3 ADÊOINTAND NVERSE

OF AMATRIX

3.1. INTRODUCTION

The students are already familiar with matrices and algebra of matrices
which we
have discussed in earlier chapters. We shall now proceed on to study adjoint and
inverse of a
matrix and the application of matrices in finding the solution of the system of linear
by using inverse of ä matrix.
equations

3.2. AD]OINT OFA MATRIX

IfA =(o,] be a n-rowed square matrix, then adjoint ofA is defined to be another n-rowed
square matrix which is the transpose of the n-rowed square matrix [A,), where A,, denotes
the
co-factors of a, in the determinant |A|,The adjoint of matrix Ais denoted as adj. A.
Thus, adj. A=(A'
where A is the co-factor of a in |A| for all i andj.
adj. A=(aj,
where a= A, is the co-factor of a in |A| for all i andj.
In simple words, adjoint ofa square matrix Ais obtained by
replacing each element of Aby
its co-factor in |A| and then taking the transpose of the matrix so
obtained.
ain
Thus if A then

Cnn

A1 A12 An
Ag1 A2 Agn
|Ai A2 Ann
 A
(adj. 3.2.1. 3.2
Hence, Thus,
A) (: Now,Then,Proof.Theorem.
are A(adj.
all In (i,jth
0.the the adj. Let A)
corresponding
determinant adj.
diagonal = = A =A =IfA
A and Sum and element
Sum =(aJ (adj.
(adj. row 0 1A|i-j i
the of jth of (a) be
A
=
A) a
besquare AJ'
A) elements by co-factors the
ijif column the =A, of a A
|A| = = co-factors
the |A|, products A
products adj. n-rowed = =
corresponding the of where |A| A2n
Ajn Ag2
A1g A1
Au
0 0 0 |1
|A| 0|A| 0 of for adj.
A matriz
L,
sum of
0 01 10 0 0 0 (adj. A = all the of
A. of square Awhere
0 |A| of and i jth the corresponding is
0 A) of
.. ..
|A| and the corresponding row
the
matrix. the Ann....
are j. I,
1 0
co-factors products
the
co-factor denotes order An2 Ani
0 |A| of
|A|| sum |A|
and elements nx
all of of of elements
of the n,
elements the the a, then
the elements
products inn-rowed ELEMENTS
non-diagonal of |A|.
ofany of ith
of the row unit OF
of ith BUSINESS
elements any
other of
matrix.
elements row row A
row of MATHEMATICS
ofany by
= their |A|
of 0.)

3.2.2. Or
(adj. |ADJOINT
Proof.Theorem. From Hence, A)A
Thus, Similarly,
AND
(1) are
We all INVERSE
and 0.the
know IfA (i,jpth
(2), diagonal OF
|A||acj |A|| A we (adj. (adj.
|A that is
a(adj.
conclude element AMATRIX A
|adj adj (adj (adj A |adj non-singular A) A) elements
(adj.
A) A A
. . A|. . . = = = A)
A| A| A)| . A| JA| that |A| =A1y = =(adj.of =
= = = A) ayAytGgAg row Sum |A|I,
sostaciA
then |A|-1 |A|n |A|" ||A|I, |A|"-]
= I, , JA| ofij' if|0'i-jA| if
= (adj. of A)
|A|L, square (adj. = 0 |A| 0 Azag;
t adj. the of A
|,I A)
A) |A| .. 0 A products A
matrir A
are t t andjth
(" |A||. .
...

|A|
for ..
all + .+ column of
|AB|=
if
oforder 0 0 and i ajAi Any the
and
A all
is j. corresponding
|A||B|a the ofA
square n,
then non-diagonal
determinants]
(From
matrit and prove
|kA|= elements
of that elements
order
..(2) of
n]|A| of
ith ...(1)
3.3
 Bample2 and Erample1Find
Let Here Solution. Also, Let Here Solution.
A, A;
denotes verif denote
IfÂ= IfA=(a,),
that Find the
the |A| =2, g adj the
Aq1 Ajj
Agco-factor C11
co-factor =0 (a),
A. the A Azg =l, adjoint
243 1 i=1, (adj. adjoint = co-factor = =
= c0-factor
=co-factor i=142;j=
32
transpose C0-factor Gjy
5 A=0 50 of -5|
of 0 =2,a12 2, A) a, 2 = EXAMPLES
SOLVED
a, 3;j=1,2,3 = 12 3 of in 2, 1, the, of
in |A|.I, A, of of a,,of a,,of a,, of|A| az1
|A| 4 where a, denotes 2matrix
3 (ie., (i.e., (i.e., (Le., =3
denotes - 3) 2) 1) and the
5) in in in
in |A| |A |A| a,given hY(IFMFNTS
the |A| =-5
=-2 =-3 =-5
given = matrix,
1
matrix, then Of
DUSINESS
then
MATHEMATICS
2009]
[K.U.

