Introduction to Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Unit 1
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Lecture Link
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Agents & https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZ1jovXesJA&list=PLV8vIYTIdSnYsdt0Dh9KkD9WF

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1. Introduction and Overview of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence by machines, especially
computers. The goal of AI is to develop systems that can perform tasks typically requiring human
intelligence, such as decision-making, speech recognition, visual perception, and language
translation. AI is a broad field that encompasses machine learning, natural language processing,
robotics, and more.

Key Areas of AI:

• Machine Learning (ML): Systems that can learn from data and improve over time without being
explicitly programmed.

• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables machines to understand and generate human
language.

• Robotics: Involves creating robots that can perceive and interact with their environment.

• Computer Vision: Allows machines to interpret and process visual information from the world.

2. Problems of AI

AI faces several challenges, including:

• Representation of Knowledge: How to represent information about the world so that a

machine can use it to solve problems.

• Reasoning and Inference: How to make logical decisions based on the knowledge a machine
has.

• Learning: How to adapt and learn from experience or data.

• Natural Language Understanding: Making sense of human language, which is often

ambiguous and context-dependent.

• Perception and Sensing: How to interpret input from sensors, such as cameras or
microphones, to perceive the environment.

• Ethical and Social Issues: Ensuring AI systems make decisions that are fair, transparent, and
free from bias.

3. AI Techniques

AI techniques refer to the various approaches used to solve problems within AI. Some common AI
techniques include:

• Search Algorithms: These are used to explore possible solutions to a problem, such as depth-
first search, breadth-first search, and heuristic search methods like A*.

• Knowledge Representation: Techniques for encoding information about the world in a form
that an AI system can use. Examples include semantic networks, frames, and logic.

• Machine Learning: Techniques that allow machines to learn from data, including supervised
learning (e.g., decision trees, support vector machines), unsupervised learning (e.g., clustering
algorithms), and reinforcement learning.
 • Expert Systems: AI systems that use knowledge and inference rules to solve problems in a
specific domain, like medical diagnosis or financial forecasting.

4. Tic-Tac-Toe Problem

The Tic-Tac-Toe problem is a classic example of a simple game that can be solved using AI techniques
like search algorithms and game theory. It involves a 3x3 grid where two players take turns marking X's
and O's, trying to get three in a row. The key AI concepts here include:

• Game Representation: The state of the game can be represented as a grid with 9 cells.

• Search Space: The search space includes all possible configurations of the board.

• Minimax Algorithm: This algorithm is commonly used to determine the best move by
considering all possible future moves, assuming that the opponent also plays optimally.

The problem is relatively simple, so AI can easily determine the optimal strategy for either player to
win or draw the game.

5. Intelligent Agents

An intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions to achieve specific
goals. Intelligent agents can be simple (e.g., a thermostat) or complex (e.g., autonomous robots). The
core elements of an intelligent agent are:

• Perception: Agents receive information from the environment through sensors.

• Action: Agents perform actions to change the environment using actuators or other means.

• Autonomy: Agents can operate independently to achieve goals, based on their programming or
learned behavior.

6. Agents and Environment

An agent operates within an environment, which can be:

• Deterministic vs. Stochastic: In a deterministic environment, the outcome of actions is

predictable, whereas in a stochastic environment, there is uncertainty.

• Static vs. Dynamic: In a static environment, the state does not change while the agent is
thinking. In a dynamic environment, it can change independently.

• Discrete vs. Continuous: Discrete environments have a limited number of distinct states (e.g.,
chess), while continuous environments have an infinite number of possible states (e.g., driving
a car).

• Episodic vs. Sequential: In an episodic environment, each action is independent of others,

whereas in a sequential environment, actions are interrelated.

7. Nature of Environment

The environment can greatly affect the design and behavior of an agent. Some important properties of
environments include:
 • Fully Observable vs. Partially Observable: A fully observable environment provides the agent
with complete information about the state, whereas in a partially observable environment, the
agent only has limited information.

• Single-agent vs. Multi-agent: In a single-agent environment, there is only one agent acting,
while in a multi-agent environment, multiple agents may cooperate or compete.

Understanding the nature of the environment is crucial for developing appropriate AI strategies.

8. Structure of Agents

The structure of an agent refers to how it processes information and makes decisions. There are
several types of agent structures:

• Simple Reflex Agents: These agents make decisions based solely on the current percept. They
do not consider the history of past states.

• Model-Based Reflex Agents: These agents maintain an internal model of the world and make
decisions based on both the current percept and their model of the environment.

• Goal-Based Agents: These agents are driven by goals. They take actions to achieve specified
goals, using search and planning algorithms.

• Utility-Based Agents: These agents aim to maximize a utility function, which is a numerical
representation of the agent's preferences. They choose actions that lead to the highest
expected utility.

9. Goal-Based Agents

Goal-based agents select actions based on the achievement of a specific goal. Unlike reflex agents
that react to the environment, goal-based agents consider future states and choose actions that bring
them closer to their goal. They use search and planning algorithms to find the best path to reach their
objectives.

Example: A navigation system that calculates the best route to a destination is a goal-based agent.

10. Utility-Based Agents

Utility-based agents not only aim to achieve goals but also evaluate how "happy" they will be in
reaching those goals. They use a utility function to measure the desirability of different outcomes. The
agent selects actions that maximize its expected utility, considering trade-offs between different
factors.

Example: In autonomous driving, a utility-based agent may weigh factors like safety, speed, and fuel
efficiency to choose the best driving behavior.

11. Learning Agents

Learning agents are capable of improving their performance over time. They start with basic
knowledge and refine their behavior based on feedback from the environment. A learning agent
typically consists of four main components:

• Learning Element: This is responsible for improving the agent's performance.

 • Performance Element: The part that decides what actions to take based on current
knowledge.

• Critic: Provides feedback on the agent's performance to help it learn.

• Problem Generator: Suggests exploratory actions that help the agent discover new
knowledge.

Learning agents are widely used in dynamic environments where pre-programmed behavior is
insufficient to handle all situations. They are central to machine learning applications where systems
adapt based on data.