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Biology (/biology/) > Biology Article (/biology/articles/) > Cells (/biology/cells/)

Cells

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Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life. So, if we were to break apart an organism to the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we
would find would be the cell.

Explore the cell notes to know what is a cell, cell definition, cell structure, types and functions of cells. These notes have an in-depth description of all the
concepts related to cells.

Table of Contents

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Cell Definition
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What is a Cell?
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Discovery
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Characteristics of Cells
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Types of Cells
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Cell Structure

Cell Theory

Functions of a Cell

Cells are the fundamental unit of life. They range in size from 0.0001 mm to nearly 150 mm across.

Cell Definition

“A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes.”

Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings. A cell can replicate itself independently. Hence, they are known as the
building blocks of life.

Each cell contains a fluid called the cytoplasm, which is enclosed by a membrane. Also present in the cytoplasm are several biomolecules like proteins,
nucleic acids and lipids. Moreover, cellular structures called cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.

What is a Cell?
A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology.
Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells.

All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell (unicellular), or many cells (multicellular). Mycoplasmas are the smallest
known cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. They provide structure to the body and convert the nutrients taken from the food into
energy.

Cells are complex and their components perform various functions in an organism. They are of different shapes and sizes, pretty much like bricks of the
buildings. Our body is made up of cells of different shapes and sizes.

Cells are the lowest level of organisation in every life form. From organism to organism, the count of cells may vary. Humans have more number of cells
compared to that of bacteria (https://byjus.com/biology/bacteria/).

Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialised functions to carry out life processes. Every organelle has a specific structure. The
hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells.

Discovery of Cells
Discovery of cells is one of the remarkable advancements in the field of science. It helps us know that all the organisms are made up of cells, and these
cells help in carrying out various life processes. The structure and functions of cells helped us to understand life in a better way.

Who discovered cells?

Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665. Robert Hooke observed a piece of bottle cork under a compound microscope and noticed minuscule
structures that reminded him of small rooms. Consequently, he named these “rooms” as cells. However, his compound microscope had limited
magnification, and to
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could not see any details in the structure. Owing to this limitation, Hooke concluded that these were non-living
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Later Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed cells under another compound microscope with higher magnification. This time, he had noted that the
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cells exhibited some form of movement (motility). As a result, Leeuwenhoek concluded that these microscopic entities were “alive.” Eventually, after
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a host of other observations, these entities were named as animalcules.

In 1883, Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist, provided the very first insights into the cell structure. He was able to describe the nucleus present in the
cells of orchids.

Characteristics of Cells
Following are the various essential characteristics of cells:

Cells provide structure and support to the body of an organism.

The cell interior is organised into different individual organelles surrounded by a separate membrane.

The nucleus (major organelle) holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell growth.

Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm.

Mitochondria, a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the energy transactions vital for the survival of the cell.

Lysosomes digest unwanted materials in the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum plays a significant role in the internal organisation of the cell by synthesising selective molecules and processing, directing
and sorting them to their appropriate locations.

Also Read: Nucleus (https://byjus.com/biology/the-nucleus/)

Types of Cells
Cells are similar to factories with different labourers and departments that work towards a common objective. Various types of cells perform different
functions. Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Explore: Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (https://byjus.com/biology/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/)

Prokaryotic Cells
Main article: Prokaryotic Cells (https://byjus.com/biology/prokaryotic-cells/)

1. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead, some prokaryotes such as bacteria have a region within the cell where the genetic material is freely
suspended. This region is called the nucleoid.

2. They all are single-celled microorganisms. Examples include archaea, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.

3. The cell size ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 µm in diameter.

4. The hereditary material can either be DNA or RNA.

5. Prokaryotes generally reproduce by binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. They are also known to use conjugation – which is often seen
as the prokaryotic equivalent to sexual reproduction (however, it is NOT sexual reproduction).

Eukaryotic Cells
Main article: Eukaryotic Cells (https://byjus.com/biology/eukaryotic-cells/)

1. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a true nucleus.

2. The size of the cells ranges between 10–100 µm in diameter.

3. This broad category involves plants, fungi, protozoans, and animals.

4. The plasma membrane is responsible for monitoring the transport of nutrients and electrolytes in and out of the cells. It is also responsible for cell
to cell communication.

5. They reproduce sexually as well as asexually.

6. There are some contrasting features between plant and animal cells. For eg., the plant cell (https://byjus.com/biology/plant-cell/) contains
chloroplast, central vacuoles, and other plastids, whereas the animal cells do not.

Cell Structure
The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life’s processes. These components include- cell wall,
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Read on to explore more insights on cell structure and function.
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Cell Membrane
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The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the
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external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.