ADJOINT

Now, Expanding AND

INVERSE

in OF
terms
adj. Ag, Ay Azg As1 Agp Ag1 Ajg Ag A, MATRIX
A
= =
co-factor = co-factor co-factor co-factor =
A = = = of
co-factor cofactor = c0-factor co-factor C0-factor
= 1(16-0)
16-0-30
(A,J' = lst
row,
Ui
= of of of of of of of of 2(0-0) we
-10
0 15
-
15 6-10 15
0 ag as, of a, a,za a, a, a a, a, -15 = get
-3
-15 |6 0
-3 (Le., (ie., (ie., (i.e., (Le., (ie., (üe., (üe., (ie, +
0 3(0-
4) 0) 0) 3) 2) 1)
5 0 5 0 =(-19*2 9)=(-2-6--3
=(-1)2" =(-12* =(-1)l =(-1)l+2 (-1)l = 10)
2 0
4 5

*30 ""4 a
|00 |13|2 1 4|2 2 2 0
2 %a-0-15--153 2 4 5 3 0

=-(0-0) =0 4*-(4- 3|-(6- 3 -0-10

-(0-0)
) 12) --
=
0 =6 10 0=

35
 EXaiptess
Let Here
Solution. 3.6
A,
denote Verification:
A13
Ay
=
(-1'*io-0-6--6; co-factorthe |A| "=0,31
If
A
Find

2 ==1,"11
21
3, = the
4
=|3 (a,,
adjoint A
6 5 5 10 A (adj.
= of i-
24 a, 2 4
5 C12=4, 12,
(adj.A)
|A|1g. = A)
- in
6|=-el-(6-15) =0
10 |A|
ofthe -15
3; = 3015+0- 30
= 0 +0-30
0+0+0
2 1
14; 1 j=1, (adj. matris 4 0
5 32
5
==6,2g =6,C13
C33 0.
2, A)
-15 --16|-16 0
|-
3
Ap 3 =A
12-
0-15+0
=|A
(-1'*o--0- =
denotes -15+0+156-6+0 10
0-3 16
|A| 12+0
3 0
I. -15 |6
=9 the 2 7
-
6and 010
|0 |10 30
given 0+0+0
+0+
5 ELEMENTS
10
(Expanding
15)=9; (0 -
matrix,
[K.U. verify l5
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65;
=
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09,
theorem |A|
MATHEMATICS
=-
07] 15]

Solution.
.i Here|A| From ADJOINT
Also,
A Verification :
(1)
= and AND
d, (adj. adj. INVERSE
IfA-dfnd
Ag (2),
A) (adj. A A
we
=
=0A
=0 A) OF
-
C,
get
0 9 |-6+15+0 =
lA,l=| A
-6 |90 MATRIX
A 00 9 0 -
Ag (adj.
90 9 3-3+0
0 0+0+0 3-1-10
90
-6+0+15
18 0 3
=-, =
0= 0+0+0 +0+ 10 6 2 4 14
LK
5 5 6
ad A) 5

Agg
-
be
det. =
9
-24+10+14
(adj. 1J0100012-2-10
14
18
-6
9
(A ] || 001 0 1 -10-13 0 -10
-1
10 0+0+9 15+0-6
=a (adj. 0 623 1 10 0+0+0
0 5+0-5 3
A) 10 4 5
A= 5 |-6
A). |A -30
9 14
3
|lq: 15-6+0
0+0+0
18-60
42+
14+36-50 -1
+
30 0+9+0 6

+0 10| - 14

..(2) -..(1)

37
 21EFind 3.8
)IsA i:TLA ErampteioIfAis
HereSolution, (Ade. t ::
the
adjoint A
is A(adj.A)
2 given We (adjA))
yerifythat
adj:A)A
JA|L of.the know adj.
verify to A
following be
a|adj. thatsquare a
-Au
thatA = square
JA|?16 cd-cdad-be Ag1
16 for
matrices
A| matris ad-bc 0 A12
= = a An!
(adj. |A|3-1matrix|A|-1square -be -ab
EXERCISE3.1
A)adj, +
ad ab +
matrixoforder
1
= of
order (ad-
be2. = ||
AYAIATL =±4.|A| |A|2 ad-bc
3 order ofsuch 3
and ad-bc 0 RS

|adj. n, that
|adj. 0 FLEMENTS
A|
=
16 A| OF
=16, BUSINESS
then
MATHEMATICS
find
|A|.

ADJOINT

AND
INVERSE

OF
A
MATRIX

BAMW

ANSWERS AAA adis A

AJA(adi,

3.9
 Or or
iaesymaetoORbushattB
that 3.3.1. as
then that 3.10
Note""
Now, We is Since
Condition Taking Since Proof. 2Are A IfA 3.3.
have
isA
Theorem.idefinedand
invertible
"or erYASUR eg|a Notation.
is
since non-singular hetnverseloteRA
reotangutar,matracahZ9CPOSsess said is
product A INVERSE
a
to |A|=0, determinants, is The
A
prove invertible, to n-rowed
is condition isThe The be
sufficient. of invertible
adj.A)square athat that OF
i.e., |A| (i.e., necessary inverse square
|A||B|
|A||B|=1 = A
A and |AB| we there |A| A
A AB SQUARE
matrix, is is is is v;:SneAAELEMENTS
AA- of and
invertible. It
= non-singular.
get RALAsAA,e:AA
non-singular
necessary.
exists ABmatrix
= BA = a
(adj.A) is B
|B||A|=
is |I| 0). Dessobhat:böthA
and square B =
therefore
given BA| | is BA and MATRIX
non-zero, another
= sufficient A- called
that = 1,
Amatrix
A
= |I, It(i.e., SseoAthenAR
becauselforithe
inüerse,
an
= the
I,
=ifthere
|A| neither matrixB is 1,
isA given A
inverse exists
I,non-singular 1= and.B.shoüldbe
|A|0).
condition square
is
that denoted
of such
that another
them ofA.
I: A
can |AB|= is for by
(i.e., invertible.
A-,
n-rowed
be aprodietsAB
|A| equal |A||B| square
[Ref. Thus
square
0). We maliicesof OF
heorem to matrs (1)
SalsopOyeshat BUSINESS
zero. and have 2003)
[M.D.U. dnd can matrix
|I,| to the BAa be
3.2. A MATHEMATICS
=1) prove to same written B
1] ...(1) such
be be

