WEEK 7

CODE MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING

Iwan: Kemarin nonton podcast Alvin?

Lia: Which one? Yang minggu lalu
Iwan: Hmmmm, ya, last Tuesday
Lia: Oh, that one? Iya, aku nonton
Iwan: What do you think?
Lia: I like it. Topiknya juga sooooo now, eeh, si Hilal dating
Iwan: Mane jak kau?
Hilal: Balek bentar
Lia: ade bawak pesananku
Hilal: yang mane?
Iwan: rase-rase aku ade bilang kemaren
Hilal: muke kau, mane ade?

CODE
In human interactions with others, they typically pay attention to the
differences in codes used in various situations. A code refers to a specific dialect or
language used in each situation to communicate between two or more parties.
Generally, the use of codes during conversations often occurs in bilingual
communities. They may use multiple codes in expressions of gratitude or when
talking about who is speaking to them. The chosen codes can vary, referring to
various types of systems used by two or more people to communicate (Asrifan,
Abdullah, Muthmainnah, Yunus, & Patil, 2021).
The definition of "code" as previously outlined highlights that a code shares
characteristics similar to language. This is why the use of codes is highly diverse in
interpersonal communication within communities. The purpose of using codes is to
facilitate communication between individuals who use two different languages, and
this phenomenon is known as code-mixing. This phenomenon reflects the complexity
of language interaction in the context of daily life in bilingual communities.
CODE MIXING
Code-mixing is the phenomenon where speakers who are proficient in
multiple languages borrow and combine words from different languages, which often
occurs in social media content. This phenomenon reflects the cultural and linguistic
richness of multilingual users, who creatively blend elements from various languages
in their daily communication, especially in the fast-paced and dynamic environment
of social media (Bali, Sharma, Choudhury, & Vyas, 2014).
Furthermore, Lal, Kumar, Dhar, Shrivastava, & Koehn (2019), describe code-
mixing as the situation where there is a merging of vocabulary elements and language
structures from multiple different languages within a single sentence, which often
poses difficulties in carrying out related advanced tasks or follow-up actions. Broadly
speaking, code-mixing can be defined as the use of transliteration and random
blending of English words into two or more languages to demonstrate linguistic
prowess, such as English-Spanish, Arabic-English, or Indonesian-English (S. Thara,
2018).
Code-mixing has the following characteristics.
a. Code mixing is not triggered by the situation and context of conversation like
code-switching but depends on the language function in the conversation.
b. Code mixing occurs due to the habits and skills of speakers in using various
languages.
c. Code mixing generally occurs more frequently in informal situations.
d. Code mixing tends to occur at higher clause levels and lower word levels.

TYPES OF CODE MIXING

a. Insertion
The concept of this type refers to the act of inserting material such as lexical
items or entire constituents from one language into the structure of another language.
Insertion can be explained as the process in which a word or phrase from one
language is inserted into another language, resulting in a merging or mixing of
language elements from both languages. This reflects the complex interaction or
relationship between the two involved languages, where elements from one language
are used to enrich or expand the structure of another language.
Example: "Tampangnya yang sok innocent saat ospek membuat aku dan Beni
sangat hobi menjahilinya" (Their innocent-looking face during orientation makes
Beni and me really enjoy teasing them). "Innocent" is a single word meaning "not
guilty" or referring to "innocence." Because it lacks affixation, syntactically, it
functions as an adjective.
b. Alternation
According to Tololiju, Marentek, & Lasut (2018), alternation occurs when the
language structures of two languages unexpectedly change, both at the grammatical
and lexical levels, among and from each language. This mixing phenomenon is often
considered a characteristic of individuals who master more than one language but
may have difficulty in smoothly mixing between the two. Alternation is also known
as a characteristic of less fluent bilinguals who tend to move back and forth between
two languages.
Example: "Or should I say kehidupan suram kami" (Or should I say our bleak
life). "Or should I say" is a dependent clause meaning "providing information,"
consisting of subject and predicate with the conjunction "or."

c. Congruent Lexicalization
This type refers to the condition where two languages collaborate or share in
grammatical structures that can then be filled with lexical elements from different
languages. In this context, there is synergy between the two involved languages,
where the grammatical structures of each language complement each other and allow
the use of lexical elements from different languages. In other words, in one sentence,
there is the presence of two words or phrases representing each involved language,
creating rich linguistic diversity in communication expression.
Example: "Baca pas bagian diagnosis," ujarku. (Read at the diagnosis
section," I said.). "Diagnosis" is a single word meaning the process of determining by
examining the nature and condition of an illness. "Indonesians say "diagnosis" with
the same phoneme as "diagnosis" in English but modify it to the phonological
structure of Indonesian language (spelling).

2.6 Code Switching

In bilingual or multilingual communities, people might switch between different
languages when they talk. This happens depending on the situation and what's going
on around them.
Code-switching happens when people intentionally change languages during a
conversation. It involves using two languages or language styles in the same talk or
chat.
Code switching occurs when the situation changes, leading to a language switch.
Code switching is when a speaker deliberately changes the language they're using for
a particular reason.
Code switching doesn't only occur between languages, but also between language
varieties and styles within one language. Therefore, code switching is a language
phenomenon that happens due to situations between languages and between language
varieties within one language.
Types of Code Switching
Tag code-switching
Tag code-switching is a phenomenon where a bilingual person inserts a short
expression (tag) from a different language at the end of their utterance. This can occur
due to habit, a desire to emphasize, or to add a certain nuance in communication.
Example: "Hadiahnya bagus banget. Thanks!" (The gift is really nice. Thanks!). The
example given is when someone speaks in Indonesian and suddenly inserts the word
"Thanks!" (in English) at the end of the sentence as a stronger expression of gratitude.
This demonstrates how tag code-switching can be used to enrich and expand
expressions in communication, reflecting the complexity of language in everyday life.
Inter-sentential code-switching
Inter-sentential code-switching occurs when a person switches between two different
languages by speaking a complete sentence in a foreign language within a
conversation that primarily takes place in the base language. This phenomenon
typically happens to express a specific idea or emphasize certain aspects of the
conversation.
Example: "Ini motor lama. But the engine still feels like new. Harganya pun tidak
terlalu mahal." (This is an old motorcycle. But the engine still feels like new. The
price is also not too expensive). In the example provided, the speaker begins with a
sentence in Indonesian ("Ini motor lama."), then inserts a full sentence in English
("But the engine still feels like new.") before continuing with another sentence in
Indonesian ("Harganya pun tidak terlalu mahal.").
This illustrates how inter-sentential code-switching involves the insertion of a full
sentence in another language between sentences in the base language, highlighting
the speaker's ability to seamlessly switch between languages to convey their message
effectively in a multilingual context.
Intra-sentential code-switching
Intra-sentential code-switching occurs within a single sentence when a speaker
incorporates a word, phrase, or clause from a foreign language into the base language.
This phenomenon often arises when the speaker finds that the foreign language term
better conveys the intended meaning or when they are more comfortable expressing
certain concepts in the foreign language.
Example: "James Maddison, gelandang serang kesebelasan Leicester City, memiliki
kemampuan dribbling yang baik and passing yang akurat." (James Maddison, a
midfielder for Leicester City, has good dribbling and accurate passing abilities). In
the provided example, the speaker begins the sentence in Indonesian ("James
Maddison, gelandang serang kesebelasan Leicester City, memiliki kemampuan
dribbling yang baik") but switches to English to describe another skill ("and passing
yang akurat").
This demonstrates how intra-sentential code-switching allows for the seamless
integration of foreign language elements into a sentence while still maintaining
coherence and clarity in communication.