New Ideas in Chess

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ty Larry Evans
er I nternational Grandmast U.S. Champion Threetimes U.S. "Open" Champion Canadian" Open" Champion

London SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD.

First published 1958 Re!finted 1960

All tishts rctened

To Clementine
SIR ISAAC PIT\IAIi & SONS, L1D.

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Hereis a book for you to

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FITITAN

IIDDICAL I'UBLISHING COMPANY, 39 FdRxER srRrEr, Lo\Dor.'! q,c,2

learn from when I'm not

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there to lose my temper.

PRINI ]jD IN CREAI BRITAIN ar rbe Pilfraf, Press,Ilarh F0 (G.485)

Foreword
TEE keynoteof chemistryis that elements may combine to create is new entities. The chessmaster the chemistof a dimensionthat is geometricallybounded by 8 x 8. The elementswith which he works are Pawn Structure,Space,Force, and Time. The amateur awarethat these eist. but he doesnor know how they is vaguely interact. He has never learnedto manipulatethem properly. havebeen titrlehelp,for theyare ootoriously Masters of inarriculaie when jt comesto explaining their own thought processes. My problemhasbeento iranslaGinto priLrciples triUitswhich ari t[e inbred in tbe master; then to break these down into words, Theseprinciples,moreover,are so absolutethat if chessis played a thousandyearsfrom now they will still be in force. I arrived at them by replaying all my tournament games, analyzing why I either won or lost, and then extractingthe quintessence from each one. What is "new" about this book is its formulation. Because it is basic,it is revolutionary. A famouspriacipleof conservation physicsstatesthat matter in may be converted into energyand vice versa,but the total quantity of both together,in a closed system,remains unchanged. ThL chessboard a closedsystem. Our "new ideas" would liad us to is suspect that an advantage any one elementmay never be lost in "perfect" play thereafter), (assuming though it may be converted ifto_other element(s) under the proper conditions. In general, the wholeprocessof chesstechnique-ai;s at con)erting the iess durqble into themoredurable aduantage, What is meantby an "advantaee." and how to recognize is ihe domainof rhis book. The puielv it. tactical problem of how to exploit an advantage dealt with at is lengthunderthe illusrrative examples, takerifrom actualplay. all Lately therehas beena spareol works on how to win iri rlie opening, how to win in the middle game,how to win in the ending. js But a gameof chess an organic whole,and so lar as I know thle only way to wil.is to outplay your opponent.Tbisbook is designed Io nerpyou do Justthat.

Contents
FORETI/ORD CHESSBOARD NOTATION
ChapterOne
xll

THE EVOLUTION OF CHESS

Chess to the Time of Morphy up Paul Morphy and the Romantics: Open Game W i l h e l m r e i n i ra n dt h eC l a s s i c i s tC : o s e d a m e S z sl C R6ti and the Hypernodems: Flank Game The Technicians: Neo-Classical School The Eclectics

I 1 4 9 12 15 t7

ChapterTwo

PAWN STRUCTURE
The OutsidePassed Pawn P a un S t r u c t u rD e t e r m i n e s r a t e g y , e St PawnMobility Passed Pawns. Connected, Isolatedand BackwardPawns. Doubledand TripledPauns Weak Squares PawnChains The Bad Bishop The QueenSideMajority

22 22 25

53 61 68 71

ChapterThree

FORCE
Table of RelativeValues . The General Patter:nfor Converting For.ceinto Victory

76 '17 78 79 92 94

The Two Bishops The PositionalSacriflce The TemporarySacrifice

Chapter Four

SPACE
The Center Mobility

101 t02 102

103 103 t04 104 105 The life. the fortune.and the happiness everyone of us of and. moreor less. thosewho ire connected of with us, do dependon our knowing the rulesof a gameinfinitely more complicated than chess.. . . The chessboard the-world. is lhe pieces the phenomena the universe, rulesof are of the the gameare what we call the laws of nature. The olaver on theothersideis hidden from us. We knowthathis niav is always fair.just and patient. Bur we alsoknow, to'our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake or makes the slightestallowance ignorance. To the man who plays for wll the higheststakes paid,with that sort of overfl&ing are generosity with which the strong show delight in strengthi And one who plays ill is checkmated wiftout hate,iut mthout temors. ThomasHenry Huxley, lggT

Control of Unoccupied Squares A Typical Space Advantage How to Count Space Stability How to Test Stability

ChapterFive

TIME
Gambits Pins

129 130 148

ChapterSix

QUIZ

Caution Problems Solutions

153 153 154 163

ChapterSeven

NEW APPROACH TO THE OPENINGS

Evaluation Is the First Move an Advantage ? MasterPractice The Failure of Traditional Evaluation A Self-Contained aluar Er ion The First Move Reverse Openings The Theory of Symmetrical Positions

1.72 172 175 176 176 180 181 182 185

Chapter Eight

SUMMING UP
The StableElements The Unstable Elements

189 189 190

BIBLIOGMPHY INDEX OF OPPONENTS

t92 t94

ChessboardNotation
and seriousstudents. This THrsis a book for advanced beginners for is explanation for thosewho play chess enjoymentand wish to improve, but have been scaredaway from chessliterature by the cr),?ticsymbolsemployed. ofa the notqtionis merelya shorthand recording rnoues Chess for gqmeso thot it may be replayedat some future time. Otherthan seruingas the medium for transmittingthesemouesto you, tlrcse abbreuiations haueno spccial'ignifcance.
Legei.I

CHAPTER ONE:The Evolution of

Chess
Chessup to the Time of Morphy
Modern chess,in its infancy, aboundedin swashbuckling combinationsand brilliancies. Whateverits playersmay have lacked, it was not imagination. The odd thing wasthat the leadingmasters rarely were the victims of their own tactics. The majority of the eighty-five gamesof the sir LaBourdonnais-MacDonnell matches in 1834were not noted for their brevity. Apparently,lessermortals neyer thought to ask why the masterspolishedoff their amateur oppositionin short,sparkling"parties," while their own games with eachother often wereof inordinatelength. Masterswereoossessed "daemon"-that was all of a chess theie was to it. Thev'certainlv werethc lastto disturbrhiscommonillusion.Their knowledee wai guarded jealously. imparted privare or in lessons fancyfeei. for What setthe masters apartwastheir graspof "generalprinciples." The value of Time and the importanceof Force had alwayi been recognized-though therewerethosewho arguedthat oddsof Pawn and move are an advantage because they permit Black to developa rapid attack along the openKB file! The essential difference betweenthe nineteenth-century outlook and that of the twentielhis rhat the modern master. when confrontedwith a choicebetween relativelv a transitorv advanlage in Time and a iather more permanentonj io Spu"., will gene"rally choose Space.Having conlidence his defensive in technique, will he usually submit to a short-termevil for a long-termgood. Often this meansaccepting difficult though tenablepositionin exchange a tor a won endqame. and when it can be reached. if

Rook QR : Queen's Knight QN : Queen's Bishop QB : Queen's K : KB KN : KR : P: ch : O-O : O-O-O :

e : eueen

King King's Bishop King's Kniglrt King's Rook Pawn Check K-side Castles Castles Q-side

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This position is diagrammed after the openingmove 1 P-K4 and Black's reply 1 . . . P-K4. Note that White's K4 is Black's K5, and vice versa. The hvohenis read as "to." Thus P-K4 is read " P a w n t o K i n g F o u r . " I n p l a y i n go \ c r l h e i l l u s t r a t i o n s t h i s in the book you will probablyfind it helpful to reproduce diagrammed positionson a board. Follorv the analysis it. If you can follow on the variations "blindfolded," i.e., directly from the diagram, so much the better.

playersdid not have very deep The early nineteenth-century piece mightbe moved_ into the realvalueof Time. The same insight of development the neglecting harmonious fivelimes in the opening, -Premature were the rule. But the art of attac-ks the other oieces. defense was in such a relativelybackwardstatethat theseinferior players wereobtuse-the leadprevailed.It wasnot that these tactics ing mastersof that era would probably exceltoday-but, like the simplyhadn't been of eleitric light, the basicprinciples chess.strategy werenot invented. Don't think that the pioneersof rnodernchess sharply rebuked with "taking the fun out of the game!" The that they felt cheated with aesthetics romanticswereso enraptured oblivious They seerned frustrateda brilliancy' when good defense to the satisfaction that might be derivedfrom a fine1yplayedlost gamerather than from any number of wins derivedthrough errors of an opponent. At that time a man would probably have been thought ;ad sayingas Napier did after he had lost to Lasker at in Springs 1904,"This is the finestgameI everplayed!" Cambridge devoid of prevailedwereseemingly Gamesin which itodgy defense defensive beauty-for what beautywastherein grubby,materialistic, as strategy?If that was all therewas to chess, well take up whist. The old-timerswantedto witnessgamesworthy of being showered with piecesof gold. They did not realizethat if the standardof defeniewereraisedit would inevitablyraisethe standardof attack. "immortal games"strikeus today asdownMany of the so-called right ugly. We lose patiencewith the defender,who forageswith his of the development his Queen for material gain while neglecting than minor pieces.Any modernduffer couldput up a betterdefense -disparage the playersof a the loser. Againi this is not meant to (some bygoneera-or to minimize the beautyof their conception" how of which have nevet been excelled)*but solely to emphasize sincethen. much strategy progressed has examples-"The Immortal Game" Let us consider two celebrated "The Evergreen Partie." As with chess"problems," we had and got better askjust how theplayers into suchcuriouspredlcaments' not position each moves simply and diagram But if weomit thepreceding just beforethe final combination,it then becomes thing of beauty a to and ajoy to behold! Needless add, the brilliancy is often super' the fluous. In Diagram l, for instance, prosaic22 QxP would win iust as handilv as the text.

"THE

IMMORTAL

GAME"

..THE

ANDERSSEN_KIESERITZKY

EVERGREEN PARTIE,' A\-DERSSEN-DUFRESNE, BERLTN, 1852

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Diagrum I White to play afld $,in

Diagtum 2 White to play and tuin 21 QxPch!! KxQ

21 NxPch 22 Q-B6ch ! 23 B-K7 mate

K_Q1 NxQ

22 B-B5 dbl. dis. ch! , . Black'sreplies all forced. are

22...
23 B-Q7ch 24 BxN mate

K-Kr
K-Ql

It is true that therearecertainimportant differencs between these two positions. However,the similarities evenmore meaningful. are In both, Black had moved his Queenmany times before the diagrammed positionwasreached.Both games still relativelyin the are opening stage andin both Blackis overwhelmingly in ahead material. The major generic diflerence that in Diagram I Black'spieces is are undeveloped (on their original squares),whereasin Diagram 2 Black has mobilized a lormidable counterattack and actually threatens mate in one. This "spiritual" similarityis no accident*nor is it an accident that Anderssen, who was by far the bestof the pre-Molphyites,was on the winnins White sidein eachcase. Along cime Morphy, who toyedwith Anderssenjust Anderssen as had toyedwith his contemporades. After their matchin 1858, during rvhichhe wasdecisively trounced,Anderssen wrote: "He who plays Morphymustabandon hopeof catching in a trap.no matter all him how cunningly laid. but mustassume that it is so clearto Morphy that therecan be no questionof a falsestep."