i.e.,AB
is 3.3.3 is
defined. 3.3.2
Now, Proof. ADJOINT
Theorem. Thus From Also, Now, Again, Also, Since We
Let,
Proof.
Theorem. Hence, Thus
non-singular the (3) shall
if AND
Since since since B
inverse and
possible, A
isshow Let A is INVERSE
(AB) A IfA (4), A, Cinverse is
invertible
is Inverse
A invertible
and that
(B-A-) and is we B,inverse B be OFA
and B unique. have
(AB)-l of and an
|AB| B are C B MATRIX
hence |A| are be
A, n-rowed
=C. C
ofevery and
n-rowed CAB CAB all of
therefore be
A = = is =
AI,A(BB-') =two B square =CA=, AC A, AB A-l=
|Anon-singular B- two
invertible. and 0 =C =B = =C = therefore
=
square square
||B|*
non-singular A-", (CA)B C(AB) inverses
|B|0 matrices BA non-singular. isA
A-l =1,: matrix.matriz,
0 = = adj. A
We I,B CI, ofA.
of
shall matrices the eS
matrices ifit
same
prove erists, (Dividing
of type,
that the is
inverse same therefore unique. throughoup

order
of the MD.U.
2006,04]
-1I) AB (M.D.U. by
n, product
is (From
(2)) (From(1))
|A|
B-lA-1. then
2009] as
...(4) ..(3) CAB ...(2) ...(1) |A|
=0) 3.11
 Le.,
3.3.4. 3.12
This Now, Hence
Proof.
Theorem. Puting (ABC)-l=
In Cor 1. Again,
shows Thus,
general,
A we
that and Since (A.A....
A have
inverse (A' IfA
=A, (A, (AB) (B-'A-)
isA A, proved
non-singular, is =..=A-1 n ... (B-
exist. an (A(BC))-
(A')- (A-Y'of
A(AA-)'
'
invertible (A")-!factors)
(A-1)". = A, -)
(AB}
A-) that (AB)
A' =AA AA-=I, |A '|
is B =
= = -B1,B) =BI,B-(A-A)
= =
= A,)l (B-'B-
A) (AI,)A-l
A-1 (A-y = (A= =
therefore =A-".A-.... =A =
A'A- |A| matriz, (BC)-' A-.
y. AY =A, =A, (AB)
Y B =
=1, T,Y = 0 we A-1 B'B AA-1
|A| prove to get An- =
I,
=0 factors. n (C-'B-l)
that .A,'A, n

(A')- A-1
ELEMENIS

= =
(A")'. C-1 Of
8USINESS
transposes)
(Taking B-lA-1,
definition)(By definition)(By definition)By (:BB=IJ(:AA=I] (:AA-=I) (:AI,=A] MA
(:,B=B)

3.3.5. ADJOINT
ERamprei Hence, Taking Now,
Now, To .:
Solution,
Here Theorem.
Proof. AND
find isA INVFRSE
non-singular
adj. determinant Since
Find IfA OF
A: |A| A
isMATRIX
the
|A of non-singular,
|A||=|A|I| therefore
0,
-I A Agg Aq, Ajp Ajand inverse both
= =c0-factor= =hence |AA||-,=| A-| sides,
AA-1 =I
c0-factor
c0-factorc0-factor
Ps-ps-qr
qr IAad A) A- the
ofEXAMPLES
SOLVED
1 we thenE.
A-
exists.=ps-qr 0.
* 1
of of of of matrit have exists.
a,, a,, a,, a,, |A|=
qr
ps- Ps-qr ps-qr-r (i.e., (i.e., (i.e., (ie.,
1
s) r) q p) A=,where |A|
in in in) in
|A| |A| |A| |A|
=p=-q =-r =3

ps-qr
M.D2013]
.U.
0.a
[Gven] 3.13
 3.14|A::ARA
Solution. Eämpte
To .:.
find A
is
non-singular
adj.
A:The Here =A Find

Ag2 the
co-factors and
=
inverse
=-20
hence lx |--4|2-4
-2
1
ofA-1 +-10 |2 2
of
12 -4 the
A -6 1 3 1
are:exists.
1 -4=-(-4-6)=
1 -2101 =-80
-3 mnatriy,
3 3
3 -3|
1
(Operating A=
2 2
-10 -4
-2
-6 1

R,’ 3 ELEMENTS
-3
R-R,;
(Expanding
alongCjl OF
BUSINESS
R, (M.D.U.
2011)
’ MATHEMATIC
R,
+
2R,)

ADJOINT

Solution. Now,
To .:. AND
find A
is INVERSE
non-singular
adj.
Find A-l= adj. OFA
A:The
HereA=
0-2 A
(A,= =
MATRIX
the 1
2-2
3
Au
A12= and
co-factors
A.A1
inverse A
hence 0 adi.
(-)*=8- =3: 0) = = 0 -1 1 of 4) -
12 -8 10
24
-
3+2-4=
of A- 1(3-0) -2 =A1.A
2
the = 2
A
are:exists. -2 matriz -24
2 03 1 10 2|
2(-1-0)2(2 -L
-2 l*
-8
0 -1 2 -
0 10
2 24
-2 -
2 2 6 12 -8
-0)1;= 2 2
-0) -2
-
2 6 12
(M.D.U. verifs
that
and 51
4
2012;

