 LASCR 66
2.13.4 Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) 67
2.13.5 Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS) 67
2.13.6 Reverse Conducting Thyristor (RCT) 67
2.13.7 GTO (Gate-Turn-Off) Thyristor 68
 Contents v

2.14 Power Transistors 73

2.14.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 73
2.15 Power MOSFET 78
2.16 Comparison of MOSFET and BJT 82
2.17 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 82
2.17.1 Basic Structure 83
2.17.2 Equivalent Circuit 84
2.17.3 Operation Models 85
2.17.4 Output Characteristics 85
2.17.5 Transfer Characteristics 86
2.17.6 Switching Characteristics 86
2.17.7 Latch-up 87
2.17.8 Safe Operating Area (SOA) 87
2.17.9 Applications 87
2.18 MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT) 88
2.19 Typical Rating of High Power Devices 88
2.20 Driver Circuits for Gate Commutation Devices 89
2.20.1 GATE Drive Circuits for Power MOSFET 89
2.20.2 Driver Circuits for MOSFET 90
2.20.3 Driver Circuits for IGBT 91
2.20.4 Base-Drive Circuits for Power BJT 92
2.20.5 GATE Drive Circuits for GTO 92
Solved Examples 93
Review Questions 104
Problems 108

3. AC to DC Converters 109–166
3.1 Preliminaries 109
3.2 The Principle of Phase Control 110
3.3 Converter Classifications 113
3.3.1 Single-phase Half Wave Thyristor Rectifier with RL Load 114
3.3.2 Single-phase Half Wave Thyristor Rectifier with RL Load and
Free-wheeling Diode 116
3.3.3 Single-phase Half Wave Thyristor Rectifier with RLE Load 117
3.4 Single-phase Full Wave Thyristor Converters 118
3.4.1 Single-phase Full Wave Mid-point Thyristor Converter 118
3.5 Single-phase Full Wave Bridge Converters 120
3.5.1 Single-phase Bridge Rectifier Connected to Resistance Load 120
3.5.2 Series RL Load 121
3.5.3 RL Load with Free-wheeling Diode 122
3.6 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Feeding RLE Load 122
3.7 Single-phase Semi-converter 124
3.8 Calculation of Active and Reactive Power Inputs 125
3.9 Effect of Load Inductance 127
3.10 Three-phase Thyristor Converter Circuits 127
3.10.1 Three-phase Half Wave Converter 128
 vi Contents

3.10.2 Three-phase Full Converters 129

3.10.3 Line Commutated Three-phase Inverter 133
3.10.4 Three-phase Semi-converters 134
3.11 Effect of Source Impedance on the Performance of Converters 135
3.11.1 Single-phase Full Converter 136
3.11.2 Three-phase Full Converter Bridge 138
3.12 Dual Converters 139
3.12.1 Dual Converter without Circulating Current 141
3.12.2 Dual Converter with Circulating Current 141
3.13 Single Phase Series Converters 142
3.13.1 Two Semiconverters in Series 142
3.13.2 Two Single Phase Full Converters in Series 144
3.13.3 Twelve-pulse Converters 146
3.14 Gating Circuits 147
3.15 Cosine Firing Scheme 147
Solved Examples 149
Review Questions 161
Problems 164

4. AC to AC Converters 167–196
4.1 Preliminaries 167
4.2 AC Voltage Controllers 167
4.2.1 Types of AC Voltage Controllers 168
4.3 Methods of Voltage Control 170
4.3.1 Single-phase AC Voltage Controller Supplying R Loads
(Phase Control) 170
4.3.2 Single-phase AC Voltage Controller Supplying R Loads
(Integral Cycle Control) 172
4.4 Single-phase Voltage Controller Supplying RL Loads 173
4.5 Three-phase AC Voltage Controller 176
4.6 Single-phase Transformer Tap Changer 178
4.7 Cycloconverters 180
4.7.1 Principle of Operation 181
4.7.2 Single-phase to Single-phase Cycloconverter Feeding RL Load 183
4.7.3 Three-phase to Single-phase Cycloconverters 184
4.7.4 Three-phase to Three-phase Cycloconverter 187
4.8 Output Voltage Equation 188
4.9 Effect of Source Inductance 189
Solved Examples 190
Review Questions 194
Problems 195

5. DC to DC Converters (Choppers) 197–248

5.1 Preliminaries 197
5.2 Principle of Chopper Operation 197
 Contents vii

5.3 Control Schemes 199

5.3.1 Constant Frequency Scheme 199
5.3.2 Variable Frequency Scheme 199
5.3.3 Current Limit Control (CLC) 200
5.4 Step Up Choppers 200
5.5 Chopper Circuits: Classification 202
5.6 Steady State Time–Domain Analysis of Type A Chopper 206
5.7 Thyristor Based Chopper Circuits 208
5.7.1 Voltage Commutated Chopper 209
5.7.2 Current Commutated Chopper 212
5.7.3 Load Commutated Chopper 214
5.8 Multiphase Choppers 215
5.9 Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) 217
5.10 Switch Mode DC–DC Converter (without Isolation) 218
5.10.1 Buck Converter 218
5.10.2 Boost-type Converter 220
5.10.3 Buck Boost Converter 223
5.10.4 Cuk Converters 225
5.11 Switch Mode DC–DC Converter (with Isolation) 225
5.11.1 Fly Back Converter 226
5.11.2 Push–Pull Converter 227
5.11.3 Half-bridge Converter 228
5.11.4 Full-bridge Converter 229
5.12 Resonant Converters 230
5.12.1 Zero-current Switching Resonant Converters 231
5.12.2 Zero-voltage Switching Resonant Converters 236
5.12.3 Comparison between ZCS and ZVS converters 240
Solved Examples 241
Review Questions 246
Problems 247