Even this nagnanimoustribute fails to credit Morphy's revolutionary new principles-Andelssenhimselfdid not fully appreciate displaysa certain why he had lost! It is noteworthythat Anderssen "traps" and psychological in uneasiness terming his own attacks nothing more. Morphy's attacks,on the other hand, alwaysflowed were more often an out of the position, organically. Anderssen's inspirationof the moment. Morphy knew not only how to attack, but also when-and that is why he won. in all Morphy defeated his opponents similarfashion,then sought the a for manyyearsto arrange matchwith Staunton, self-proclaimed chamoionof the wor1d.but in vain.* In an era when the dynamicyoung United Stateswas suffering from a cultural inferiority complex, Morphy becamea sort of as He nationalsuper-ego. washailedby the press the flrst American representativeto triumph directly over Old World culture. a Europeans, loathe to admit that an "outlander" might possess to talismanunknown to them, flrst awakened the fact that maybe their mastershad no "daemon" at all. Maybe there were certain principles would enableanyoneto risein chess which, oncegrasped, a as far as his ability admitted. The Royal Came became little less royal. It became democratic.

sMrrH-PHrLrDoR, LoNDoN, 1790

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Black's Pspns sre battefing rctms. Notice how Black hos massed both Rooks behind his Pqwns. ll/hite's apparentlJ impregnableKing positio has a weskness on KN3. It requires but q few lhtusts to demolish it entirely. 1 . . . 2 Q-KAZ

P_R5

Paul Morphy and the Romantics:OpenGame

In the late eighteenthcentury Andr6 Philidor, a distinguished (who, by the way, is composeras well as a good chessplayer enunciated greatdoctrine his mentioned Rousseau's in Confessions), that "the Pawn is the soul of chess." This implied that Pawn the Structure,being the most "ined" element,largely determines characterof the position and also the plan appropdateto it (see Diagram 16). In his games, more than his writings,Philidor showed how to assaultan enemyfortressby usingPawnsas batteringrams backed by hearl picces. up

2 P-KN4, N B5ch; 3 K-Rl, NxP; and if 4 PxP,QxP; 5 RxP?, BxN rvinninga piece. Even so, 2 P-KN4 is relativelybest. 2 . . . B_82 3 N-K2 RPxP 4 QxP QxQch 5 NxQ N-B5ch RxP 6 K-Rl Black'sattack ragesunabated ! Despitethe exchange Queens, of 7 R-KNI RxNch R-Rlch 8 KxR RxNch 9 N-R5 10 K-N3 N-R6 dis. ch lt K-N4 R-R5 mate This patient, closed game did not suit the temperamentof Philidor'scompatriot,LaBourdonnais, who perceived this slow, that systematicmassing of Pawns was inapplicableto the opening. Instead, LaBourdonnaisapplied to his games the principle of straightforwarddevelopment the center. He combattedevery in developed enemyunit with a force at leastequalto it. He pursued the enemywith hand-to-handfighting, rebuffedhim in the center, then soughtto establish advanced an centraloutpost of his own.
5

. For the psychological- inded, we rccommend "The Problem of Paul Morphy" by Dr, Emest Jones, which may be found in that exccllont anthology The Chess .Reader(Greenberg Publishers. New York, J9,19.)

LABOURDONNAIS

I{ACDONNELL

MATCH.

1834

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llhite moyes. Clearly,thestruggle hereisfor controlof the center. Whitehas qn isoletedQP. Black maintqins stoutblockade Q4. a on It is necessary Jbr White to sct quickll, to deuelopsome middle game thrests, before Black succeedsin consolid.lting and reaching an endingwherelhe Payn Structure will fquor him. 1 P-QR4 The modern master would probably play N-K5 immediately. LaBourdonnais reasons that you have to give up somethingto get something. The text weakens White's QN4 square,yet it has an indirectbearingon the centerinasmuch the threat ofP-RS would as forceBlack to relinquishone of the defenders his Q4 blockade. of 1... P_QR4 On 1 . . . NxB; 2 PxN, N-Q4 White may electthe simple3 Q-Q2, orthesharp3BxN,PxB;4Q-N3,B-K3; 5QxNP,R-Nl; 6 QxRP, emerging Pawn aheadafter 6. . . RxP. a 2 N-K5 White useshis QP as a pivot in maintainingan advanced central outDost. ' 2... B-K3 3 B_82 Settinshis sishtsfor the K-side

developshis Queenwith a view to exertingmore LaBourdonnais pressure the center,via the K-fi1e. on 4. .. P-Bs This opensthe line for the K-Bishop,which is serious.Black'slack is of strategy obvious. He shouldbe defending insteadofattackingl s B-Qz Q,Kl 6 QR-KI Another strong developingmove, which exertsstill more pressure in the center. 6 . . . B_82 7 Q-K4 White has completed his build-up. rne rnreal oI mate wlns material. ,| PN3 8 BxP NxB 9 QxN B-85 10QR6 BxR 11 BxP! FxB 12 NxNP White has a winning attack. The remainingmoveswere: 12 . . . N-81; 13 Q-R8ch, K-82; 14 Q-R7ch, K-B3; 15 N-B4, B,Q6; 16 R-K6ch, K-N4; 17 Q-R6ch, K-B4; 18 R-K5 mate. After LaBourdonnais' deatha drearyperiod of dry chess, without power or imagination, overtook the chessworld. It was Paul Morphy (1837-1884)who revitalized the Romantic tradition. Morphy nevermassed Pawnsin the openingasPhilidor had taught. Insteadhe pushedonly one or two Pawnsin order to ftee his pieces and openlinesfor them,evenif it wasnecessary sacrifice Pawn to a or two in the process. Morphy recognized that Time was more important than Force in the opening.His pieces invadedquickly in the center,leaving his harassed opponentno time for methodical Pawn maneuvers. Morphy combinedwith his flair for the open game a flexibility which so irked his critics that they levelledthe accusation which has sincebeenlevelledat practicallyevery other greatmaster(particularlyCapablanca):the inclinationto exchange in ir to Queens orderto win a paltryPawnand nurse rhrough ricrory
rn llle endsame.

3 . . .
This closesthe line of White's K-Bishop. but createsa sruesome .the possibility 6f p-S:, weaknesson K3, and forever removes d r i v i n gt h e K n i g l r tf r o m K 5 . J . . . B Q N 5 . p u t t i n gp r e s s u ro n e White's center,and occupyingthc "hole" on QN5, is a reasonable alternative. 4 Q-K2 6

These werethe characteristics the opengameat which Morphy of excelled:someofthe centerPawnshavebeenexchaneed, pieces the conmand openlines, a centralfile has generally beenripped open. The openings arisingfrom 1 P-K4 are more likely to leadto open 7

positions than I P Q4 because is easierto force P-Q4 (after it 1 P-K4) than it is to force P K,l (aftcr I P-Q4). The reason this for is that Q4 is originally protectedrvhereas is not. QP ganes K4 generally lead to closedpositions, while their KP counterparts lead to more lively play. The tendencyof modern chessis away from open games, partly because they havebeenso extensively analyzed. Morphy wasthe first playerwho fully realizedthe importanceof devclopment.He expressed in the simplephrase,"Help your this piecesso that tbey can help you." He was often aided by the unnecessarily movesof his opponents,or evenby timid dcfensive their unnecessarily aggressive movesas we haveseen the previous in example whenBlackplayed . . P-B5. 4.
\t rrw voRPtry- c, ATFUR, oRl-rels, 1858

against PxP. If instead . . . PxP; 20 RxP, 20 19 Thereis no defense 21 R-K8!, RxR; 22 QxQ,PxQ; 23 BxP nate. Q-B3; 20 PxP QBl 21 R K8! QxR 22 QxR! Q-K2 Or 22 . . . PxQ; 23 BxP mate. 23 QxPch! QxQ Black Resigns 24 P 86 to defense P 87 dis. mate! Thereis no satisfactory The twentieth-century neo-romantics, notablyTchigorin,Marshall of carried Morphy's lessons the open gameto the and Spielmann, point of absurditywhenthey attemptedto renderForce completely to Marshall,in particular,lackedthe ability subservient aesthetics. between beautiful and the possible, the often overto discriminate reachinghimself. The Romantics,in general,sufferedfrom an inability to disciplinetheir imaginations. of The Romantic style was characteristic the man loving action The classical reactionwas due principallyto the and quick success. in of character one who wasdisinterested the glory of readysuccess, who stroveinsteadfor lastingvalues-Wilhelm Steinitz.

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Black mores. In this positiotl Black is tvo Pawns aheatl, and it is probable that he cen vin t';ith proper defense. Hoveuer, he fails to understandthe position. He should striue to keep the lines closed,for instance by playing P-KB3 and rctt'eating the K ight to N3 ktrter Iyhite's ineritable P-Bl), so as to obseroethe key square, White's K5. White must be prcDentedat oll costsft om opening lines by P 84 antl P-K5. Instead, \uith his fiext mole, Blaclc soll)es problent Morphy the ha, thusfor been unable ro 'olre-nancly, hoh, lo ctps4up diogonois for his two Bishops.

Game l(ilhelm Steinitzand the Classicists:Closed

philosopher was who hungered Wilhelm Steinitz(1836-1900) a chess for essences. sought all his life for generallaws and loathed He exceptions.When he finally revoltedagainstRomantic doctrines, the break was sharpand irrevocable. Steinitz's doctrinairesnirit soushtto rule out all humanweakness. l f h e l o ' t w i t ha p a r t i c u l a rn e . r ew o u l d o n t i n u t o r r y i t a g a i n n d Ii I c c a again. This peculiartropism was due to rhe belief that his failure to succeed with the line lay in his own human failure. Yet his very love his success due to his passionate of chess, faith, his tenacity, was not to his "system"! It wast)?ical of him to undertake ungrateful the task of a protracteddefense the sake of the most tdfling, but for permanent, positionaladvantage.He wasthe personification the of short term evil versus long tenn good. Steinitzstrovervith might the and main to imposeorder on the Irlational to which the Romantics wholeheartedly surrendered.He made the closedgamehis special flux, the domain because, unlike the opengame,rvhichis in constant closedposition is characterized barricaded bv Pawn structures and is thus more amenable systemaiic to approach. o

15.. P_KB4? A very instructiveerror. This move opens(l) the K-flIe, (2) the QR2-KN8 diagonal,(3) the QR1-KR8 diagonal-which Morphy proceeds seize to with his next four moves I 16 P-B,l N-83 17 B-B,{ch K_R1 18 B-N2 Q_K2 19 QR-K1 R,B3

Steinitz was the first to realize the necessitvof evaluatins a po5irion-thenqctingon rhat e\aluation.This 6bjectivity forbide irim from enteringa speculative combination,and then trusting to luck. It occurredto him that the mastershould not seekwinning combinations unlesshe can first prove to himself that he holds an advantage. Thus, whenhis opponent went contraryto the objective demands the position,Steinitzfelt morallyimpelledto punishthe of crime. Steinitzhimselfmadeno attemptto win in the earlystages of the game,as Morphy had done,because wasconvinced he that this was possibleonly after his opponenthad made an error and not before. So he soughtout of the openings minute advantages which graduallyaddedup to onebig winningcombination.In an agewhere playingro win from the very stafl wasconsidered only honorable the course,such a doctrine was assured a scornful reception. Not of surprisingly. his victories all werein fact begrudged. In 1866 Steinitz wrestedthe world title from Anderssen,who promptly concededthat Steinitz was eyen better than Morphy. Yet so bitter wasthe enmityagainstSteinitz's styleof play that even after be had held the world championship twenty years,a selffor appoirted committee of three amateursclaimed that "Morphy could havegivenSteinitzPawnand move." And a notedcritic once wrote that Steinitz's two match victolies over Zukertort were attributableto the fact that "Zukertort was not yet Zukertort in 1872" (the date of their first championship match), "and was no longerZukertort in 1886"(the date of their second match). Steinitz held the world title from 1866until 1894. Durins this periodhewassoanxious vanquish who scorned "syitem" to rhose his that his style became provocative. Steinitzoften invited premature attacks. He madethe most unusualmovesin order to provokehis adversaries playingfor a win and thuso!erreaching inro rhemselves when the position did not really justify such an attempt. Quite characteristically, Steinitzonce wrote, "l vin by an unsound combinalion,howercrshowy, flls me )ith artistic horror." A winning combination,he was the first to perceive, possibleonly after one is side has erred. Make no errors, therefore,and one should never lose!