The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles, such as the cytoplasm and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also
referred to as the plasma membrane.

By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permits the movement of selective substances in and out of the cell. Besides this, the
cell membrane also protects the cellular component from damage and leakage.

It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and its surroundings.

Plants are immobile, so their cell structures are well-adapted to protect them from external factors. The cell wall helps to reinforce this function.

Cell Wall
The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.

The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other cellular components. The cell wall is also the
outermost layer of plant cells.

It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane.

It provides shape and support to the cells and protects them from mechanical shocks and injuries.

Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.

Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.

The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, are suspended in this cytoplasm.

Nucleus
The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA.

It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die.

The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell.

The nucleus protects the DNA and is an integral component of a plant’s cell structure.

Cell Organelles
Cells are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions to carry out life’s processes. The different cell organelles, along
with its principal functions, are as follows:

Cell Organelles and their Functions

Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction.

Nuclear membrane

The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell organelles.

Chromosomes

Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of
carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.

Golgi Bodies
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Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell.

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Ribosome
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Ribosomes are the protein synthesisers of the cell.

Mitochondria

The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency.

Lysosomes

Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and help in cell renewal. Therefore, they are known as the cell’s suicide
bags.

Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment called chlorophyll.

Vacuoles

Vacuoles store food, water, and other waste materials in the cell.

Cell Theory
Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. The cell theory states that:

All living species on Earth are composed of cells.

A cell is the basic unit of life.

All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

A modern version of the cell theory was eventually formulated, and it contains the following postulates:

Energy flows within the cells.

Genetic information is passed on from one cell to the other.

The chemical composition of all the cells is the same.

Functions of Cell
A cell performs major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows:

Provides Support and Structure

All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main
components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. For eg., the skin is made up of a large number of cells. Xylem present in
the vascular plants is made of cells that provide structural support to the plants.

Facilitate Growth Mitosis

In the process of mitosis, the parent cell divides into the daughter cells. Thus, the cells multiply and facilitate the growth in an organism.

Allows Transport of Substances

Various nutrients are imported by the cells to carry out various chemical processes going on inside the cells. The waste produced by the chemical
processes is eliminated from the cells by active and passive transport. Small molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol diffuse across
the cell membrane along the concentration gradient. This is known as passive transport. The larger molecules diffuse across the cell membrane
through active transport where the cells require a lot of energy to transport the substances.

Energy Production
Cells require energy to carry out various chemical processes. This energy is produced by the cells through a process called photosynthesis
(https://byjus.com/biology/photosynthesis/) in plants and respiration in animals.

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Aids in Reproduction
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A cell aids in reproduction through the processes called mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is termed as the asexual reproduction where the parent cell
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divides to form daughter cells. Meiosis causes the daughter cells to be genetically different from the parent cells.

Thus, we can understand why cells are known as the structural and functional unit of life. This is because they are responsible for providing structure to
the organisms and perform several functions necessary for carrying out life’s processes.

Also Read: Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell (https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-plant-cell-and-animal-cell/)

To know more about what is a cell, its definition, cell structure, types of cells, the discovery of cells, functions of cells or any other related topics,
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Frequently Asked Questions

Q1 1. What is a Cell?

A cell is defined as the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

Q2 2. State the characteristics of cells.

Cells provide the necessary structural support to an organism.

The genetic information necessary for reproduction is present within the nucleus.

Structurally, the cell has cell organelles which are suspended in the cytoplasm.

Mitochondria is the organelle responsible for fulfilling the cell’s energy requirements.

Lysosomes digest metabolic wastes and foreign particles in the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum synthesises selective molecules and processes them, eventually directing them to their appropriate locations.

Q3 3. Highlight the cell structure and its components.

The cell structure comprises several individual components which perform specific functions essential to carry out life processes.
The components of the cell are as follows:
Cell membrane

Cell wall

Cell organelles
Nucleolus

Nuclear membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi Bodies

Ribosome

Mitochondria
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Lysosomes
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Chloroplast

Vacuoles
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Q4 4. State the types of cells.
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Cells are primarily classified into two types, namely
Prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

Q5 5. Elaborate Cell Theory.

Cell Theory was proposed by Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow, who were German scientists. The cell theory states that:
All living species on Earth are composed of cells.

A cell is the basic unit of life.

All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Q6 6. What is the function of mitochondria in the cells?

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cells. Their primary function is to produce the energy currency of the cells, ATP. It also regulates
cellular metabolism.

Q7 7. What are the functions of the cell?

The essential functions of the cell include:

The cell provides support and structure to the body.

It facilitates growth by mitosis.

It helps in reproduction.

Provides energy and allows the transport of substances.

Q8 8. What is the function of Golgi bodies?