KU. 4 3
2010) 3.15
 3.16 |

Exampe4
Now,
Solution.
Her|A|e From Veriication
(1)
and adj.
A=
(2),
1xA
AxAl : [A|2
we
have
1-10 =| = =|
A)=|
|625 |31
|2 |2-2+0 -6+0+6
6+6-12
3-2+0
1-1+0 2 1 3
-3+3+0-2+3+0
0-2+2 3+2-4
0-2+2 0-2 -1 1 1
and 52 1 6
2 |252 2 2' 3 1
1 6
23
AA 2 3 2
=|11 38+2)|-1 =5.
A-.A=1. = 2+3-4
x-1 -23
0xl1 21
1
2 2
3 --2-0)-2;
0
=6;+6)-(0
2
4+6-10-4+0+5 6+4-10
2+2-4
52 2
0
=1 -2 2 2 61
2
52 2 0-2-2; ANELEMENTS

0=
then -2+0+2=0 1 0
-2
-6+6+0=0 61
0-4+500 1
show
OF
that 0|01 AUSINESS
10 1
(AB)- 1 0 1
0=I MATHEMATICS
=I0
=
[K.U. B-A,
2011)
..(1)
..2)

ADJOINT

AND
Again,
Let Also, INVERSE
From
OF
(1) MATRIX
A
and
adj. B |B| = A
(2),
|C|=
|AB| (AB) B2-2;=4;BË
we adj. C =7;
C-l C1 |A|
have 1 An-2;
=34; 3 3
(AB)-l (AB)- = -
16 29
34 13
29 34 51|
14-2 - 4-6--2r0
Cn-16; 20-91 +6
28
34 13
16 29
= -2-2 1 B1-3;B,, 1 11|-2 Ay1
18-16 1
B- -16 22 =-6;
A-1, 442
= 10+3 4
34 C-29;
-
2+14 3+109+
6+28 20 7
-3 Agg
16-29 34
-29 464
13
= 3
13 -
Cg= 22
29
34
-
13 0
13

3.17
..(1)
...2)
 0r 0r
find
A-, 3.18
lution.
Pre-multiplying To Solution.
find
A
satisfies
A:
Here IfA L.H.S. IfA
A-31
7A-1 = (A-'A)
IA3I-7A-1 O
= Show t
A-A²- the
=|
A'-(a-31) both Here satisfies
LI.1 0 1 equation -

A
0
A-31 |A|=-70.
3A-'A sides
=-3+3-0
1+6-7 22-15-7
-6+2
-3+4. A'-
= that
|1 = the
1
10
1 of =-satisfies
3A-7I A
,show equation
10 0 7A-!
7A-1 - A?-3x7=
1 -
=0 3A
that I= Thus, 3
x?-3x-7=0,
3-0| 7I=0 -O 0.
A' A-
3A- - by
exists. VS3
A-,
21 then
the
= we equation
0 have we
(KU. and ELEMENTS
must
2008;
hence s-
have OF
3x-7 BUSINESS
M.DfindA-1,
. A"-3A-7I=0.
(::
U.
(:: A-' 0=
and MATHEMATICS
2003) IA
A
AJ
= =
I]
hence

findA-
1,
ADJOINT
ution. Post-multiplying
AND
INVERSE
2A-1 A- A3-3A- 2I=
Here
AAA-")
2A-1= O AA--
A²I-3I- 3A- OF
= both
A?- MATRIXev
A
A= -1 2I A',=1 12
2 1 1 3I 3AA-1- sides =
-1 -11 -1 3AA-1 0
1 2 -1 by 00 0 0 0 3 [1
1 1 1 2 0
-1- -12 -1 2LA- A-, 0 0 32 2 3 1
-2A- 1
3 3 2 1
1 |112 1|12 we 0
2 1 verify = get =0 ||
2 = 0 3 1 0 1
|-1/2 0 10 0
1/2-1/21/2 1 1|
10
110 0 10 1 1 1
that 1
|0 |030 03 0
A 1/2 1/2 30
- 3 3 2 1 12 |21
6A |00 1 01
[10 32 32 3 12
-1/2 10
+ 1/2 1/2
9A

(KU. 1-

2012,
0 I:LA- 0)
=
and
09, hence ...(1)
07) 3.19
 Now,
NTGE3.20
.:.
A2-6À A-'A3-6A-'A2
IA- (A-'
A'-6A?+
A3-642+ A A'=A.A
6IA
A)A2-6(A-' =
+ A'.A
9A
9I 9I- + =-1 A
9A =
4A-=0 4I
4A-! - 00 |00
+ 41 - =-5-10-610-65
10+5+6
-6-10-5
12+5+5 5
-5 -2-2-1.
-1-2-2
A)A 9A-'A 21-30+9+0 22-36+
21+30-9+0 18-4 62+1+2 -2-2-1
2+1+2
4+1+1 -11 2
= - -5
-55 -1
= + 0 -5
-6 - 21-21 22
21 6 2
9(A-'0A) -5
2 -1 1
4A-I 22
21
-
5 6 -5-6-10
5+12+5 1+4+1 x-1
x
-5 -5 22 -1
[.2
= 6 21 -1
4A-1=0 21+30-9+0 - -12 -112
0 22-36+18-4 -112
21+30-9+0 -5+ 9| 5 -1-2-2
2 1+1+4 2
5+5+12 6+5+10
-1 -1
1 1

2-1 =-5 ELEMENTS

5-5 -56
+18-4
22-36 21-30
21+30-9+0 + -21 21 21-21 22 OF
1 -56 BUSINESS
21
22
- 6 5
9+0.] 0 0 01 MATHEMATICS
01 22 21
10 10

and findA-1. ADJOINT

Hence, Now,Putting Since Solution.