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Diagrum 6

White moves. White is (t Pav,nahead, not man! plq)ers todal but woulcl core to defend his position. White's Kitlg is exposedin the center has and forfeited theright to castle. (Steinitzt'as sofamous for cameto be known that lhe maneuuer moting his King in the opening as the "SteinitzianKing.") In fact, if it wereBlack's moue,1 . . . KR-KI would regain the Pavn vith a v:inningattack. Moreouer, Whiteisfar behindin deoelopment. I N-Kl ! to This curiousmove,which seems take a vital pieceout of play, is 2 in reality the only defense.It prepares P-Q3, bolsteringthe KP and releasing Q-Bishop. Also, the Knight can later return into the play with N-83, gaininga tempoby the attack on the Queen. 1... N-QN5 of The idea is to prevent2 P-Q3 because NxBP! 3 NxN, QxPch, etc. However,this is no more than a trap, and Black would have beenbetter advised reconcilehimselfto the loss of the Pawn by to 1 c o n t i n u i nw i t h t h ep o s i t i o n a l . . . K R - K I . g KR-KI 2 P-QR3 The point of Black'slittle combination. The retreatof the Knight to 83 would be pointless. NxP 3 PxN 4 Q-B5ch! This is the refutation. Of coursenot 4 NxN?, RxNch winning the Queen. 4 . . . K-NI RxNch 5 NxN 6 K-Ql he White was able to withstandthe ensuingattack, and eventually reached endgame proveddecisive. the wherehis materialadvantage l1

l0

The real questionis, why shoulda posilion which looks so hopelessat first glancecontain so many hidden resources?The main reasonis that White's Pawn Structurehas no organicweaknesses. r B h c k h r s a t r a n s i t o ra d \ a n t a g ie T i m e ( s u p e r i od e \ e l o p m e n t ) . y n but this requires utmostirgenuity to sustain. Meanwhile,White the could not be preventedfrom consolidatingin one move with I N Kl! Thus Steinitz'stheoriesapproached Philidor's in that he recognized the elementsof Pawn Structure and Force those in advantages whichendure theend. Steinitz's principalcontribution to to technique in his abilityto convenTime and Space lay inro rhese more durableelements. Steinitz's theories bore upon something much biggerthan chessnamely,life itself, struggle,reason-mirrored in sirty-four squares. His theoriescould be further elaborated two directions: ohiloin sophicallyor practically. EmanuelLasker followed the firsi lead ("1 who vanquished Steinitz must see it that his greatachievement, to his theories,shouldfind justice, and I must avenge wrongshe the suffered"). Siegbert Tarraschtook the second lead. The mantleofclassicism thusfell upon Dr. Siegbert Tarrasch, who both enriched impoverished and Steinitz's teachings selecting by only the portion which appealed his own temperament.(For example, to Tarrasch preferred mobility plus a weakness consticted positions to nithout ueaknesses.) Todaythese teachings the slockin trade are of every player from Grandmasterto Grandpatzer: occupy the center,fortify it, seekmobility and minute advantages, play with a plan. Tarraschelaborated this with a clarity and simplicitythat al1 remain masterlyto this day. Even today, in the pictures which have beenpassed down to us, one can sense arrogance this the of stifiy posedCermandocror. That his dogmalism shouldirk rhe youngergeneration not surpdsing. is And that thereshouldbe a leactionaeainst starchv this oedanticism wasinevitable.It remained only for the-younger masteis express io it openlvafter World War I.

Control, countercd the hypermoderns,was the real necessity. Accordingly,they soughtopenings which allowedtheir opponents a free hand in the center,only to cripple it later with deft blows from the flanks. Their insouciance was remarkable.Brever once began annolating gameby givingI P-K4 a question a mari<. accompan-ied by the commentthat "White's gameis in irs last throes!" Why? Well, he argued,I P-K4 doesnot actuallydevelopa piece(it merely prepares development openinglines); furthermore,White has by committed himself irretrievablyin the centerby creatinga target. There must be a way to attack this target, evenlo prouokeWbrte into advancingand providing more targets. Alekhine's Defense fitted this prescription: 1P-K4, N-KB3; 2 P-K5, N-Q4; 3 P-QB4, N-N3; 4 P-Q4, Black'sKnight hasbeendrivenfrom pillar to post, but White has madeno developing movesin tbe meantime-on the contrary,he hasoccupied centerto his own detriment. White has the been transformedinto a flat-footedopponentsquaringaway with his leet plantedfirmly in the centerof the ring, while Blackbobsand weavesand jabs from all directions to his heart's content. At present,White is thought to maintain a slight advantage Space in and Time which offsets weakness Pawn Structure. The Black his in Knight on QN3 is misplaced, and servesno function other than provokingWhite'scentralflurry.

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Diagrum 7

Rbti and the Hypermoderns: Flank Game

The hypermoderns were thoroughgoingiconoclasts, and today it seems accidentthat they rose to prominence no after a World War whichravaged established all values andconventions.They attacked their classical heritageon the groundsthat no two chess positions are ever quite identical, that the so-called"rules" and "general principles" rcsult "aulomaticchess"henapplied in w indiscrimioately. The two schoolsimmediatelycame into conflict on a crucial matter: thecnter.Occupation, argued classicists, imperative. the was 12

Is White's center stroflg or weah? This "chasevariation', puts the soundness the defense irs mostsevere of to test: 4 . . . P-Q3; 5 P-84 (the "Four PawnsAttack"), PxP ; 6 BPXP,N-83 ; 7 B-K3 (timing is important. Not 7 N-B3, B-N5 with severe pressure on the center),B-B4; 8 N-QB3, P-K3; 9 N-B3, Q-Q2; 10 B-K2, O-O-O; 1t O-O and White's center is still intact, serving its originalfunctionby crampingBlack'sgame. StiJl.many maiters drstrus[ this adranced ccnter. and the moderntendency to omit is P-Q84 anddevelop piece a in'reld: viz..I P-K4, N-K83; 2 P-Ks, N-QI; S P-QA, P_Q3; 4 N_K83, B-N5; 5 B_K2. 13

Sincethe openingis a strugglefor domination of the center,the on hypermoderns soughta systemwhich put directpressure it from the flank without flxins the central Pawnstoo soon. The natural openingmove in suchi systemis I N-KB3 which, moreover,does not commit the first player. The movesof the hypermoderns werenot alwaysnew,though the principles behind them were. "The Opening of the future," as Taftakowerdubbedthe Rdti-Zukertortopeningin 1924,had been playedas far back as 1804by NapoleonBonaparte! The principles of the "chess cubists" were put to their most grueling test at the N.Y. International Tournament in 1924. The is following,from the gameR6ti-Yates, a quite typical hypermodern position.

heritage. There was, of course,an historical worst of the classical reason for tbeir sweepingexaggeration.Classicaltheory was so by entrenched the time they appeared the scenethat the hyperon their casein order to be heard, modernswere forced to overstate By bending the stick to one side, they helped to place it in the message to keep our eyesopen, to is middle. Their imperishable avoid routine,and to approacheachpositionwith an openmind.

The TechniciansNeo-Classical : School

The technicians what the word implies: they "play like a book are in the opening, like a magicianin the mid-game, and like a machine in the ending." Like Steinitz, they rarelytry to forcethe gameor go contrary to the objectivedemandsof the position. As a general games, rule,in closed Space moreimportantthan Time. This lends is maneuvering the are itself to positionswherepatienceand endless order of the day. Ir is really remarkable what the good technician can do once he is given the most minute advantage. Exploiting weak squares and accumflatinginvisibleadvantages mattersof are nature. They have absorbed the knowledge the past, all of second and apply to it unparalleled technique. Their emphasis on how is to win a won gamerather than on how to get one. Becaqse for of ofthe slowjockeying positionsocharacteristic their games,the technicians continually reproached are with being dull playeris not equipped and colorless.The average with the patience in or the ability to appreciate subtlebrand of chess which all the this actionseems take placebeneath surface.Nothing "happens," to the no slam-bang attacks,no flim-flam-yet somehowthe technicians emerge triumphant. At Carlsbad,1929,Rubinsteinextracted win a from sucha "hopelessly drawn" Rook and Pawn ending that the editorsof the tournamentbook united in the assertion that had this happenedthree hundred years ago Rubinsteinwould have been burnedat the stakefor beingin league with evil spirits! The greattechnicians-pastand present-include suchillustrious namesas Rubinstein, Smyslov, Capablanca, Reshevsky, and Flohr. They make few errors and lose few games. When they are beaten, it is usuallyin a mannerwhich reflects credit on their opponents.It goeswithout sayingthat they are hard to beat. The way to pick out the technicians scanning cross-table tournament to look is in the ofa for thoseplayerswith the-greatest numberofdraws. The technician is generallycontent to draw with players of his own class,while beatingthe weakerplayers regularity. Oneseldom with monotonous hearsof an "upset." At the Kemeri Tournamentin 1937Flohr tied for first placewith a scoreof 12-5 which comprised wins and 10 7 15

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A ,HII:?I
Diagftn I a-;(-$.?A

Black mores. Black's Pauns occvpy the center. Meanwhile, lVhite exerts pressure on them by hauing placed his Queen on d mosl bizafte square, The game continued:
1

N(1)-Q2

KP. To protectthe threatened P_KR3 2 KR_BI It soon becomesobvious that White has to regroup his pieces because, having reached maximum,he has nowhereelseto go. his Black alreadyhas too much momentumin the center; White must guard againstP-K5. constantly Eventually it becameobvious that the hypermodernsallowed their opponents too much leewayin the center. The great contribution of the hypermodern schoolis in pointing out that on many is occasions advantage Space incompatible in with an advantage an in Pawn Structure. The schoolfell into disreDute it because failed to discriminate it destroyed. negated bestalongwith the It th; as 14

thesedraws were against draws-all the more remarkablebecause the very next ten playersin the standing! Asked whetherhe expected win the U.S. WesternTournament to Reshevsky in 1933, replied,"Who is thereto beatme?" Nobody did beathim-but he didn't win the tournament. Too many draws. In often wins with Black; Meet lhe Maslers,Euwewrites: "Reshevsky counts thereariselively positionsin which his tacticalpreparedness prefercounterfor a lot." This is an apt observation.Technicians attack to attack, baring their claws only when provoked. They prefertheir opponents take the initiative. The reasonthey draw to with each other so frequently is that neither side is willing to because take risks. Perhapsthis style is not held in high esteem public senses basiclack of courage. the general a

Economy
"No second chance!" is the battle-crvofthe technicians.Economv -the execution a givenend jn a hinimum numberof moves* of of the is their trademark. They aremasters thefinesse, interpolation. Nothing escapes them*not the slightest transposition.
KRAMER-BISCUIER. ROSEN\VALDTOURNEY. NIW YONT. 1955_56

than 3 . . . QxQ; 4 BxQ, B-B4ch; 5 B-K3. Again more accurate The point is 4 B-K3 now losesto QxQ. 4 K_N2 QxQ 5 BxQ P_84 6 B-B6ch K_K2 7 R-Ql P-K4 8 B-Q2 K_Q3 9 B-R4 B-85 t0 B-N3 Or if l0 P-N3, B-R3 and White'sK-Bishop is lockedout of play. 1 0 . . . BxB 11 PxB K_Q4 12 B-Kl P_K5 13 B-B2 BxB 14 KxB K_Q5

%r.% % '"m ury."Nt% % ' % % %

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Diasrum 9

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Diagram 10

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Position aJter 14 . . . K-Q' IVhite rcsigns, He is defenseless against . . P-K6ch. (Finally Black has won the Ditql K6 square.) The trro passed Pawns ere enough make Columbus to soty he discouered America.

Blacb mores. Black mustforce llhite to relinquish blockafuon the K3. and the slightest of can transposition moues losehim theprecious initisti)e. Thetr(usition is from this to thenext diagram accomplished by Bisguierwithoutthe battingof an eyelash! 1... R-B7ch ! Accurate! Not I . . .QxQ; 2 BxQ, R-B7ch; 3 R-Q2, RxRch (or . . . B-B4ch; 4 K-Kl!); 4 BxR, B-B4ch; 5 B-K3-and White maintainsthe blockade. 2 R-Q2 RxRch 3 BxR B-B4ch l6

The Eclectics
The eclectics have inherited the Romantic tradition, derived from Morphy, and they havefortited it with a centuryofchesstechnique. They are primarily tacticians-alert to everypossibility, courageous, original, sharp. While the techniciansteers positionswhich are for nearlyalwaysunderhis control(preferably wherehe can keepthe draw in haid;. tbe raclician surienders himsef ro complicaiions. 17

the strivesfor closedpositions, tacticianstrives While the technician for open gameswhereeverythinghangsby a hair. The technician (because preferspositionswhich respond he aims for the endgame to technique ratherthan to imagination). The tacticianconcentrates new ways to introducea sharp on openingtheory, alwaysseeking is and early battle. The difference primarily one of temperament. In 1951,after drawinga world title match with Botvinnik, Bronstein admitted that he threw away severalvery critical endgames. "dull" positions! with theserelatively It seems lost patience he presentrenaissance Soviet of the If one word could summarize to chess, uould be "dynamism."(Onewonders what extentthe it in valuesof a cultureare reflected its chess.)The leadingexponents of the eclecticschoolhave derived mainly from that geographical region: Alekhine, Bronstein, Keres, Geller, and to some extent, EmanuelLasker's. It goeswithout B6tvinnik,whosesryleresembles and eclecticschools the sayingthat the distinctionbetween classical inasmuchas a tactician may often find is not alwaysself-evident, himself playing positional chess,and vice versa. Keres' style, for a instance, undergone markeddrift toward neo-classicism. has positions because their drawing of dislikesymmetrical The eclectics moveswhich introThey seekat all timesdouble-edged tendencies. on therebystampinga definitecharacter the game. duceimbalance, The following illustration is quite typical.
BISGIJIER-EVANS, ROSEN'WALD TOURNAMENT, NEW YORK, 1955_56

2 on the Q+ifu, and it is always easier to force a possed Pawn in the endgame with 3 against 2 than vith 5 against 4.) The consequent struggle will be ouer llhite's attempt to force P*K4 v,hile Blacli tries to restrain this (the rcason for 2 . . . R-Kl) and mobilize his ovn o-side mojority in the meantime. Black's chancesqre better because White's pieces are nlomentaril! entangled. The ganre, howeuer, was euentually drawn.