Golgi bodies pack and sort the proteins for secretion. It creates lysosomes and transports lipids around the cells.

Q9 9. Who discovered the cell and how?

Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665. He observed a piece of cork under a compound microscope and noticed minute structures reminiscent of
small rooms. Consequently, he named his discovery “cells.”

Q10 10. Name the cell organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down organic matter.

Lysosomes

Q11 11. Which cellular structure regulates the entry and exit of molecules to and from the cell?

Cell membrane. It is a selectively permeable structure that controls the exit and entry of molecules into the cell.

Register at BYJU’S for cell related Biology notes. Refer to these notes for reference.

Further Reading: Cell Biology MCQs (https://byjus.com/biology/cell-biology-mcqs/)

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Natasha Tripathi
July 22, 2019 at 7:33 pm
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Nice note given in this context

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Jones Ini
October 9, 2020 at 7:23 am
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Yes, it’s really helpful as it is clear and simple to understand

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Nur
January 1, 2021 at 5:57 pm
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Nice note was given in this context…

Savala Neddy
November 11, 2020 at 11:37 am
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Stephanie
November 11, 2020 at 11:27 pm
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I love the content of the notes

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Pallavi
August 5, 2019 at 9:24 pm
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It is very useful notes

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wilson valerian
October 29, 2019 at 5:39 pm
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ok thank you

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Anuradha
December 30, 2020 at 6:25 am
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Yes its very useful

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RIMSHA KHAN
August 28, 2019 at 11:53 am
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these notes are very helpful in my preparation .but i also wants mcqs for cell biology kindly help me

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Shagun singh
September 6, 2019 at 10:08 pm
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Thank you for helping me 👼👼

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September 10, 2019 at 1:35 pm
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Very good

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AyeYEet
November 9, 2019 at 12:07 am
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THIS HELPS ME SO MUCH IN SCHOOL THANK YOU!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Mohammed
September 11, 2019 at 2:54 pm
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Nice note and it helps a lot

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rinthiya
October 14, 2019 at 6:55 pm
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Awesome explanation. It was really helpful for my exam preparation

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Jhansi
October 24, 2019 at 7:10 pm
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It is very useful

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eliza
November 23, 2019 at 8:36 pm
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easy to understand

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These notes are very beautiful for our helping
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Sohini Pal
November 24, 2019 at 7:47 pm
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This is very beautiful notes for our helping

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Sohini Pal
November 24, 2019 at 7:49 pm
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Nice note in the context for our exam preparation

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Ganesh Tayade
December 12, 2019 at 11:07 am
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It is very important notes thanks for helping me

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Robert Henry
December 13, 2019 at 3:19 am
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I like this upload more so other too can study as well

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Favour Ndudi
February 7, 2020 at 5:56 am
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Really appreciate this it is well understanding and readable

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Akarsh
February 15, 2020 at 7:28 pm
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Aamir
March 7, 2020 at 8:14 am
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Excellent lecture / notes

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Ouma edwin
March 26, 2020 at 2:51 pm
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I really appreciate the notes

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Arnabi
April 5, 2020 at 7:11 pm
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Amazing points. It’s also very useful.

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kemara
April 7, 2020 at 12:26 am
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wonderful material thanks for sharing

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yanett
August 24, 2020 at 5:06 pm
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Yep they are, I like them

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Christina
April 14, 2020 at 10:10 pm
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Akash sarraff
April 16, 2020 at 1:24 pm
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Perfect notes about cell and their component so thanks very much 😊
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hania
April 23, 2020 at 3:34 pm
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nice work done on these notes

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Swasti
April 24, 2020 at 2:15 pm
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Nice presentation on cells

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Janice Jarrett
April 26, 2020 at 8:57 pm
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I must say very helpful insight . Thank you for your contribution to the community.

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Rebecca kweikie Nelson

April 29, 2020 at 10:09 pm
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Nice notes

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Siddhi
May 13, 2020 at 9:33 am
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Lavanya challa
May 19, 2020 at 10:00 pm
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Thank You Byjus for explaining topics in detail. By this I can understand the concepts easily 😄
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vanshika
May 21, 2020 at 10:45 am
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Nice presentation on cells

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Surya
May 31, 2020 at 2:23 pm
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That’s great

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Aravind A
June 5, 2020 at 12:32 pm
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Thank you for explaining about cells in very simple and understanding way ☺️.
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shadreck
June 5, 2020 at 9:28 pm
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very good presentation

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KEVEBOO
June 10, 2020 at 8:03 am
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EELA
June 15, 2020 at 12:48 pm
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Thanks, it helped in my holiday homework. 🙂

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Jadav anjana
June 30, 2020 at 11:02 pm
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This notes are very usefull to me

Its easy to understand and i get evry point related to any topic thank you byju’s !