Here AND
INVERSE
x the
=8y=8 corresponding OFA
=8, Forthe
and in =yA+xI A MATRIX
y (1), =-5+6+0
=y=8, we 32
56 16 ematris
4
8 l-1 6-12+9
satisfy get |5632 16 1 5-6+0 5-5 6
elements
-5
56
+x
16 =fnd A 1 3 1 6
equations x - y 3y
5y 7y
56 -5
=8 = of 7 -1| 5
=8 = 32+ x 1 -5+6+0
-5+6+0 6-12
32 16two 5 1
+x +x
equal
(3) +9
21+35
7+25 9+7 1 -1
2 2
and matrices 7y 3y
5y y -1 -1
-5+6+0
(4) z 6-12+9 5-6+0
3+5
and
are y
io
equal that
001 1
56
32 16
8
A' 0
+
[M.D.U.
2005] la
yA.
Hence 3.21
...(4) ..3) ..(2) ...(1)
 i.e.,isA 3.22,

Now, Now Solution. Pre-multiplying Putting Also,

non-singular
the
given the
Ajj
=-2, values
adj.
X(AA-) A-
A-'B = matrix Let Find both
(AX) and

matrix a
A+ A-A2A-(A² A' of
Ajg=-3, XI
equation
=
hence
8A- IA
(A-A)A+
8A-'=8I
+ sides +and
z JA|
=8A-l 8A=
A-B
= A-lB
1 -[ 80-7 8-0-31 -
8I
8A-I
+ + by=8A
8I
y
- 3
A- 7/8 - -1/85/8 = 81)
such X A-, in
Agy is
exists.
AX
-2 -4 A 8I 8I =
=8A-A 8A'A we
s84
A?
= 3/8 +
4, X= t h a
B t|2
= 2+12 - aB=|nd l6 8-5
get xI
AyA-! yA,
= Thus 0.
= B = we A
1 10
is
7 have
0 invertible.

(Multiplying
ELEMENTS
-
16 (:A-I
-
6] =
OF
both BÜSINESS

and A
sides
A-A MATHEMATICS
by
...(1) A-] =
1]

and ADJOINT
The Solution.
REampleo
=aA-l=a
L.H.S,
Now, .. Now,
from(1),
A AND
co-factors
is INVERSE
R.H.S. adjA=
. non-singular
A-adj1 . A =t
Ay be
= of
haveA=
We If OF
(a² (a²+ = |A| [1+be a
A A
= MATRIX
A
are
+ and
be bc : |A| =
+ + hence 1+be
1) 1) [1+be [1+ be =-c,Aj2 b
I- -c
A-1 18+2
48+7 32 AWAS
aA 1+be ,
exists. l+be then +
28
=-b,Azy 12+8
=a-be prove
1+be 1
that
aA-'= 2011 10
55 1

60
20

=l+ (a²+

be
-
be
6
be +
1)
=1 I-aA.
2

=0
..(1) 323
 3.24
6.
5.IIA| 4. 3.
2...Find lrFind
If (E)
=1.59 A Find Find Hence,
f-5331 the the.nverse.of d
647 the the
0:200 1 11
3: 1..7 7 624 inverse in
inverse e inverse from
(1)
0 of o£the ötthe and a+be+1-a?
and the the
find (2), 0
AB= following following matrix, folowihg
A aA1= -ab
BA A=
= and (ii)4. mátrices matrices natices
I; show 3 (a' +be+1-1-be a'
find C2-3 EXERCISE3.2
312 +be
B. that and 0-ab
. + 1+beac
ibELEMENTS
verify, 1)
A-= 1 and I-aA.
A', that verity ab

A"A=L: that
(it) (ui) AA
67
43
=AA
8 1 410 1213
-7.2- OF
10
5 2 BUSINESS
-1
3
3 MATHEMATICS
[M.,D.U.
2004)

...2)

ADJOINT

14 13 Giv12
én() 11. 10.
17. 16. 15. AND
A15 If Hint, If
If I Show A
I INVERSE
A
A=| =02-3 A
that Find 3:2
4rakao
2.21 21
1:2,2 23 t,
OF
310 20
51 -1
A.= 45 5-2:2 A. A
-11 3 MATRIX

then
2

verify
5
2 -85 show 1/show Now:(ÁB:BTA
6-5and
|;B
show ; thatATTAAI,
4
conputeAand 4
thât
provê that;A-BA -satisfy 21+3A:).
thatA31
A- thatA4A B
theequation
6A'+ 1

11A-1=0 14l, - 0.Henceind A

show 3 (AB-lind
= -2
5l,
0= that 0ind
(ABE!
ana and +r420
nence 2A291A
and thatAAhènce
show hence
hence suN
ind and
A hence
nd
A fnd
A*
M.D.U.
2003S) 2008]
KU.
5
2004)
(KU.
fiandnd
3.25
 4.);1919. 3.26