Sharpness
"Sharpness"is a combination of alertnessand precision. It is by characterized the relenrless searchlor hiddeniesources and a disdainfor the "obvious" move. Evenif thereare a thousandgood for reasons rejecring givenmove, tacrician alwaysready a the is to it, consider andhe oftengainsan advantage this totally unexpected in way. The_position.that follows is incrediblycomplicated, everything is suspended mid-air, Black's Rook is en prise, yet the masterin magician,Alekhine, pulls all the strings. One slip by Black and White will havetime to consolidate.Alekhinefinds onestrokeafter another, each morp powerful than the last, so that his harassed opponentis givenno breathingspace.
RETr-ALEKHTNE, BADEN-BADEN. 1925

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Diagrum 12 Black motes.
Diagrcm lI

Blacle mores. Black's QBP is attacked. The insipid 1 . . . PxP this threat,but after 2 PxP llhite will haue meets freed his Q-Bishop and the game will assunte e drawish character because of the balqnced Pawn Structure. Blqck must seek a ttay to mqintain the This he can do with tension he wsntsto producewinningchances. if 1 . . . P-85; 2 B-82, R-Kl. Now Black has ueated a Q+ide majority; the Pawn Structure is imbalanced. (Black has 3 Pawns to l8

1... N-B6! Black counterattacks-ignoring attackedRook. his ? QxP Forced. 2 Q-B4 is met by P-QN4 and the Queenmust relinquish Its guard of the KP. ., QxQ 3 NxQ NxPch 4 K-R2
10

4 K-B1, NxPch; 5 PxN, BxN leavesBlack a Parvnaheadwith a winning position. Now White seemssafe, for if 4 . . . NxR; 5 PxR holdseverything. How can Black sustainhis initiative?

RossoLrMo-EvANs. HAsrINcs. 1948-49

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Diastam 13

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A :J' Diagrun 14

Position olter 4 K-R2 4 . . . N-Ks ! | A marvellous stroke-and the only move to maintain the initiative. Evenwithout Queens the board the battle ragesfiercely. on 5 R_84 Rdti findsthe very bestdefense.Not 5 PxR, NxR (7) and if 6 NxN, NxR winning the exchange. 5., . NxBP! And not 5. . . NxR; 6 NxN, or 5. . . BxN; 6 RrN (4)! The Drosaictext seems end all the fireworks. The win of a Pawn is to not in itself sufficient win, but Black still hasa winningmid-game to attack. N-N5ch; The remainingmoveswere: 6 B-N2, B-K3; 7 R(Bzl)-B2, 8 K-R3 (not 8 K-Rl, R-R8ch), N-K4 dis. ch; 9 K-R2, RxN; l0 RxN, N-Nsch; 11 K-R3, N-K6 dis.ct; 12 K-R2, I\xR; 13 BxR, N-Q5! I/ftite nesigns. For if norv 14 R-K3. NxBch; 15 RxN, B-Q4 wins a piece.

White ,rtorcs, He has a sh{rrp intelpolation. An unimaginati,e player, intent on repairi g Force, might play I QxP, which giaes Black timefor P-Q3, assuringhim offree and easydeuelopment.IJ' White is to sustainhis initiatiue,he mustfrst seeto it that Black doesnot get hispiecesout. Hencethe interpolationI ,P-K5!! A sharpmove which virtually wins by force. Black's gameis now extremely difficult. If 1 . . .P-Q3; 2 P-QN4 (to divert the Bishop frqm a defensive diagonal: QR.6-KB1),B N3; 3 B-KN5 leadsto a strong attack. Still, this is Black's best practical chance. The il defense chosen the gameleadsto a massacre, P-KR3 1... Black losesmore Time, in order to preventB-KN5. Now Wlrite's diagonal. Of course Q-Bishopheadsfor an evenmore devastatiag n o t 1 . . N x P ; 2 N x N ,Q x N ; 3 R - K l . B_N3 2 P-QN4 P_QR4 3 P-QR4 4 B_R3 Already Black is without an adequatedefbnse. If 4. . .PxP; 5 PxP, NxNP; 6 Q-N3, B-B4; 7 N-B3 and it is impossiblefor Black to get his piecesout. The threat is BxN follorvedby N-Q5. If7...P-QB3; 8N-K4 wins aterial. m

20

2l

BREYER-NYHOL]\1, BADE\.BADEN. 1914

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Diasru 115

7t ,'t ",& 7t ttz 27t7t 7t pt 7t''//z %% A

White sins, He has {tn outside possedPawn.

CHAPTER Pawn Structuro tWo:

In some primers, with good reason,endgames taught firstare though the novice rarely is made to comprehendwhy. "Pawn endingsare to chesswhat putting is to golf," observedPurdy. More than this-Pawn Structureis to chess what cell structureis to life. After a handful of movesthe chessmaster alreadyis evaluating h i s p o s i t i o nn l e r m so f h i r e n d g a mp r o s p e c r s . h o i l dh e p l a y r 6 i e S simplifyand exchange pieces?Shouldhe play for an attackinstead? Let's digress bit-it's really germane-to seehow this rvorks. a

The Outside Passed Pawn

Considerthe basic principle of many King and Pawn endgames"when thereare no outsidepassed Pawns, everyeffort must be made to createone." If the Pawn Structureis balanced, course, of this is quite impossible. That is why, for cxample,if each side has slr generaliy makesomeattemptin the very opening Pawns, masters will to force 3 against2 on the Q's side (see"Q's SideMajority"), and 3 against4 on the K-side-rather than a straight3 against3 on each wing. The reasonis that it is technically easier createan outside to passed Parvnwith 3 against2 than with 4 againsr3.

Here the forcesare so reducedand the material so eventhat one is the temptedperfunctorilyto dismiss positionasa draw. If anything, of to Black seems havethe more activeKing. However,the presence factor. Pawn is the decisive tiny QBP-the outsidepassed White's in The principleinvolvedis that Black must rush his King headlong path, whereupon, front of White'sQBPin orderto block its queening this at the propermoment,White will pitch or sacrifice Pawnand (in BlackPawnson the K's process) marchhis King to the remaining the wing and removethem all. Black to move, the game proceeded: 1 . . . P-R4; 2 F-R4' P - K 4 ; 3 P - B 3 c h , K - K 5 ( 3 . . . K 8 5 ; 4 K - B 2 ,K - Q 4 ; 5 K Q 3 eventuallyforcesBlack to give ground); 4 K-K2, P N3; 5 K-Q2 (note how White marks time while Black exhausts remaining his Pawn moves,rvhereupon King rvill have to gire rvay), K 85 his (Black is trying despcrately dissolle l:,is K-side Pawns before to returningrvith his King to the Q's rviru, so thtt whenWhite marches his King to the K-side thelc will be no Patvnsfor him to gobble. This defense fails due to lack of Time); 6 K Q3, F-N4; 7 PxP' KxP; 8 K-K4, K-B3; 9 K Qsl (not the hasty 9 P-B4?, K-K3; 10 P-B5, P-R5; 11 P-B6, K-Q3; 12 P-B7-the pitch-KxP; 13 KxP, K-Q2; 14 K 85, P-R6!; 15 PxP, K-K2-drar'-the RP cannot win when the opposingI(ng gets in front of it), K 84; 10 P-B4, and norv if P-K5; 11 K-Q41, K-85; 12 P-85, P-K6; 13 K-Q3, K-K4; 14 KxP, K-Q,l; 15 K-8.1, KxP; 16 K-N5, K-Q4; 17 KxP-White uins.

13

P a u- Structure D etermines Strat egy n

Armed with this previous examplc,we are now in a position to consider the exchangevariation of ths Ruy Lopez after seven standard noves: 1 P-K4, P-K4; 2 N-KB3, N-QB3; 3 B-N5, P-QR3; 4 BxN, QPxB; 5 P-Qzl,PxP; 6 QxP, QxQ; 7 NxQ.

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Diagtutn 16

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Diagmn l7

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White wins by creating a passed Paen on the K-Side. There is no point in outlining the solutiotl here- It nny require 20perhaps -winning30 noues but th.tt is a problent ol endgone technique, The process consirts of crcati g q possetl Patn on the K-slle. Note only that if the Blqck P.oNn vtere on Q3, instead of QB3, the game woukl be q theoretical draw.

White has a winning Parun structure but-. This position conlqins nqn.v busicprinciplcs and many exceptions. For tie noncc le_t_.us content ourselDes with theJbllowing obseruations: (a) in efea Ilhite is a Patrn ahead on the K-side (Black's .loubled OBp'i'sre uorrhless:his 4 Q-sirie Partns arc h,lJ in check by tlhids J. To sarisfy 16uv5!:lf remorc all rhc pieces fron the biard ond rry ro create a Queen with one of the Black patvns); (b) as a result of his superior Paun Srructurc White har a 1orrr4 \'in in rhe endgane; therefore, (c) each exchangebrings him closer to aictory. This, then, is White's strategy-to swap pieces at each and every oppodumty. The fly ir the ointment is that chess is a game of c o o 0 i c t - d y n a m i c . n o r s t a i i c . B l a c k h a s c o m p e n s a t i o nn o r h e r . i elements_(the Bishops). "Before the ending the gods have placed 2 the middle game,"' said Tarrasch, to explairjust Juch positions as these, rvhere one side has a winning advantage in the ending ie f can.et)e.r get /o tt. zught now the important thing to note is the similarity. irtprin:iple. of this dirgr.am ro rhe previous onc. To clo t h i s . . m e n t a l l y w e e p l l r h c p i e c e io f l t h e b o a r d e r c e p rr b e K i n g s . s a rr wlll tooti hkc thls-

PawnMobility
'?Pawn mobility" refersto the Pawn'srelativepowerto advance.In our discussion the outsidepassedParvn we saw that its great of porver lay in its ability to advance, unimpededby enemyPawns. We are thus in a position to draw our first tentativeconclusion: Pawnsthat arc free to adt:ance healthierthan Pah)fisthat arc cre unableto do so. The point vrhereevery Pawn has equal mobility existsin the original structure.

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Diagrun 18

The idesl Pa )n structure

This is ideal becauscneither side has any weakness, and all the Pawns are ready to oiler fraternal support to each other. The Hypermoderns wcre the first to understard the real value of this original Pawn Structure, but the)/ went to extrenes in trying to keep it intact. Certain Pawns the central ooes oreferablv-must be a d r r n c e d .c o u r a r e o u s l y n o r d e r ( o r c l t l r cf i c c , . qo u t a n d e s r a b l i s l t i. beachheads. The remaining Parvns should stand duty as reserves. But renf;mber-reserves can bc called upon only once in every game. So use them splrinely, and not at all if possible. Every time a Pawn is advanced it loses some of its mobility. It crosses that metaphysical boundary which divides essence ttom being. The original Parvn Structure is healthy becauseit possesses absolutemobility, absolutefle:.ibility,absolutepotential.

Pawnsarc ffec 1.oadvance, but only relatively: as Semi-mobile they losetheir mobility. Tltus if P-K5, P-Q4 soonasthey advance, locksthe lbrmation. And if I P-Q5, P-K4. While after I P-Q5, any further. PxP; 2 PxP, neitherParvnis free to advance

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21 Diasrum

Immobile Psens A Pawn is itxtttobile when it is physically unable to advance. For practical purposes Parvns may also be considered immobile rvhere they are free to advance, but where to do so would cause their loss without any corresponding compensation. A backward Parvn on an open lile is a good example.

