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Chapter 2 - Polynomials

Chapter 2_ Polynomials - Google Docs

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Bhaavya Raj
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Chapter 2 - Polynomials

Chapter 2_ Polynomials - Google Docs

Uploaded by

Bhaavya Raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‭Chapter 2: Polynomials‬

‭1. Polynomial Definition‬

‭●‬ A ‭ polynomial is an algebraic expression that includes terms with variables raised to‬
‭non-negative integer powers.‬
‭●‬ ‭Examples:‬
‭○‬ ‭5x2+3x+75x^2 + 3x + 75x2+3x+7 (degree 2, quadratic polynomial)‬
‭○‬ ‭4x3−x2+24x^3 - x^2 + 24x3−x2+2 (degree 3, cubic polynomial)‬
‭○‬ ‭x4−4x3+6x2−4x+1x^4 - 4x^3 + 6x^2 - 4x + 1x4−4x3+6x2−4x+1 (degree 4,‬
‭biquadratic polynomial)‬

‭2. Degrees of Polynomials‬

‭‬ D
● ‭ egree:‬‭The highest power of the variable in the polynomial.‬
‭●‬ ‭Types:‬
‭○‬ ‭Linear Polynomial:‬‭Degree 1 (e.g., 2x+32x + 32x+3)‬
‭○‬ ‭Quadratic Polynomial:‬‭Degree 2 (e.g., x2+2x+1x^2 +‬‭2x + 1x2+2x+1)‬
‭○‬ ‭Cubic Polynomial:‬‭Degree 3 (e.g., x3−3x+1x^3 - 3x‬‭+ 1x3−3x+1)‬
‭○‬ ‭Biquadratic Polynomial:‬‭Degree 4 (e.g., x4−2x2+1x^4‬‭- 2x^2 + 1x4−2x2+1)‬

‭3. Zeroes of a Polynomial‬

‭‬ A
● ‭ zero of a polynomial p(x)p(x)p(x) is a value of xxx for which p(x)=0p(x) = 0p(x)=0.‬
‭●‬ ‭Example:‬
‭○‬ ‭Polynomial:‬‭p(x)=x2−5x+6‬
‭○‬ ‭p(x) = x^2 - 5x + 6‬
‭○‬ ‭p(x)=x2−5x+6‬
‭○‬ ‭Find zeroes:‬‭p(x)=0‬
‭○‬ ‭x2−5x+6=0x^2 - 5x + 6‬
‭○‬ ‭= 0x2−5x+6=0‬
‭○‬ ‭(x−2)(x−3)=0(x - 2)(x - 3)‬
‭○‬ ‭= 0(x−2)(x−3)=0‬
‭■‬ ‭Zeroes:‬‭x=2 and x=3‬

‭4. Remainder Theorem‬

‭●‬ W ‭ hen a polynomial p(x)p(x)p(x) is divided by (x−a)(x - a)(x−a), the remainder is‬
‭p(a)p(a)p(a).‬
‭●‬ ‭Example:‬
‭○‬ ‭Polynomial:‬‭p(x)=2x3−6x2+4x−12p(x) = 2x^3 - 6x^2 +‬‭4x -‬
‭12p(x)=2x3−6x2+4x−12‬
‭○‬ ‭Divide by:‬‭x−2x - 2x−2‬
‭○‬ ‭Find the remainder:‬‭p(2)=2(2)3−6(2)2+4(2)−12‬
‭○‬ ‭p(2) = 2(2)^3 - 6(2)^2 + 4(2) - 12‬
‭○‬ ‭p(2)=2(2)3−6(2)2+4(2)−12‬
‭‬
○ ‭ 16−24+8−12= 16 - 24 + 8 - 12‬
=
‭○‬ ‭=16−24+8−12‬
‭○‬ ‭=−12‬
‭○‬ ‭Remainder:‬‭−12‬