20.:2

193Z

ANSWERS
247
23
7

ka

ELEMENTS
)
191 OF
14-18
510" BUSINESS
21117 1612
MATHEMATICS
0

L.e., on cannot
should
operations ADJOINT
*ExampleTBy matrix
or, Ifon
Remark :Hence, Now, Now Let The 3.4.
Solution.
rating Operating more use be AND
performing Awe Aboth kept inverse INVERSE
the on (transformations)
be INVERSE
rows shall
the any of in
matrix mind of
R, R, We of go
L.H.S. matrix. these OF
a OF A
’ ’R know using LH.S. one on matriz MATRIX
R B simultaneously. that
performing
or obtained and Then, MATRIX A
- -R¡, that elementary matrix, more
on
we
which (if
R,, =A-1 BI=A-1
A-1 B. IA can it
A=LA -1 the to exists)
than is =BA I
= suitable find
= prefactorI use we BY
thenATdoes
EXAMPLES
SOLVED the BAA (BA)A either have can USING
row one inverse A-,
transformations, elementary -1) -l elementary we discussed also
row ELEMENTARY
ofA write be
of operation found
not matrix on
exist R.H.S., row A in
operation,
A. IA our by
operations or using
Multiplying till previous OPERATIONS
column
find we
we
elementary
the reach
obtain (or operation chapter.
inverse both colun
the
al row
result
sides operations)
zero'sin only
However,
of or
the by I Le., column
= |37
matrir one Ah BA we it
 operations.
ExampIe3 Le.,
3.28.
Bample2
Operating
’CC, Solution. Hence,
Operating R,’R,-R
Operating Operating Solution, Hence, OperatingR,’R,-Ry
R,Operating

We A-1 We usingBy
know
Find R, R, A
’R,-R,
’R- ’R, know
the elementaryrow
that -Ry, that
inverse 2R,
A
A= =
IA
AI of
matrix transformations,

=|by A4
11 RELEMENTS
BUSINESSOF

find
using the
inverse
elementary
ofthe MATHEMATICS
(:
AA matrix
column =
I)

|ADJOINT
i.e., operations.
row Ekample
EXample'5 Solution. Hence, Operating
Ch’4Cz Operating AND
Operating Solution, Hence, Here Operating Operating
’, R, INVERSE
we
A
observe
We does R, WeFind C, OF
A
R, know
Find
’ know ’Cq-11 MATRIX
’ not that R, 10 the
R,- that
the
exist. the + thatinverse
inverse 5R, Cp
2R second A |V4|/4
-1 2 5)
12 =A
LÀ of
Ry’R,+R, 3 IA row
00
the
1 of
1| matriz matriz
1|0 =0 the
in
01
[1
0 L.H.S. 10 1 0 10 -11l4|[/4
A= A=
0
1 1 0 -11]4
1 0A 2
125 matrix A -5 1

3
zero's.
basall
1|
by
using NEO93.29

elementary (:
AA-!
=
I)
 i.e., L.e.,
3.30
Solution. Hence,
Operating Operating Operating Operating
6
We Find
know R R, R, R,
the ’R 0 0 1 ’ 0 0 |1 ’
that inverse |00 0 |10 +
R, R, ’R,
13R,
0 0-13 x -21| 0 1-13 0 -x(-1)|0
A= A-l = 1
-21) 2R, |0 1
0 1 9
I=
IA ofthe =A-'A I = R, Ry’R,-3R, [o |1 -1
21 1 21 ’R,-9R, |-5 3 -3
0]
2 3 2 6 -9 5
9=|26 1 6]
matris -3/21
-1215/21
-3 -3 5/21 3/21 2/21
-1/21
-3/21 2 3 0A
-12
5 2
-3
-1
-35 =-2
A 6 3 6 3 6/21 3/21
-13/211 -1 1 100| 1 1
= 2
|-2 12 -1 -13 ] -131
0 -1 AESELEMENTS
0
9 9 1
-140 -2
31
I A 9/21|A 0A
0|1A
0A 0

OF
BUSINESS
2003)
[K.U.
MATHEMATICS|

operations. i.e., Le., ADJOINT

AND
olution. Hence, Operating Operating Operating Operating
’-1)R, R, Operating
INVERSE
A-=
We Find R R, R R, OF
know -2
-12 -8
8.-5 -9 ’R ’-1) ’R, ’R, A
the MATRIX
that inverse 7 +5Rg + +
R, 2R,; 0 0 -2 [1 2R, |-2
|0 -10 -2
-4 |00 |100 |0 0 |1 -21
A 1-2 |00 10
1000 -2 0 -21
= R,’R 1 0 1 Rg’R,
0 4=010|A -1
AI of -4 -5
-41 2
matrix -1J -4 -5 3]1 4=0 0A110
3]
0
1-2 -1| 2 = =0 +2Rz, 7 1| 3]
=A'A I +dR,
A -8 -9 2 1 20A
-10 2 |00 1| |10 0|
=3 -10 1
|132 312
-10|A
-2 -2 0 0
-2
2 -48-51
7
1 0 01
1
1 -1| 0A 0
2by
A
using

elementary

2009)
(K.U.
column 331
 i.e.,
3.32
Hence, =
A
Operating Operating Operating OperatingC,
C,

C, C,’Cj-C; C,’C,-2C;
- ’C,-5Cg,
5/6 7/6 V6
-32 1
- -6|-3
|5 1
1/2 12-1/612 010 C, -315 1 C,’C,+ |213132 123 |132 |312 31
12
0 0]
’ 1 0 C,
- 1|0 10 =
01 0 -1 ’
1/6 5/6 C7+ 01 0 0 Cy-3C,
01
AA-l =
I = 30g = Cz = A|100 =
A A|1 A0
10
A|
/6- -2
A|3
0 001 01 01
[10
-1 -1
5/6 1/6 - 00 0 -2
-53 -2
0 1
-1/6 1 0 1 -3
-1/6 12
- 12-1/612 0
V6
- 1]
5/6 l 1]| ELEMENTS
5/6
OF
BUSINESS