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Diogtont 19

Mobile Pawns Mobile Pawnsare the most desirable formation. White's center Parvns free to advance are without beinghinderedby enemyPawns on the samefile. They can be stoppedonly by a blockadewith pleces. enemy

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Diasrun20 Semi-mobile Pdwns

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26

27

Try to mobilizecenterPawns
EVANS-KASHDAN, u.s. opEN cr+.lrproNssrp, 195I

Play for the "steamrollert t

EvANs-r-ARsEN,u.s. oPEN cnAMPIoNsHP, 1949

7t
Diasru

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22

White mortes. Despite h!?ermodern dognn, occupation of the center more often than not also mealnscony)hen the center trol-especially Pautts qre mobile. IYhite must play to force P,K4 euen though this vould venken his QP. It is the only t'ay to open lines for his Q-Bishop and to free his gqme. Note the elqborete measure each side has taken for and against P-K4. Ca White plq! it !"et?

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Diagtum23

Black moves. The "steamroller" consists of ttto or more connected Pawns in tlle center which qre so highly mobile that one or the orher is constantly threataning !o oduance. like molten laua. The best defenseis to try and prouoke one or the other Pawn to adoance,so that a line of defense (or a blockade) can be established.

1P-K4 2 PxP 3 Q-Q3 4 P-R31 s QxQ 6 PxB 7 P_N5

PxP B_KN5 N.K3 QxPch! NxQ N_87 B-B4ch

1 . . .

8 K_81 9 N-Q3 IO B-84 tl K-K2 12 K-Q2 13 K-K2 Draw

N.KN5 B_N3 QR_Q1 N-Qsch' N-N6ch N-Q5ch

2 B_N5 3 P-Qs 4 BxN 5'R-K3 6 R-N3ch

N*K41 N_83 Q_K4 PxB N_K2 K_R1

7 Q-B3 8 Q-Rs: 9 R,R3 10 R-82 11 Q-R6!'

P_84 R.KNl Q_N2 P_B5

I Saferis 4 B K3. reinforcing cenrer the anclrhrearening P-R3. 2 I I . . . Nr,QR: 12 RrN- lavors Whire-lwo pieces- nearlv are "Force"). Thereis uay always betrer thana Rook(see no for Whiri to avert the perpetual check\\ithout materialloss. If, for instance, 14K-Bl, N-B7; 15 QR-QI, N(5)-K6ch; 16 K,K2, NxB winsfor Black. On 14 K-Ql, N-N6 White wili be in trouble if he plavs an;thingbut K- 82: therefore. acceprs draw afrer N-Qsch. he lhe

1 In order to reach83 and thus force the Pawn to advance to Q5. The alternative,P-KR3, would prevent White's next move, but createa weakness.Black tries to force White to play P-Q5 so that he can set up a blockade on the dark squales (K4 and Q3). White's steamroller, reinforcedby the two Bishops,is alreadytoo formidable,however. 2 Leadingto a won endgame because Black'sindefensible of KBP. This is a verv instructiveexamDle Pawn Structure of converted into attack, then re-converted tire proper moment back into Pawn at Structure.Black losesrhis endgamidue ro bis hopeless Pawn Structure, T h e r e m a i n i om o v e s e r e : I I . . . B - B l ; 1 2 Q r Q c h .R r Q l 1 3 g w . Q R - 8 3 . N - N 3 : 1 4 R - Q 2 . P - B l i 1 5 R 1 J ) - 8 2B - Q 2 : l 6 N - K 2 . !-BO; tz RxP,N-R5; 18 R-KB2, QR-KNI; 19N-N3, P-KR4; 20 RxP, R-N4; 21 P-K5, RxP; 22 R-R6ch, K-N2; 23 R-R7ch, Z+ RxB, R-K8ch; 25 K-82, RrB; 26 R-QB7, R-N5; !-Bt; 27 P-Q6, R-B5ch; 28 K-K3, N-N3 ; 29 P-Q7, R-N6ch; 30 K-K2, Black Resisns.

28

29

Majorities must be mobilized

EvANS-RossoLrNro, HoLLywooD opDN, 1954
EVANS-SANDRIN,

centerParvns Semi-mobile
19'+8 u,s. CHAMPToNSHIP, llhite rtotes. White's KP seeilts to be inmobile because its aduance aplarcntll loses a Pabn without anl canlPensaUon. The real blockader i.g Blaclc's Pabn on Q3. In ordu to wobilize. White must demolish this blockade. This he cqn Jo ohi g Io q lqctical possibility. How ?

t&7t %"e. '/z',Ea7t

A
Diagran 21

NA t% 7'.,,,&

'tt"*

Black moues. White threatens P-QN3, settitlg up a blockade on QB4. If Black pernits this, his Q-side majorit)l ttill be stopped cold. Somelrcw, Black tnust actiuate his seemingll,inunobile QBP. Note Black's Q-side majority (3 to 2), v,hereas White is uirtually a Paun dovn becouse of his doabled King Pawns.

t"'Zfr,,.2 A ,2 7ZtgAA'.2 ,t:<

,ra,&
Diastam 25

vf, "
It

61H
JI 'w

AA,

BLACK

1 . .

P-85!

2 QxQr

NxQ'

1P-K5!l

PxPr

2 B R7!:

1 No better is 2 RxP?, QxQ; 3 PxQ, RxR. Black's timing is i m p o r t a n t .H e c o u l d n o t f i r s t p l a y I . . . Q x Q : 2 P r , Q .P - - 8 5 because 3 RxRP. of 'White is lost. His doubledK-Parvns worthless, are and Black has a bind. It is only a questionof time beforehe invades the Q-fiIe. on White's QR is tied to the defense the QRP; his other piecesare of fatalJy ensnared. Perhaps White's hopelessness be mole fully appreciated we can if follow the game for awhile: 3 K-Bl, P R4; ,1 P-K4, R-Q5; 5 K K2, P-N3; 6 B-Q2, B-B4; 7 B-K3, R,Q2; 8 BxB, RrB; 9 P-KN3, R-Bl; l0 R-Ql, QR-QI; 11 P-R3, RxR; 12 NxR, R-Q6; t3 N K3, R-Q5; 14 N-82, R-Q6; 15 N,K3, R-N6; 16 R-R2, K-Bl; 17 P-N4, P-R5; 18 P 85, P-N4; 19 K-Qz. K-Kl; 20 K-K2, K-Q2; 21 R-Rl (or White can rvait for strangu, I a t i o n )R \ P c h .u i t h r n e a s y i n f o r B l a c k . . u

1 Thereis nothing better. Ifinstead I . . . NrKP; 2 B-N6 wins the good moves,of which Queen! Or if I . . . NxQP White has several probably2 P-K6 is the best. Finally, if I . . . N-Kl; 2 P-K6 rvins as material. Wllen Pawnsare semi-mobile, in this case,one must be alert to the tacticalimplications. 2 White wins the exchange, owing to the doublethreat of P-Q6 and BxR. An altemativeto the text is 2 P-Q6, QxP; 3 BxP. It is extraordinary horvquickly Blackfalls apartonceit is possible for White to rnobilize his KP. This often happensto cramPed positions soonasthe linesare opened. as

30

3t

Passed Pawns

Pawnsmust be pushed! Passed

EVANS-R, BYRNE, WERTIIIIM MEMORIAL, NEW YORK, 1951

: '/t 7i., '% //i 7' 7/.,2 '/t /l)ft% 7t v,/.:: //t 7t llz 7t 7/t 7t 7/t
Dktgram:6

White has a psssed QP. I passed Pawn has no enem! Pqv)ns either directly in front, or adjqcent to it. It may be either a source of srrength or a soutce of weakncss. depending upon its mobility. In the endgame it acquires pover because its queening path must be blocked by the opposing King, Ieauing its own King free for other d ty vork (.a.9 diagrant 15). in
Diagrcm 29

'ffi, % ft'w % % % %rffi

White mores. The passedPawn can be a mighty veapon euenin the middle game if it is not blockaded and if it is backed up by major ?ieces. In short, a passed Pawn which is also mobile constitutes d tangible aduantage because when it is pushed far enough, the enemy will haue to sauifce a piece in otder to preuent it from queening. (See also diagram 32.)

urKot
7t%
Diasrum 27

% "',%ftVlzr,

%72

White has q protected passed QP. The protected passed Pawn ls always a strongformation. It has all the desirable qttributes of the passed Pawn, and is, in addition, selfsufrcient. The only way to attqck it is to undermine its base (in this case, the Pav:n on K4).

l QxQ 2 P-Q6!r

RxQ R_K1

3 P-Q7 4 R-87

R-Ql Blacle Resignsz

t With the powerful threat of P-Q7. Nimzovitch indulged in a "pathetic fallacy" rvhenhe attributedthe onward movement Quaint Pawn to its "lust to expand." of a passed 2 Black must lose at leasta Bishop,with more to follow. If 4 . . . B-K5; 5 R-B8 forces nervQueen.And, ofcourse,4. . . R-Nl a is met by 5 RxB, IL\R; 6 P-Q8:Qch.

t t
I

% "ffifrTlz,
Diagrun 28

White has s potential psssed QP. A Pavn rr potentially passed vhen the enem!Pawn on an qdjacent fle can be clearedawav by a sinple exchange.In this case llhite coultl haue an actual passed QP by the simpleprocess oJ playing 1 P-Q5, PxP;2PxP.

Clear the path for passed Pawns.Demolish blockades.

EVANS-BISCUILRJ U,S. OPEN

Pawns Createprotectedpassed
HOWARD-EVANSj MARSHALL CHESS CLUB CHAMPIOT''SHIP' I9iI9-50

Diagrun30

cHAMProNsHrP, 1950 Black mopes. l|/e haue alreacly dete ifle(l that the strcngth o.[ s passedPav'n depends upon its mobiliq'. Ilere Blqck's QBP apparentll is inntobile betause of Ilhite's stounch blockale ou Q Bl. Lxchanqing Knights vill do no good because Blqck hqs no other piece which can exert pressure on that square, lfhite threqtens 7 NxN, BxNch; 2 K-Q2! So it is obuious that Blqck must use his precious moue to soluetheproblem by combinatiuemeqns.

% % % E % % " t h "&, ',&'i"'/t% % %%%'ffi%^"ng%

D i a g r u n t3 l BLACK

f t T , T f t%

Bloch mottes, Thi.s position represe ts o theorctical balance: White's Bishop and Knight tall! 70 units ugainstRook afid tv'o Pqvns-.rlso7O. (See "Toble of Relatiue Yalues".) Black's Patin Structure is bad. His QP's are doubled and his RP is attqcked. He tnust Jind some wa)) to unparall:zehis Pqtxs.

1 . . . 2 RxRl

3 K_K3' 4 B_R3

R-QRI! NxNch N-Q6!3 P_N5

5 6 7 8

B-N21 K-Q2 RR4 R-R15

NxB N_Q8 N_86 K_R3

1 2 3 4

. . . PxPe K-Q2 B_N6

P Q6ch!1

5 K-82

P_N6 K-N5 P-N7

6 N_Kz 7 KxQ 8 N_83

K_R6 P-N8(Q)ch! R_QN2 RxBchs

White rcsigns. He is in " Zugzwang."* I Wrat else The Rook cannotremain on the rank. ? 2 Forced. Not 2 K-Q2?, NxPch and the Pawn queens next. 33 N x P : 4 B - R 3 .P N 5 : 5 B - N 2 .P B 8 1 Q 1 c h : B x Q ,N ; r B ; 6 7 R-QN8, N-Q6; A P-84 givesWhite drawingchances. a K-Q2 is refutedby N-B4!!-a beautifulfinal point. 5 Or if8 RxP,P-B8(Q)ch;9 KxQ, N-R7ch winningthe Rook.

l Black cannot stop to defend. This is the only rvay to sustainthe initiative.IfinsteadI . . . K-85; 2 BxP,K-86; 3I(-Ql, followed by N-K2ch. 2 Disaglceably forced. Now 2 KxP is met by R-B6ch, winning the Knight. Black norv has a protectedpassed QNP. 3 Having won material,the restis easyfor Black.

* "Zrg:rrarg" means t h e u n p l e a s a no b l i g a l i o n r o m o v e . !

