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Intro To Fibonacci Sequence

This lesson provides a comprehensive overview of the Fibonacci sequence, its properties, applications, and connections to various fields. Understanding the Fibonacci sequence enriches our knowledge of mathematics, nature, art, and science. For further exploration, delve into specific applications or advanced topics related to the Fibonacci sequence.

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18 views

Intro To Fibonacci Sequence

This lesson provides a comprehensive overview of the Fibonacci sequence, its properties, applications, and connections to various fields. Understanding the Fibonacci sequence enriches our knowledge of mathematics, nature, art, and science. For further exploration, delve into specific applications or advanced topics related to the Fibonacci sequence.

Uploaded by

acadsdemic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction to the Fibonacci Sequence

The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers that has fascinated mathematicians, scientists, and
artists for centuries. It was introduced to the Western world by the Italian mathematician
Leonardo of Pisa, who is also known as Fibonacci.

Definition: The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence of numbers in which each number is the sum
of the two preceding ones, usually starting with 0 and 1.

Sequence: 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,…0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, \ldots0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,…

2. Generating the Fibonacci Sequence

To generate the Fibonacci sequence, follow these steps:

1. Start with Two Initial Numbers: 0 and 1.


2. Add These Two Numbers: 0 + 1 = 1.
3. Use the Result to Generate the Next Number: 1 + 1 = 2.
4. Repeat the Process: Add the last two numbers to get the next one.

Example:

 Start with 0 and 1.


 0 + 1 = 1 (third number).
 1 + 1 = 2 (fourth number).
 1 + 2 = 3 (fifth number).
 2 + 3 = 5 (sixth number).

And so forth.

3. Mathematical Properties

3.1 Recurrence Relation

The Fibonacci sequence is defined by the recurrence relation: F(n)=F(n−1)+F(n−2)F(n) = F(n-1)


+ F(n-2)F(n)=F(n−1)+F(n−2) with initial conditions F(0)=0F(0) = 0F(0)=0 and F(1)=1F(1) =
1F(1)=1.

3.2 Binet’s Formula

An explicit formula for finding the nnn-th Fibonacci number is given by Binet’s formula:
F(n)=ϕn−(1−ϕ)n5F(n) = \frac{\phi^n - (1 - \phi)^n}{\sqrt{5}}F(n)=5ϕn−(1−ϕ)n where ϕ\phiϕ
(the golden ratio) is: ϕ=1+52≈1.6180339887\phi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} \approx
1.6180339887ϕ=21+5≈1.6180339887

3.3 Golden Ratio


As nnn becomes large, the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers approximates the golden ratio
ϕ\phiϕ: F(n+1)F(n)≈ϕ\frac{F(n+1)}{F(n)} \approx \phiF(n)F(n+1)≈ϕ

Example:

 For large nnn, F(10)F(9)≈5534≈1.6176\frac{F(10)}{F(9)} \approx \frac{55}{34} \approx


1.6176F(9)F(10)≈3455≈1.6176, close to ϕ\phiϕ.

4. Applications of the Fibonacci Sequence

4.1 Nature and Biology

The Fibonacci sequence appears frequently in nature. Examples include:

 Flower Petals: Many flowers have petals in Fibonacci numbers (e.g., lilies have 3,
buttercups have 5).
 Seed Heads: The arrangement of seeds in a sunflower follows the Fibonacci sequence.
 Pine Cones and Pineapples: The arrangement of scales in pine cones and pineapples is
often in Fibonacci numbers.

4.2 Computer Science

The Fibonacci sequence has applications in algorithms and data structures:

 Recursive Algorithms: Fibonacci sequence calculations are often used to teach


recursion.
 Dynamic Programming: Efficient algorithms use memoization to compute Fibonacci
numbers.

4.3 Art and Architecture

The Fibonacci sequence and the golden ratio are used in art and architecture for their aesthetic
properties:

 Renaissance Art: Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci used the golden ratio in their works.
 Architecture: The Parthenon and the pyramids are believed to exhibit proportions
related to the golden ratio.

4.4 Financial Markets

The Fibonacci sequence is used in technical analysis of financial markets:

 Fibonacci Retracement Levels: Traders use these levels to predict potential reversals in
the market.

5. Relationships and Generalizations


5.1 Lucas Numbers

Lucas numbers are similar to Fibonacci numbers but start with 2 and 1: 2,1,3,4,7,11,…2, 1, 3, 4,
7, 11, \ldots2,1,3,4,7,11,…

They satisfy a similar recurrence relation: L(n)=L(n−1)+L(n−2)L(n) = L(n-1) + L(n-


2)L(n)=L(n−1)+L(n−2) with initial conditions L(0)=2L(0) = 2L(0)=2 and L(1)=1L(1) = 1L(1)=1.

5.2 Fibonacci Sequence Modulo nnn

The sequence can be studied under modulo arithmetic, which provides insights into periodicity:

 Pisano Period: The Fibonacci sequence modulo nnn repeats with a certain period called
the Pisano period.

Example:

 Fibonacci sequence modulo 3 is 0,1,1,2,0,2,2,1,0,…0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 1, 0, \


ldots0,1,1,2,0,2,2,1,0,…, repeating every 8 numbers.

5.3 Generalized Fibonacci Sequences

The Fibonacci sequence can be generalized to different recurrence relations:

 Tribonacci Sequence: Each term is the sum of the three preceding ones.
T(n)=T(n−1)+T(n−2)+T(n−3)T(n) = T(n-1) + T(n-2) + T(n-
3)T(n)=T(n−1)+T(n−2)+T(n−3)

Example:

 Tribonacci sequence starts with 0, 1, 1, and follows: 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 7, 13, \ldots

6. Fibonacci Sequence in Art and Nature

6.1 Spiral Patterns

The Fibonacci sequence is associated with spiral patterns in nature:

 Nautilus Shells: The spiral of a nautilus shell approximates the golden spiral related to
Fibonacci numbers.
 Hurricanes and Galaxies: Many natural spirals, including hurricanes and spiral
galaxies, exhibit patterns related to Fibonacci numbers.

6.2 Fibonacci in Music

Musicians use Fibonacci numbers to structure compositions:


 Rhythm and Time Signatures: Fibonacci numbers can dictate the structure of musical
phrases and rhythms.

Example:

 Composers like Béla Bartók and Olivier Messiaen incorporated Fibonacci numbers into
their works.

7. Exercises and Problems

7.1 Generating Fibonacci Numbers

 Write a program to generate the first 20 Fibonacci numbers.


 Solve the recurrence relation to find F(10)F(10)F(10) using the formula.

7.2 Fibonacci Sequence in Nature

 Observe and record instances of Fibonacci numbers in natural patterns.


 Compare the growth patterns of plants or flowers and analyze their relation to Fibonacci
numbers.

7.3 Fibonacci in Art

 Create a drawing or design incorporating Fibonacci spirals or the golden ratio.


 Analyze the use of Fibonacci numbers in famous artworks or architectural designs.

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