MATHEMATICS

|ADJOINT
14; 12. mentLanroRLran
UGingele
7,-16 elementary
-Using
4
AND
2 IQMID.2009)
10 INVERSE
21 KU.
65
2013,04;
UR2005)M.D OF
KU2003 MATRIX
A

anIggtions,
EXERCISE3.3
ANSWERS
S13K14C3
3
fnd

MD:U200 the
M.D.U,2010]
inverse

9.23:299 of
8,-95/9. fallouing
523/2 V2

matriçes :

3.33
 3.5.1. and i.e., in matrices. our 3.34N
three
Since Proof.
Theorem.
equation
AX= B. Then Let Consider previous We 3.5.
MZ
B A unknowns A haveSOLUTION
A the be
is The = =
-singular, system
d
the the chapter.
already
system IfA is co-efficient system
b C2 ,
of be b y,
non-singular, In
learnt
of thenX=equations the C3 z. OF
linear this of SYSTEM
therefore column three
X=
matrix. section how
equations is given a_*+b,y
agx+b,yt
Cy2=d, linear to
matrix solve OF
=B
AX AX
=
B y we
|A by LINEAR
be equations shall a
(1) of the +Cgz
0 system
can constants. = be
A-' B column dy
be solving EQUATIONS RELEMENTS
A- written of
the is linear
exists. matrix the
unique in equations
system
the of USING
unknowns;
solution of matrix of
linear using MATRICES OF
form BUSINESS
determinants
equation
matricthe as
MATHEMATICS
...3) ..2)
..(1) using
in

equations 3.5.2. and or and or or

ADJOINT
(ü) () Criterion
The it
udiedi
oirPresent isThe
Thusthe Pre-multiplying Now Then If To
If A-B.X=Iffollowing said
system possible, show Pre-multiplying AND
JA |A| given from
to INVERSE
=0, by for be solution
unique. is (i) that
then 0, AX inconsistent of and let
scopeo is equation X, the OF
then Consistency
= the both (ü), A
the B,
criterion
X,
solution both MATRIX
system the where sides we be
(1) sides
study,only system have the
ifit is (AA-AX,)
-! = by
has A said A(AX,) two is A)X=
A-1B(A-' of
is for A, unique.
IX, = A) A- (3)
has
either is athe to AX, AX,=Bsolutions
AX,
the square
consistentconsistency no be X X,
=X we A-BX=IX=A-1 B
(AX) by
system no solution.
consistent
(A-'A)X,
= get AX = =B equdtionsin: = A,
solution matrìx of AB we
AX get
ofequationg and -
: or if B solution
or inconsistency the
an bas unknowns n
infnite a system guehby
unique
hàving has given
number of X=
solution at associative
law)By ÁB. by
unique a least associative
law)(By
system (:IX, AX
of one (:AA =) = A-'A= (:I)
solution solutions. given = Band IX-(:X)
of solution X,
linear ...(ü)
by
etc.) A
is
 3.36
equations
linear :
Eamples i.e., where AX=B ExamplaA
Solution. Hence Solution.
From Here .. Here
Ais
the (1) non-singular
Here required we Aj The Solve
Pind have,X=AlB given
|A| =5; the
|A| |A|
A-', solution A-2; Xand system following
3 2 1 where |25-22-5-4=1=0
(adj.A)
= =
hence
A1 2x
-3 2x of. +5y *+2y 4 EXAMPLES
SOLVED
3 3x-3y is Bthe
+3y *+2y
2 equations
-3 A= z=2, -2 Ag1 system
2 2 systembas a =
+ 3z
- 2z - =-2; 9
4z -4|-33 2 y= of
=11. =2=-4 can
2 1. be
equations
Ang
2
-3
-2419 5.4-2.9 =1 unique expressed
Hence, . solution :
IFMENTS
in
the
solve given forn ÔF
BUSINESS
the by of
system
matrix
MATHEMATICS
(K.U.
2007 JA|=)
(:
equation
of ..(1)

givenby where AX
B.
= ACJOINT
Now,
Since Now,the Ais :. AND
the INVERSE
A non-singular
is co-factors
non-singular, -4
-3
|3
=2A given OF
1 adj. =
A A
system MATRIX
A-B. =
X -32 of and
A 67+0 1(-12
+6)-2(-8-6)-3(-6-9) = =
2 of 13 17 -6
-32 1 are hence
hence equations -8

the
given can -1-15 9
5 14
-
15
2|
13, =
~3/*9, 2

exists.
A-

andB= be 1'
system -15-19
expressed 14 131-6
17
-8
145 -6
of -4
-85 =(-1Ag
11 2 17
equations in -1 13
the ]. 2
formof
has -3
a matrix
unique

solution equation

337
 Here where L.e.,
3.38 t
Now, ExampleU
Solution. Hence
A
adj. the is
non-singular
co-factors
|=|A1| 1 A the
A A 1= The
= -1||12 Solve required
[A: | |28 1 2given
8
of and 2 1 8 the solution
equations

3
18 -3
3 -7
2
-i-18; 5
are
A
hence
=-6+16+
2(-1-2)-
1 5 -1
X=
y1
5 following
2x is56+10-88
67
- -15.
67

B. the
A-'X= can *+2y-=2.*+y+z
z -2= 60+18-11 +34+143 24
1 -85 -6
14 13
17
-6 +
system *=
4
[-31]'18 system be &y
5 expressed + 3, 9
= andB= 6z y=-2,
-7
|2 has 15 8(-1- ofequations:
=5 -1||
-614
|25
a 0 67 1 -4
5 unique 1) in z=1.
OSELEMENTS
11 2
+5(2- the =-2-134
2 5 67 201
31 solution form
1)
of
given matrix 1
Aj3 3
OF
by equation BUSINESS
201I,
(K.U06).
AX MATHEMATICS
..(1) =
B