35

Mobilize potentialpassed Pawns

ErrwE-EVANs, WERTHEIM MEMORIAL, NEw yoRK, 1951

isolatedand backwardPawns Connected.

vz ',,,,'ffi
E

vt ,rr.,ffi. %
D i a g t u m3 2

t"'1i %

A-F-

t"t&. % .,,,,& % %ftrz

Blach moves, Black has a serrumobile Q-sidePawn masscoupledwith control of the open QR.file. His QBP is potentiqll! passed. The problen i: to force a passed Pawn in such a ma ner that it will be decisiue. There are seueral yrals to accom?lish this. Note that Black's extraordinary Pawn mobility more than compensates for the Pawn which he is behind. Here is a case where Pawn Structure outweighsa disadvantagein Force.

% %../4 % % % % %ft% %ft7t % % % %

Diasrum 33

%%7r,

ConnectedPawns they are in a Connected Pawns are a strong formation because positionto providemutual defense.Connected Pawnsmay be either mobile or immobile,depending upon the array of the enemyunits opposingthem. Pawnson adjacentfiles which are in a position to are defendeachother,when advanced, connected.

1 2 3 4

. . . P-Qs' B-Q4 N-B6ch

P-N61 NxP PxP BxI\

5 PxB 6 K-B4 7 B-K5

N_N5 K-823 N_87'

I The immediate1 . . . P-B6 is also good. but the text is a trifle sharper. I lLis orderof moresgainsTi6e because Whitemusrsrop to defendhis QRP. 2A desperate to free his pieces. If instead2 P-QR3, P-B6!; bid 3 PxP, N-85; 4 B-B4, RxP follorvedby P-N7. 3 Saferthan 6 . . . N-B7; 7 R-Nlch. Now White has no good defense againstN-B7. 7 R-KNI is met by P-R8(Q). a Black wins. This is a good example convertingPawn Structure of irto Force.

% % % % % % % % % % % % %ft%ft% % % %
Diagtum 34

Disconnectedor isoloted Psgns they proweak because IsolatedPawns("isolanis") are generally to vide an immobile target and are susceptible blockade. They must be defended with pieces, which is highly uneconomical. upon the IsolatedPawnsmay be passedor not, again depending characteristic placement the opposingunits. The distinguishing of of an isolatedPawn is that there is zo Pavrnof the samecolor on eitheradjacent behindit. fle 37

36

BlockadeisolatedParvns

7t % ,.,&%,raz % 'rft % % t7t,r/z % %

% %%
Diasran 35

White's QP is artificially isolated. A Pah'n rs artificially isolated when the Pawn (or Pawns) next to it ca not imme.liatelv spring to its defense. It dlJfers from sn isolated Pqn- in that it does hq,^ePawns on either, or both, adjacentfles.

(crrncr)-rv,tNs (u,:;.e..), BouLAClrANrs orv;rrPrcs, DUBRovNTK, 1950 White moyes. Att isolutetl Pavn is veak Jor tiro reasons: (.1) it cantot be clefended qnother Par ; (2) it b.t' connot control the squqre dircctl! in .front of it and on lhis squarc it ctrn "isokuti" be blockqded. Once an has been anaesthetized by neans of a blockade, it thrors all the other lieces on the cleJbnsii:e.
Ditsrn r i3 BLACK

% %r"'&-t ,,r,& % % % %fr'&, %fr'&-% % %fr%

% %ft% % % % ^
Diagratn 36

Blach's QP is bachwatd. lle generally thittk of a Paun as hadng beconteisolated vl,hen hqs adt)anced it too far beyond the ken of the other Pawns. Howeuer, there is also the case of the Pqwn tvhich is isolated beccuse it has nol adaanced far enough. This ue term the back\\ard Pawn. -ly'ole thqt it meets all the qualif corion: oJ an inlatrd Partn inasmuch as it has no Pawn of the same color on an adjacent file in back of it. Black's QP is bachwatd on afl opefl file. I backward Pawn on an open file is an euen more glaring weakness than d simple isolated Pavn becawe the enemyforces now haue access to it oia the open fle. The nwin dilference is this: while the backv'ard Pavtn is physically unable to qdtqnce, the bqckvqrd Pawn on an openfle is .free to do so, but at the cost of its life.

1 2 3 .4 5

Q-Q3' QxB R_Kl P-83 R_84

BxN RxP R_Q7' N-Q,l B-B4ch

6 K-Rl 7 KR-K4 8 R_81 9 B-Q3 10 P-N4

B-873 R-Q1 NK6 Q-N4 Q_R5

White Resigns t This loses the QP \yithout a ilght. Relatively bettelis 1 B 84 which momentarilysaves QP and drarvssom: of the poisonby forcing the Black to part with his beautifullyccntralized Bishop. Afler I . . . BxB; 2 RxB, R-Q3 tbllorvedby QR Ql and N-B4 White'sisolated though it is possible that with QP is still subjectto fiercepressure" perfect defense White can still draw. But that is all he can dodefend. This is the drawback of Dossessins immobile isolated an Pawn. Incidentrllv.I N-Q7 *ould rrot C-o. or.ing to th!' rcply. Q-N4, winning a piece. 2 Black has a powerful initiative in addition to his nlaterial advantage.It is amazing how quickly White'sgane disintegrates. 3 White is weak on his black squares.Notice horv Black invades on this weak souarecomolex.

% %t"/''ffi. % "'.&%

%ft"'nfr% % .,,rffi.%^"'/2,
% %ft
Diagram 37

%"'m%

38

39

Try to keepisolatedPawnsmobile
EvANs-BrscurER, TRIANGULAR MATCH, NEw YORK, 1955

Try to repair isolatedPawns

EvANs-poscHrL, u.s. cHAMproNSHrp, 1948

i% %t"'mt %h% "ffi v;,

' "%r'N % ffi%
'ffi. ,ffi 'ffi. .,,r,N %Nffi,ft
Diasram 39

Black moves. We haue seen the consequencesof a blockaded, isolated Pawn in the preuious example. An isolani is strong under two cotlditions: (1) if it exetts a cromping infuence on enem! deoelopmmts; Q) tf it can be liquidated at will. Both of these conditions are fulflled it this position.

'ffi6:".& t7fr'/&. %,r/h %t

'w

.,,rffi,%F."N % %t
Diagtun 10

%fr% % "ffi

% %t

lyhite mottes . The principle oJ repairing weaknesses holds true for Time and Space as well qs Pawn Structure. White hqd been seeking a vq) throughout this game to eliminate his laggard KP. This gaue rise to an alert combination based on the momentary pin of Black's 8P. What is it ?

1 . . . 2 PxP 3 N-N5'

P-Q51 NxP NxBch

4 QxN 5 QxB
Dtawns

BxB Q_N3

1P_K5: 2 NxN 3 RxRch

NxPl BxN QxR

4 BxB 5 Q-KB4 !

P-84? Blach Resignf

l Thereis actuallyno rush to dissolvethe isolani so soon. White is in no position to institutea blockadeon his Q4 (as,for instance, if his Knighr were on Q4 insteadof QB3) so Black should take advantage the lull to developwith 1 . . . B-K3. As long as Black's of is liquid (can safelyadvance Q5) it shouldbe left whereit is ro QP to crampWhite as lonq as possibie. 2 Active'defense is calteid AlreadyBlack's fo;. picces climbing all are over the center.If 3 B-Q3, B-N5 is hard to meet. 3 Black has a slight edge(Bishopand Knight vs. two Knights), but this is very shght indeed. The balanced Pawn Structureassures a draw. Sinceneithersideexpects otherto makeany mistakes, the and sinceWhite has lost his theoreticalopeningadvantage the first of move,thereis nothing more to play for.

l This loses a piece. I . , . P-B4 also fails to 2 Q-N6, PxP; 3 RrN!, RxR; 4 N-Q6ch, etc. Relativelybest is I . . . R-Ql; 2 PxP, NxP, though3 R-K3 givesWhite an advantage Space, in and eventuallyin Pawn Structure,after 3 . . . Q-83; 4 BxN, PxB; 5 N-N6ch, K-Nl; 6 N*Q5. 2 Black had relied on this move,thinking it would regainthe piece. 3 White now wins a piece. This is a casewhere,as so very often happens,tactics supplement strategy. White's long-rangestrategy was to get rid of his isolatedKP. Tacticspresented him with the DroDer momentto do so.

40

4l

File up on targets
EvANs-srErNERJ lsr MATCH GAME, 1952

Maintain access backwardPawns to

r{bsHEVsKy-D. BYRNE, RosENwALD TouRNEy, NEw yoRK, 1954-55

'#:t t'ffi 7t

/&a
7&
Diagrun 4I BLACK

White mopes. Black's isolated QRP "targef' is a in the directJiring line of an open QRJila. In the endganrclhis rcry QRP vould be decisiue! (Take all the pieces of the board except the Kitlg: 1...P-QR! w i n s . )B e J o r e the ending, ltoveuer, the gods hate placed the ntitltlle gane. And lrere White's tllqjor pieces qre in an ide(tl lositiotl to exploit the target.
BLACK

t1& /tt
7/t

%
Diagrun 42

llhite moves. If a backward Pawn is on a closed fle, then it is relatiuel! dfficult to gain qccess to it. When this sqnle Pawn is exposedon arLopen fle, it is altogether another mqtter. Black has just captured a lYhite Knight on Q5. White now has the o?tion of recqpturing y,ith either the Pawn or the Queen. llhich choice is strutegicqlll correct?

1N-K51 2 NxN 3 B_Kl'

N,K5 BxN KR_B1

4 B-Q33 5 QxPl

N-83

I PxN?r 2 P_K4

N_K2 P-B4

3 P_83 4 Q-Q3

P_KN4 O_O'

l Very logical. SinceBlack's Knight defendsQR2, White seeks to dislodge Now if 1 . . . NxN; 2 PxN, N-K5; 3 B-Q4 winsthe it. QRP. (Thereis no needto play QxP immediately; better to preserve two Bishoosfirst.) the 2 White retains the-two Bishops-Black is still saddledwith the problen of how to defendhis QRP. 3 QxP is a playablealternative, but White prefersfirst to tie his opponentinto knots. Black now sacrifices RP to obtah counterplay. 2 . . . R-Rl looks none his too palatable. 3 Threatening RxB, RxR; 6 BxN. 5 a The rest is a matter of technique.Wiiite is a Pawn ahead.

I This is a srrategical it the error because closes Q-fiIe. After 1 QxN! P-Q4 in order to dissolve the questionis whetherBlack can enforce his backrvard QP. If not, he is positionallylost. After 1 QxN, N-K2; 2 Q Q2, P Qa; 3 BxN!, ItrB (forced3 . . . QxB; 4 PxP wins a clearPawnfor White); 4 QR-QI, P-Q5 (4 . . . PxF; 5 Q-N4ch rvinsBlack'sQueen); 5 PxP,PxP; 6 KR-KI with a winning attack. Passive defense evenworse: e.g.,I QxN, B-B1; 2 QR-QI, is O-O; 4 KR-QI, Q-82; 5 N-83, B-K2; 3 R-Q2 (pileon targetsl), threatening N-K4, with a crushingbind. 2 White has no time to proflt from control of the open QB file because Black'sK-side play must be counteracted.The gamesoon endedin a draw.

42

Whenpossible, block access backwardPawns to

JACOBS-EVANS, u.s. opEN cnAMptoNsHp, 1955

When possible,repair backward Pawns

Backward Pawnsprovide natural targets and restdct freedom of movement. It stands to reason they should be dissolved (or "repaired")at everyopportunityby rny available means-racrical or otherwise. In the three positionsthat follow Black utilizes the move to repair his Pawn Structure
FINKELSTEIN-EVANS.

''/zi'zh&t"'*t
"ffi,%a% ",.& 'l&fr W
13

t"'/z ,,fl "ffi 7.2 "'& ""..& % '2^7tfr%

Diastan

Blsck moues. Ilhen defending with a backwardPawn,your strategyshould be to force lour opponent to close his accessto it. Often tqctics protide the remedl. Black has a gloring vteakness Q3. on If he canforce ,Yhite to ?lq/ N-Q5, so that, in the subsequentexchange, White y,ill harc to recq?ture rNithone of his Pawns rather then the Queen, then Black will haue closed the Q-fle and thus hate soluedhis problem.

MARSHALL cl{Ess CLUB cnellProNsutr, 1946-47

% "ffi-i:".&t %t% "ffi.i% % % %

1 , . .