‭5. Factor Theorem‬

‭ ‬ (‭ x−a ) is afactor of p(x) if and only if p(a)=0‬


●
‭●‬ ‭Example:‬
‭○‬ ‭Polynomial:‬‭p(x)=x3−4x+1p(x) = x^3 - 4x + 1p(x)=x3−4x+1‬
‭○‬ ‭Check if x−1x - 1x−1 is a factor:‬‭p(1)=13−4(1)+1p(1)‬
‭○‬ ‭= 1^3 - 4(1) + 1p(1)=13−4(1)+1‬
‭○‬ ‭=1−4+1= 1 - 4 + 1‬
‭○‬ ‭=1−4+1‬
‭○‬ ‭=−2= -2=−2‬
‭○‬ ‭Since p(1)≠0, x−1 is not a factor.‬
‭○‬ ‭Check if x+1x + 1x+1 is a factor:‬‭p(−1)=(−1)3−4(−1)+1‬
‭○‬ ‭p(-1) = (-1)^3 - 4(-1) + 1‬
‭○‬ ‭p(−1)=(−1)3−4(−1)+1‬
‭○‬ ‭=−1+4+1‬
‭○‬ ‭= -1 + 4 + 1‬
‭○‬ ‭=−1+4+1‬
‭○‬ ‭=4‬
‭○‬ ‭Since p(-1)≠0, x+1 is not a factor.‬
‭○‬ ‭Check till 2 or 3‬

‭6. Factorization of Polynomials‬

‭‬ Q
● ‭ uadratic Polynomials:‬‭Can be factorized using various‬‭methods:‬
‭●‬ ‭Example 1: Factorize 6x2+11x−10‬
‭○‬ ‭Find two numbers that multiply to 6×(−10)=−60‬
‭○‬ ‭and add up to 11‬
‭○‬ ‭These numbers are 15 and −4.‬
‭○‬ ‭Rewrite 11x as 15x−4x:‬
‭○‬ ‭6x2+15x−4x−106‬
‭○‬ ‭Factor by grouping: =3x(2x+5)−2(2x+5)‬
‭○‬ ‭= (3x - 2)(2x + 5)=‬
‭○‬ ‭Example 2: Factorize x‬‭^‬‭4−16‬
‭○‬ ‭Recognize it as a difference of squares: x4−16=(x2)2−4^2‬
‭○‬ ‭Apply the identity a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)a^2 - b^2:‬
‭○‬ ‭=(x2+4)(x2−4)‬
‭○‬ ‭Factor further: x2−4=(x+2)(x−2)x^2 - 4 = (x + 2)(x - 2)‬
‭○‬ ‭Final factorization: x4−16=(x2+4)(x+2)(x−2)‬

‭Using Algebraic Identities:‬

‭●‬ ‭Example: Factorize 8a3+27b3+64c3−72abc‬


‭●‬ R
‭ ecognize it as a sum of cubes:‬
‭8a3+27b3+64c3−72abc=(2a+3b+4c)(4a2+9b2+16c2−6ab−12bc−8ca)‬

‭7. Algebraic Identities‬

‭●‬ ‭Key Identities:‬


‭○‬ ‭(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a + b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2‬
‭○‬ ‭(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2(a - b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2‬
‭○‬ ‭a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)‬
‭○‬ ‭(x+a)(x+b)=x2+(a+b)x+ab‬
‭○‬ ‭(a+b+c)2=a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca‬
‭○‬ ‭(a−b−c)2=a2+b2+c2−2ab+2bc−2ca‬
‭○‬ ‭(x+y)3=x3+y3+3xy‬
‭○‬ ‭(x−y)3=x3−y3−3xy‬
‭○‬ ‭x3+y3=(x+y)(x2−xy+y2)‬
‭○‬ ‭x3−y3=(x−y)(x2+xy+y2)‬
‭○‬ ‭Sum of Cubes Identity:‬
‭■‬ ‭If a+b+c=0, then:‬
‭■‬ ‭a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = 3abc‬

‭General Sum of Cubes Identity:‬

‭■‬ ‭a3+b3+c3−3abc=(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2−ab−bc−ca)‬

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