6. Inverters 249–298
6.1 Preliminaries 249
6.2 Classification 249
6.3 Parallel Inverters 250
6.3.1 Basic Parallel Inverter 250
6.3.2 Modified Parallel Inverter 252
6.4 Series Inverters 253
6.4.1 Basic Series Inverter 253
6.4.2 Modifications of Series Inverter 255
6.5 Single-phase Bridge Voltage Source Inverter 256
6.5.1 Single-phase Half Bridge Inverter 256
6.5.2 Single-phase Full Bridge Inverter 259
6.5.3 Steady State Response of Single-phase Inverters 260
 viii Contents

6.6 ForceCommutated Thyristor Inverter 261

6.6.1 McMurray Inverter (Auxiliary Commutated Inverter) 261
6.6.2 Modified McMurray Full Bridge Inverter 263
6.6.3 McMurray–Bedford Half Bridge Inverter (Complementary Impulse
Commutated Inverter) 264
6.7 Three-phase Bridge Inverters 267
6.7.1 Three-phase Inverter under 180° Mode Operation 268
6.7.2 Three-phase Inverter under 120° Mode Operation 271
6.8 Voltage Control in Single-phase Inverters 274
6.8.1 External Control of the AC Output Voltage 274
6.8.2 External Control of the DC Input Voltage Through Variable DC Link 275
6.8.3 Internal Control of the Inverter Voltage 276
6.8.4 Pulse Width Modulated Inverters 277
6.9 Voltage Control of Three-phase Inverter 281
6.10 Harmonic Reduction in the Output Voltage 282
6.10.1 Harmonic Reduction by Transformer Connections 282
6.10.2 Harmonic Reduction by Multiple Commutation in Each Half Cycle 284
6.11 Current Source Inverter 286
6.11.1 Single-phase Capacitor Commutated Current Source Inverter
with R Load 286
6.11.2 Single-phase Auto-sequential Commutated Inverter (One-phase ASCI) 287
6.12 Three-phase Current Source Inverter 288
Solved Examples 289
Review Questions 296
Problems 298

7. Power Controllers: Their Applications 299–334

7.1 Preliminaries 299
7.2 DC Motor Speed Control 299
7.2.1 Principle of Speed Control 300
7.3 Phase Controlled Converters 301
7.3.1 Single-phase DC Drives 303
7.3.2 Three-phase DC Drives 308
7.3.3 Dual Converter Drives 311
7.4 Chopper Controlled DC Drives 312
7.5 AC Drives 315
7.5.1 Induction Motor Drives 315
7.5.2 Speed Control by Stator Voltage Control 316
7.5.3 Variable Voltage Variable Frequency Control 317
7.5.4 Speed Control by Chopper Controlled Rotor Resistance 318
7.5.5 Slip Power Recovery Control 319
7.6 Synchronous Motor Control 320
7.7 Static Circuit Breakers 320
7.7.1 DC Circuit Breakers 321
7.7.2 AC Circuit Breakers 321
 Contents ix

7.8 HVDC Transmission 322

7.8.1 Types of HVDC Lines 323
7.8.2 Converter Station 324
7.9 Static Var Systems 325
7.9.1 Thyristor Controlled Reactor-fixed (TCR) Capacitor 326
7.9.2 Thyristor Switched Capacitor–Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TSC–TCR) 326
7.10 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) 327
7.10.1 On-Line UPS 327
7.10.2 Off-Line UPS 329
7.10.3 Salient Features of an On-Line Inverter 330
7.10.4 Inverters 331
7.10.5 Transfer Switch 331
Solved Examples 332
Review Questions 334

8. Microcontroller Based Control and Protection Circuits 335–364

8.1 Preliminaries 335
8.2 The 8051 Microcontroller 336
8.2.1 The 8051 Pin Configuration 337
8.2.2 8051 Architecture 339
8.2.3 Memory Organization 339
8.2.4 The Special Function Register 340
8.2.5 Timers/Counters 341
8.2.6 The Serial Interface 341
8.2.7 The Interrupts 341
8.2.8 The Power Control Register (PCON) 342
8.3 The Instruction Set 342
8.3.1 Addressing Modes 342
8.3.2 Arithmetic Instructions 343
8.3.3 Logical Instructions 343
8.3.4 Data Transfer Instructions 344
8.3.5 Boolean Instructions 345
8.3.6 The Program Branching and Machine Control Instructions 345
8.3.7 Instruction Timing 346
8.4 Interfacing the 8051 Microcontroller 346
8.4.1 Interfacing External Memory 346
8.4.2 Interfacing an Input/Output Device 347
8.4.3 Interfacing an Analog to Digital Converter 348
8.4.4 Interfacing a Digital to Analog Converter 349
8.4.5 Interfacing a Relay and an Optocoupler 349
8.4.6 Interfacing a Pulse Transformer 351
8.5 Applications 352
8.5.1 SCR Triggering 352
8.5.2 Cycloconverter 354
8.5.3 Fault Diagnosis in Three-phase Thyristor Converters Using
Microcontroller 357
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