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Nidhi patil
July 5, 2020 at 3:30 pm
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Really good that help me and I have taken the app also

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mayank singhnaia
July 13, 2020 at 6:55 pm
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very good notes very useful

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Blessed Mpupuni
July 18, 2020 at 1:22 am
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This is realy usefull i like this

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raashi
August 7, 2020 at 4:54 pm
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Gracy
August 8, 2020 at 10:14 am
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Very useful during the exam. Should study from this app #learning with Byju’s

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Divyanshu Sarma
August 8, 2020 at 7:42 pm
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This helps me to understand the following chapters

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Rani keshri
August 12, 2020 at 8:05 pm
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This point really helps me to understand the lesson

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Amadu Donzo
August 14, 2020 at 11:16 am
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Good notes, very useful

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Anish
August 22, 2020 at 5:46 pm
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splendiferous

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Jk pjuucgo
August 30, 2020 at 11:38 am
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Victor haufiku
September 3, 2020 at 10:05 pm
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Wow, now I understand

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lavanya
September 4, 2020 at 8:44 pm
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very useful notes

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JASMINE
December 27, 2020 at 9:04 pm
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IT HELPS TO KNOW EVERYTHING

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Moni
September 10, 2020 at 12:02 pm
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Very beautiful and useful notes

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Caroline
September 27, 2020 at 2:36 pm
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Awesome explanation

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September 27, 2020 at 9:06 pm
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Hecta Marinovic
October 3, 2020 at 5:30 pm
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So cool

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Jones
October 9, 2020 at 7:28 am
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I am grateful for the notes, It was really informative and readable.

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Niranjana
October 11, 2020 at 7:30 pm
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Very good explanation

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AA
October 16, 2020 at 7:06 am
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Great notes

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bhavana
October 21, 2020 at 7:02 am
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Thanks for your help

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Rebekah
October 22, 2020 at 1:31 am
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Rishabh Raj
October 31, 2020 at 10:27 pm
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-196822)

A good, perfect, conceptual notes provided by the world’s no. 1 and most loved learning app that is BYJU’S The Learning App. That notes helps
me about the cell after pair the app with this notes and understand perfect.
Thank you!

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Manpreet
November 15, 2020 at 7:26 am
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Thanks. It’s very useful

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Sadiq Muhammad ali

November 18, 2020 at 3:52 am
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-208519)

Really excited with the explanation

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Farhaan
November 30, 2020 at 4:50 pm
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-219432)

Wow, really I am understanding very well how you explain the lesson

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replytocom=219432#respond)

payal jaiswal
December 12, 2020 at 6:36 pm
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Comfortable and so understanding points, topics and questions are given in Byjus app

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max
December 27, 2020 at 9:05 pm

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on how we can help you!
Very helpful

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Pretty Edwin
January 14, 2021 at 11:00 pm
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-248730)

Thanks to you all. it’s very helpful 😍😊😃

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sophia
February 3, 2021 at 4:12 am
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-263471)

THANK YOU

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replytocom=263471#respond)

Dushyanth v
February 24, 2021 at 7:08 am
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-279063)

The diagram and the keynotes were understandable, and it’s useful

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Gurleen kaur
March 20, 2021 at 8:09 pm
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-290769)

Thanks for this note, it is really helpful to me

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Mahi
July 17, 2021 at 9:17 pm
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-301307)

Thanks for this note, it’s very helpful and interesting

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Samreen Hussain
July 27, 2021 at 5:24 pm
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-302248)

First of all honestly, cell was a chapter completely beyond my understandings. I studied hard but I was just unable to remember the concepts.
Watch this video to know more (https://ad-
I wasonjust
howconfused inyou!
we can help words like lysozome n rybozome. SER n RER. But today I mastered this chapter completely with the help of Byju’s. I also
tried to learn beyond my consepts. I was like asking the same question to my mentor again n again. But she never got frustrated and also
explained me each n every consept.
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For me Byju’s is best way to learn only for those who really wanna learn.
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From my side:-
toast_biology%26utm_term%3D/biology/cells/%26utm_campaign%3Dtransform-your-childs-learning-at-byjus)
Dream it- work hard – make it happen.
Best wishes to all of you.

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Anuj Tiwari
August 1, 2021 at 6:04 pm
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Hi students and teachers I love notes

Reply
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Kaushiki
February 14, 2022 at 6:29 pm
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-319202)

It is very useful notes

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replytocom=319202#respond)

Mirza Tauseef Baig

September 2, 2022 at 5:38 pm
(https://byjus.com/biology/cells/#comment-353702)

Very useful

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