L.e.,
EXample4y ADJOINT
|A|=|4
Here-6 The Solution. From
Hence
above AND
the (1), INVERSE
equations Putting required we A-l =
6 2 Solve
have OF
A
9 A
can
the 1 MATRIX
= solution
-20| 6 4 23 be 6a 2a =, following
5=2(120-45)- 10| 4a-66
+ 6
645 -+-+ =410
32
= -6expressed +9%- 36 -= 20
9 is A1
X=
B
150 -20 9
+ + band =-3 15 1 15 1 15 1
+ 20c 5c 10c system
330 5 10 [-1536+6] -318
in = = = =2 | -3
18
2 1 4 =c 5-8-12 10+14+6 2 1 2
+ the ofequations: y=2 -614 -7
720 -7 4
3(-80- form in
= the -6
1200 C
of given z=-1. 3
30) a 15|
+ =|and1 B matrix -2
0. 10(36 system -45 2 6
-15-1 30
equation
+ |2 of
36) 4
equations, 2
-3
AX
=
B,
where we
have
339
 by3.404
Hence
From Let :.
Ais
the A,
required
(1),
Azn non-singular
be
we
adj. =
A =(- the
have
A=adj, =
A co-factor
solution b= X y?:s|2 A-X=
1 B
and
.1_1 =A-' 1 -100150
75 |9
6
1200
1 1200
75
3 9
2- 010 9 of
a,
hence
is
1
B |=0 in
z= 300 -100110 -24 30 110
|A|. the
440-100+60 72 75 150;
2, 288+0-48 1200 given
y= 150
+ 1 Then
150 0721
3' +150 -100110
system
3, 0 72 75
2 -24
=5. z
30 4]
75
1 72110 75 sCOkELEMENTS
of
150 equations
5 1200 0
1 1 -100
-24 150
30 750-24
240 400 600 has
30751
20| 6-
10| unique a OF
5 1 2 =-100; BUSINESS
solution
MATHEMATIC

..(1) given

ADJoINT
i.e., A-lB.X=
by where
AX= B, equations:
WEdmplo6Find
Now, Let Ais :. Solution,
|A|=2
Here AND
Since
A, INVERSE
A the non-singular
be
is given adj. A
= the OF
non-singular,
y
2=
A
A-1 =13,Ag1 , =-6,co-factor
17Az Ajj MATRIX
A
system A-l,
|3-3 -4 -31 12 |A| |13 and
67 17 -6 =1(-12 3x-3y 2x where
-15 hence of (adjA)
= a,ofhence -4|-3
|3 1 +3y*+2y- TCS
-85 -6
14 13
17 3
equations -8 5 14 in 3 -32 -4z +2z A
9 the 2 -15 1 |A|. A- + 3z =
67 1 -1 g 14,Ajz
Ag5,
=-8,Agz 6)-2(-8-6)-3(-69) exists. = =2 =- |3
-4
-3
-1| given Then 2
l1. 2
can - 4
15 14 -6
13
17 3 2
-4 system be -15
11 2 14 -6 -3
expressed 9 -85 2
of -1 5 17
.
equations =-Ay1g =9,Az3 =-15,Ayg Hence,
B= -1 -8
in 13
1
11 the 67+0
= solve
has 4
form
unique
a the
of system
matrix
solution
given
(Using(1) equation of
..(1) linear 3.41
 where
doubleadded
Let Here 3.42
The According
Solution. ExamS
A,, A Hence,
ofsecond to
be is
Agg above the
non-singular
the |A| second the
=1(1+ system to Let
co-factor the number. The required
1 1 x,
X -2 given numnber, y sum
6)1(03)and= of and
1
equations 67 1
ofA-1 conditions, z
Find ofsolution
hence
a,; B.
-2/-3 3
|A|.
in
the
3.-X 1
can +2 =11
y+32 +y
X
denote
becomes
the
three
it 56+10-88
+18-11
is
6034+143 24 +

+ 2y
* +2 numbers the numbers
Then above 1(0- be we
first, =
written =
have 11. 3,
6
1) By
Ag2=( A2 system
=( =7+3-1 and
second
using is =-2, y
adding 6. 67| 1
ini.e., Ifthird
has matrix -134-2=| 201 RKS
- unique =90
a
B
x-2y
andmatru
third
first z=1. 67

61form number
+ numbers method and
solution as z= third ELEMENTS
AX= 0 is
respectively. multiplied
numbers,
B OF
given BUSINESS

by
it MATHEMATICS
becomes by
...(1)
3
and

28
8 L.e.,
ADJOINT
2xy3. Solve Hence, From
(1), Now,
3y:32
each 3 AND
KU.20T2:10) the INVERSE
ofthe required
OF
following =-3 adj. A A
numbers X
»
Al= MATRIX

A-'
systen -6+33+0 18
|A|
B 2 7
are 42-33
+0
ofequattonbYOe EXERCISE
3.4 x=1,
+
0
adj. -3
3
+0
3 7 A)
= 1
-1
y=2 -3
9 3 0 |-1
18 3 7 l-1
and 2 -3
3 0
6 -3 -3
z=3. 3 0
1 2|
-3
method 1 2

3.43
3.44 Tn ELEMENTS OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

quations

ooftiree numt 1If secondnumbenisgultipbed by 2land

ntatdimgthemNEhedhiMbessibrdcYAA'
Pfromthe skm:öffirst cOndhumber,
Eindthedumbersusinginverse.of.a matri
ANSWERS