2 B_N3 3 N_Kl'
4 Q-Q3

N_N3! B-N51 R_81 B-K3

5 BxN 6 N-Q53 7 KPXN

BxB NxN B-Q24

, Diastan 4,1

1A little finesse beforereturningto K3 with the Bishop. The threat of BxN develops piecervith gain of time. a 2 To preventthe doublinq of the KB Pawnsafter BxN. 3 Fir;ly forced-it is thJ only way to defendthe BP. a Comparethis position with the original one. Black has achieved his primary purpose: he las convertedhis QP into a bastion of strength. White has been forced to close the Q-file, and in the processBlack has acquiredthe two Bishops. White has the bad Bishop. Finally, Black threaiensto expandtvith P-KB4. White mustnow fight for thedraw and,in fact,finally succumbed another in dozenmoves.

CorrectisL...P-84 Black takes advantage the pin on the Bishop to advance of his backwardQBP. Moreover,this gainsa tempo-White must delay castling owing to the threat of P-B5. Black has also openeda beautifuldiagonalfor his Q-Bishop(QRl-KR8). Note that the temptingdeveloping move 1 . . B-K3 doesnot solvethe problem of the backwardQBP after Wfute retreatswith his Queento B2. Then P-84 could be met with the simplePxP.

45

ROSS--EVANS, N.Y.

METROPOLITAN L F A C l l r , 1 9 4 9

r?
Diasran 15

i n a^, fau, u,
P_Q4

: ;"ifn*l$;;-,*I;;f-.'1,,
Doubledand Tripled pawns

Correct is I

:Lfl :.:",yj[:,:fi itili|!i:,!'6ittiS:t'iib:!,li';fl , 2 B-Ql' whcreupon PxP p-qi"ii",,,i.l either .' #Ij|,i::ffiil
Diagtum 47 GOLDWATER-EVANSJ r'TARSHALL cHtss CLUB cHAMpIoNsHrp, 194g_49

tta tr a t g .

Doubled pawns Doubled pawn.s should be avoided because they cannot be mobilized. They frequently offer *' ion inasmch u

'

rhey ider "-"p;; ;l;'; pror

;;an' ll'lo'.",.1',f l'

as

?; u;^a
Diagtam 16

'42

Conect is 1 ,

P_K4
.

%
Diagram,l8

E
47

_^Here

there,is,notso much need. hasteas for in the previoustwo

i""."':[q?.f:.iffil.it,J,-;illi,::,*,r;*lit**ll bre n ar n. i Pa ,rJ'l'# ?:fi :t;';i'; i!;,ili'l p^ossi w formio ,^rh iri"Hrrr"fffili',i'".,rifl JTjk"i'ff i::1$i,ii:t*i?jl lml*,ti j":d';":i::T'iiJT,#IJ:-ll'J";i,['.*'P
preventP-K4. However,p_K4 m 46

Ttipled parrns

Immobiledoubled Pawns
ADAMS-EVANS. u.s. cHAI{proNSHlp. 1948

Double-edged doubledPawns
HoRolvITz-EvANs, wERTlrErMMEMoRTAL, Nsw yom, l95l

i1fr %tTtt 7&

^'"&ft%%
Diasram 49

% % % % " ' &

%a%^% "'ffi-

llhite moves, Illrcn doubledPqv,ns "there are to stttf"-bev,are! AII too oJien one of thetn can be picked of if ))our oplonent simply focuses Tieces on it. In this position Vy'hitenerely nlaneuoershis Knights to Q4 and K3. Eaen Blqck's two Bishops are of no quail. Notice hoy, Black vould haue a good game if only his Payln were on KN2 insteed of KB4.

t"ffi, %.,.%' vt ^ 6 ''t:<% %

vtt % t

%a

ft7tu

Black mopes. Black has a genuine problem: whether to double White's QBP's by NxN or by BxN. Each moue has its peculiar drawbacks qnd aduantages. llthich would you choose --and why ?

Diaqratn 50 BLACK

r NrQ4

P-QB31

3 0-o-o,
4 N(3)xPB

B-B4

2 N.K3

o-o

, ' Whrte has won a Pawn. I he rest is a matter of tecblique, o , , - . :

l Equally hopeless I . . . P-B4; 2 N-N5, K-Q2 (forced); 3 is O-O-O. and the Din is fatal to Black. 2 Adding insult to injury! The Pawnwill not run away*White can capture it at his leisure-so he prefers to strengthen position his first bv castlins.

48

1 . , . NxNl 7 Q-Q31 N-K1 2 PxN B-K2 8 P_85 P_Q4 3 N-Q4 P_Q3' 9 P-QM P-QR3 4 R-Ql 10 N-83 P-Q55 Q_82" 5 N_N5 11 N-R4 QTNl Q_82 6 B-QR3 R_Q1 12 QR-NI R-NI6 l lnstead Black can give up the rwo Bishops-probably a wiser course-with I . . . BxN; 2 PxB, Q-R4; 3 B-N2-but it is not clearhow Black can make headway againstthe doubledPawns. If now 3 . . . N-Q3; 4 N-Q2, Q-B4; 5 Q-Q3-White holdseverything and threatens repulse invader. to the The nextmove losesa vital tempo. It givesWhite a Time-Space advantage offset his bad Pawn Structure. How this confliit is to resolved the gameis hteresting. in ' 3 . . . P-Q4 would be a good move-but inconsistent-sinceit would undo all Black's labors by allowing White to dissolvehis doubledPawns. 3 A necessary evil. Black must submit to contortionsbecause is he cramped. He would like first to play 4 . . . P-QR3, but 5 P-B5, P-Q4; 6 P-B6, P-QN4; but 7 P-QR4, opensall the lines. a More accurateis 7 P-B5, PxP (disagreeably forced; not 7 . . P-Q4; 8 P-B6!, BxB; 9 P-B7, winniag the Queen!); 8 RxRch, BrR; 9 BxP, threateningthe devastating B-Q6. In view of this possibility,it seems to Black would havebeenbetter advised select BxN as his first move. But thesethings are not always easy to foresee over-the-board. 5 Black fightsto seethat Write's Pawnsstay doubled! 6 Finally Black is out of danger, Now Q-B2 is threatened. 49

Capfuretoward the center

EVANS J. CROSS, U.S. OPEN

Immobiletripled Pawns
SMYSLOV-EVANS, HELSINKI

t %'/z t"t& 7Z .,,,& % lft '/z % %,ffi % %a.ry ./8 2. ,r& z . a

A A
A A
Diagrum5I

1953 cHAr,rProNSHrP, White moues. Often douhledPawns .te ineuitable, a|t in thls tqriotio oJ the Sicilian DeJbnse: I P-K4, P-QB1: 2.v-K43. V KB3: 3P K5. N Q1; 4 N-83, NxN. The problent is vthether llhite should recqpture trith ltis QP or his NP. In the .frct i stance, he vtould free his Q-Bishop. O/fhand, that v'ould seen most desirqble. Yet 5 NPxN is correct. Cqn lou see whl ?

olYrrrPrcs, 1952

7, '7, t& "//,2 7t 7t

Diagmn 52

t t g r. , % 72t7lz '% "z 7z t

Blqtb moyes. The reason tripled Pawns are bad, especially in the endgante, is that the! cannotbe ntobilized. This is a drustic case. Bleck N q Pawn ahead, but it matters not, In ef,ect the tri?led Pattns count as one -and Black is in reality a Pav,n dovtn!

5 NPxNr 6 PxP ep.

P-Q4 QxP

7 P-Q4 8 PxPj

PxP2

l Despitethe temptationto choose line which offersmore rapid the (5 development QPxN), White must first considerhis long-range prospects Pawn Structure. Right norv, it is true, Time is more in up important than anything else. But after Black catches in Time his all that he has to do is exchange QP for White's KP in such a at will hold White's4 Q-sideParvns mannerthat his 3 Q-sideParvns hereis similat to Diagram 16, only in this case bay. The reasoning White doesnot obtain the trvo Bishoosas corr]Densation. ' B l a c k s h o u l d e m o r c r e l u c t r nt o e x c h r n g c - h e h o u l d i a y t o s p l b keepWhite'sPawnsdoubled. After 7 . . . P K3 however; 8 B-R3 exertsannoyingpressure Black'snormal development. on 3 White has undoubledhis Palvnsand retainsthe initiative.

1 . . . 2 PxP 3 K*86
' Forced. lt stalemated.

P-B5I P_84 P_B3,:

4 K-Q63 5 K-K6

KxP Block Resignsa

thrs Pawn could not

advance, Black would be

2 A g a i nf o r c e d N o t 3 . . . K R 2 ; 4 K - B 7 . . 3 Black rvashoping for stalemare-but in vain after 4 K-N6. 4 White eatsthe Parvnsat his leisure. A likelv continuationmisht l r a r c e e n :5 . . . 1 ( - 8 2 : 6 K \ P { 4 r K - Q 2 : 7 K x P . K K t ; - 8 b . K-N5, etc.

50

5l

in one'sadvantage increase Exchanges Pawn Structure

sMysLov-BorvrNNIK, 7rH MATC'T CAME, 1954 Black mores, White is a Pawn aheqd; albeit ftipled, it exerts con' sirlerable pressure on Black's gameWhile's immediate threat is N-N3Blqck utilizes a wittj simPlifcation which Jrees his game, exchanges Queens, and also leaueshis Kirlg in its strongly centralized position for the ending.

Weak squares

t% %t %r:"ffi %.,rrffi.
% %i%
%

m'ffi,%

% % 7Z v2 7 ,rar&% % ,an Z /ffi ,,..&_ ,/,&. 7t a, ./4.: AA, 7Z %ft

Diogrcm 54

7 ,rrlrz t

A tuhite squore seakness The sinsof the rveakpiayer are revealed his Pawn Structure. in A "weak squarecomplex"is a seriesof similar colored squares which can neveragainbe defended Pawnsbecause Pawns(or by the Pawn)whichnormallydefendthemhavealready advanced.Remember-Pawns cannotretreat! This is the reasonthat unnecessary or prolificPawnmovcs in earJy the gameare ill-adrised. Incidentally. a weak square complexis evenweakerrvhenthe Bishopthat would normally nurseit has beenexchanged. A "hole" is a squarervhich can never again be defended a by Pawn. In the abovediagram,Q3 and K4 are both holesfor white. "Ilteak sEures" are characterized a sense by of emptiness,They neednot be any particular co7or. IvhenPay,ns placedon black, are the x,hitesquares weak; when placedon white,the dark squares are are veak, Whgnever a Paryn advances,a fresh weaknessis incurred. Naturally, this doesnot mean that Pawn movesshould altogether be avoided. But it means that they should be made sparingly, eitherto freethe pieces with someotherdefiniteobjective mind. or in

Diagram 53

1 . . . 2 QxP

N-KN5 Q-Q8ch

3 KxQ 4 K-Kl

NxPch NxQ'

l Black's sfateg/ has borne fruit in a hurry ! Instead of exerting pressure,the tripled Pawns have suddenly been convertedinlo for weaknesses. positive thoughWhire hascompensation endgamC are in Ljs shatt.t.d"Pa*nStructure thJtwo Bishops.Th- cbances ran an interestingcourse and now roughly equal. The endgame White, in fact, finally won. Just as each reduction of Force favors the side with superior Force, it also favors the side with the superior Pawn Stlucture. Pawn Structure becomesmore impoftant as the endgamenears because is durableratherthan transientin nature(like Time)' it

52

53

7t /& 7t %7t //t 7t 7t 7/ifr 7t 7t"',&t/,/: 7t

Diasran 55

,rr,& Zt .r/z

.dvoid needless lyeaknesses

EvANs KRAUSS,OFIHAND GATIF. \Ew yoRK, 1945

Wesk " LuJt" snd sttotrg " LLrJt" In making"Luft," one is generally confrontedwith the choiceof pushing eitherthe RP or theNP. (If you are unfamiliarwith "Luft," consult Diagram 120). The RP is advisablebecause does not it createany holes. In the above diagram Black's fomration involvestwo holes (at his QR3 and QB3). White hascreated holes. The slightweakenno ing of the KN3 squareis offsetby the prcsence the KBP. of
Diasrum 56

Black moues. This ntessage can neter be repeated too often. IJ the beginnar does not knort vhat to do, lrc generall ptrshes the nearcst piece of woctd ancl.since the Paw s are nost nu rcraLls, this unlucky selection qll too often Jalls on them. Ilhite hqs just played a horrible moue-P-KN3. ll/hy is this badand y,hct noue u'ould hat)e been better?

The correct mor,e would have been B-Q3, devek:ping a piece and preparing to castle. Irstead, White has irreparably weakened his white squaresby prcparing to place his Bishop u'irere it can serveno good function: KN2. The Iiancl]etto is not good liere becausethe Bishop would have no scope. In the words of Nimzovitch, it would "bite oir granite." The "granite" refers to Black's solid Pawn mass: Q4, K3, QB3. The K's fianclictto is a sood formation in these close openings only if there is a possibility that iines rvill be opened for it i n t h e e n s u i n ga c t i o n . P i c c e ss h o u l d b e d e r e l o p e di n a c r i r e n o t passive positions.

54

55

holes OccuPY
EVANS-JOYNER. u.s. l'.JNIoR cI.IAMpto\sHIP, 1949
FRANK-EVAr.\S,

Exploit holes
fI.S. OPIIN CHAM?IONS IP, I9,lE

%t"ffi.% % "&- ""& ffi% ,r,&%t

Diaqrun 57

a:,2.t'/&r ,,,,.e 2 White ,noves. Block has a gapitg % hole on his Qts3. If it vere his moue,
he could partiqll,l repair it vith P QB1. On principle llhfte ... ought to ocq?l this hole \rithlN-86. Here, by accident, this moue elso hdppensto witr b1, Jbrce.

//tt7f, t 7ta 7t /lzt7, .,,.& 7tt ,rfu 7z 7t 7tfr n //i ,N ft,,.,2

Diasmh 58

Blach mor)es. White has tv,o gaping holes: KR4 and KB4. Black ilriadj, occupies one vith the Rook. The problem is to occup! the other- So Black must aslc himself what piece he vqtts thcre, The lo:r problem it how to get it there. T h e( n s w e r s 1 . , , N - B l ! l

whv?
BLACK

BLACK

I N-86 2 BxB

Q-83' QxB

3 BxPl 4 B-B33

KR_K1'

1ffl...BxN; t 2 B x B ,P x B ; 3 Q x Bw i n sa t l e a s a P a w nw i t h o u t allowingBlack any counterplay. 2Not3. . Q x B ? ;4 N - K 7 c h . 3 White has won a Parvnand the rest is technique. If now 4 . . . BxN; 5 BxB, QR-QI ; 6 P-K4, etc.

1 2 3 4 5

. . . R-QRI B_B1' R-Q3 BxP

N BIT N_N3 R_863 Q'B2, RxBP

6 7 8 9

Q-K3 R,QB1 QxR BxQ

R_R1 RxR QxQ NxPa

t T h ei d e ai s t o s w i n q b e K n i g h rr o N 3 a n dl h e n c eo t r KB5. 2 T h eh a p l e sB i s h o p - c a n n o te r e r y r h i na t o n c e : s d6 g NowWfute an c invade on the hole which hasjust beencreatedon QB3. 3 Here. again,Black follows the principleof occupying holes. a Black has won a Pawn lvith an easy victory^tb fi ow. parvn Structure finally beenconverted has into superiorForce. Notice that here.as so ofren.ir is the rheurc. threot.of a qireo plan thar the forces win eren rhough the rharptanmay ncverliteiallybe carried 9ut. lle need to prevent Black's Knight from reachinghis KB4 forcedWhite to leavchis other rveakness QB3) unguirded. (on

56

57

ForceentrYto rveaksquares
rvLxs (u.s.L.;-rrsrrN (rne.lcE), DUtsRov\lK oLYMPlcs, 1950 Wllite moves, By all strndards Black':; Q3 is ct rtc(rlc squore; i,e., tl1reis no Pnvn tthich cttn guard ittlhat tl.hite tust do is to utilize the pin on the I(P in order to brins his Knight f'ont its pqssita positio otl KN3 ta e 1ctirc ane at Q6. This is q tood exattple of cottrcrtitlg Tine into possibleby an opponent's -\yace (macle veak square complex).
Diagrctl BLACK WHITE BLAC}' 60

Invadeweak squares
EVANS-BISGUIER, ^\EW YORK STATE CHATI?IONSHIP,1949

W, "'''& "'tt"/z

t 7/aH
Diastan 59

t.fr 7t '.z //t %AffiT,N //z7ta:il '"ffiw''z Ae. ./e, /\

% %,ran t2

,Nft7' %ft
BLACK

White nrcues. Black's adrantoges are mdniftld: his King is qctioe, his pieces are centrriized, snd ll/hite has weak squares on Q3 and K3. (Note the ch.trqcterislic "emptiness" around tltese squarcs.) The problent for Black is how to penetrqte on the K-fle. This is solued instructil)el! in the game.

WIIITE

1N_85 2 P-K5r

Q_QB2 PxP

3 PxP 4 N-Q6,

N-Q4

I The weakness a square in must oftenbe evaluated termsof what of attacking piecescan Practicallybe brought to bear on it. _This advanceseiuresWhite control of his Q6. It doescedeBlack the (everyadvance a creates new weakness), squareQ4 for his ts:.night it as bit this is no time to be niggardly!In chess, in advertising, J l g e ta l o t . B l a c k ' s( n i g l r t c a n l \ \ a y s p a l st o g i r er l i t t l ci n o r d c rt o s c i by b e ' d i s l o d g e C t h c s i m p i e r p c d i c no [ B r N t a f t e ri t p . e t t o Q 4 ) . like a house. whereas White's Kniglrt on Q6 stands 'This final position is the culmination of a spatial combination. Wbitc has thc initiative and Black is clamped. Note that if Blaclt had had a sound Parvn Structureto begin with (Pawn on KB2 insteadof on KB3) thele }rortld have been no way for White ro exploitthe holeon Q6. movcs\vere: 4 . . . R-K2; 5 N-Q4' P-QR3; The remaining 6 B-N3, P-B4; 7 NxKP, NxN; 8 NxB, N{4) 85; 9 N-Q6 (home asain!),K-Rl; 10 P N3, N-N3; 11 Q-K4, R-KB1; 12 P-B4, N-es; t: B-Q5, Q Q2; 14 QR-K1, N-N4; 15 N-B7ch,R(l)xN; 16 BxR, Q-Q5ch; 17 QxQ, NxQ; 18 P-K6, R-B2; 19 BxN' BlackResigns.

1BxBl 2 KR-KI 3 RxR 4 R-Qi 5 F-N3 6 R-QNI

NxB N_87 RxR R_K7' N_K6 N-85

7 N-Q4 8 RxR 9 NxP 10 P-QB4 11 N-Q4

RxP NxR N*Q8 K_83 K_K43

1The King andPawnendingwould be drarvni/White could only get to it. Exchanges would help White but he can't exchange enough pieces. Blackneeds only a Rook and a Knight in orderto carry out invasion. If White's Pawn were on KB2 and QB2 a successful (insteadof KB3 and QB3),he would be all right. ' Finally penetrating The Knight is immunebecause mateon the ! of last rnnk. White now makes"Lufr" for his Kins. but this involves the creat.ion nerrweaknesses. of 3 Blackhasa lvinningposition-he penetrates White'srveak on black squares. This is more than a gratuitousassertion, lvill be seen as from the instructivecourseof tbe game: 12 N-N3, P-QN3; 13 K-Nl, P-B4; 14 K-Bl, N-K6ch; 15 I(-K2, NxP (that old black magic final1yhits pay dirt!); 16 K-Q3, K-Q,t; 17 P-B4, P-QN4; 18 P-N4, P-N5; 19 N 81, P QR4; 20 N-K2, P-R5; 21 N-N3, P*R6; 22 N-K2, N-Q3; 23 N Bl, N-K5; 2.1 K-K3, P-85; 25 P-R4, N-B4; 26 N-K2, N-K5; 27 N-81, N-86; 28 P-R5, NxP; 29 NxN, P-N6; 30 N-B3ch, K-K3; 3l P-B5ch,K*82; 32 K-Q4, P-R7; 33 KxP, P-N8(Q); White Resigns. 59

58

createsa fresh weakness Every Pawn advance

KAUFMAN-EVANS, u.s. opEN cHAMploNsHIp, 1955

Pawn chains

vzrvz"ffi ""&

7Z

'Ni,N

l:.,.
White moves. This concept is so highly theoretical that it is cot|lforting ro fnJ an cxatnTle in Tractical play euen if one does happen to be on the wrong end of it! Black hasjust playd P-KR3,"puttit1g the question" to the Bishop. White's replv comesq,sa rude shock!

%r% "/4 7t 7t "ffiary.w7t .&fr ,ffirt%

D i a s r u m1 6

7/t % Vt 7ffi lZ' f f i f t 7/z ft/fl %

Dioetatn 62

.& 7t"'& "'.,2

l BxP !

PxB

2 Q-K3

K-N21

l This move givesWhite his pieceback without a fight. However, thereis no way to keepthe extra piece. The alternatives no better: e.9., are , L 1 . . . B - Q 3 ; 2 Q x K R P , R - K l ; 3 R x R c hN x R ( i f 3 . . . Q x R ; 4QxN); 4 B-R7ch,K-Rl; 5B-N6dis. ch, K-Nl; 6 Q-R7ch, K-Bl; TQxPmate. IL 1...B-K3; 2QxKRP, -K1; 3 R-K3andwins. R B . I I I . 1 . . . R - K 1 ; 2 Q x K R P , - B 1 ; 3 R x R a n dr v i n s ( I f 3 . . . Q x R ; 4 QxN. And on 3 . . NxR comes'l Q R7, mate.) IV. I . . . N-K5; 2 NxN, PxN; 3 QxKP rvith the doublethreat of Q-R7 mate and/or QxB. The gameactuallycontinuedwith 3 QxB, QxQi 4 RxQ, and White in won a Pawn. ThoughBlack succeeded drawingthe endgame, he shouldhavelost.

A healthy Pawn chain A heahhyPax'nchainis onewhich has its baseeither on or as near to its originalsquare possible.In thediagram,the baseof White's as Pawn at K5 is on QN2. Pawn chains,to be undermined, must be attackedat their base. Henceit standsto reasonthat the further this baseis removed from enemyforcesthe harderit is to get at.

Ir

rf fr7t % "ru-ft
Diasrcm63 A diseased Pawn chsin This Pawn position is sliglrtly diseased. Note that the pawn on K5 has only two links (Q4 and QB3) compared.to three links in thc prevlous olagram. A "chain" is thus a seriesof connectedPawns which have reached a point at which the one furthest advancedis oreanicallv linked to the o n e w h i c h i s l e a s tr d r a n c e d . P a u n c h a i n sa r e a s s i r o n q a s t h e i r weakesr link. Even when a Pawn chain is healthy, it involves a weak square ggmplex In both diagrams White is weak on his white squares-(e3, K4, Q5).

60

6l

Pawn chains Avoid diseased

Mtsr-GARINI-EVANS, U.S. CHAMPIONSHIP,195 1

Challenge adyancedPawn bases

Black moves. It has alreacly been diteu in(d that o P,tin cl,oirt i: sitotlgest v,lrcn its base stands on the ori,qirul setontl ran!;, Eath ti;le this l,a,e i.s aJr,tnce,t, the ,lu,'t is v'eaketed. It is eL,engood sttategy sometit es to b(iit tlrc centerfontqt(ls. Black hqs just pial,ecl P-QN3, proroking Whitc'src71.v Q'14. hot P vith one strolte-Block can reduce trlhite's Q-side Pavtl Structurc to q shanbles, Hotr ?

% ,ra/z % t ' T '"ffi.L& .rr&

t7z

'T

r"'4

% % %.|ffi, t %e'/z .,,.ffi._

4
Diasrc,|64

Diseased Pawn ,nores, White Structures are characterized bY adtanced basesand lack of mobility. Etel1 oplosite coloreclBishops do not help llhite. White's Pawns ate sofar adi'encedthqt tltey can be hod for the mere pickinq. Co trsst them with Black;s heaithy K-side Pattns vrhich haue a sound base on KB2.

t tffi

lf,

'/.ia ?:!VJI
T]

7r,, q) 'at

7:l

Diastam 65

BLACK

1 K-KII

2 3 4 5 6

B-Q4 B_83 K-Q1 K_Bl K-Qz

KxP K_K5' K_K6 B-N5ch K_K5 B-K?

7 K_81 8 K-Qz 9 K-BI 10 K-Q2 lt K-81 12 B-Q4

B-N53 B_K3 B_N6 B.B7 K_85 K-N61

1 2 3 4

. . . B-Q21 BxP BxN

P-QR4! PxNP N-R3 BxB

s 6 7 8

R-Kl BxP Pxts Q-B2

PxP BxB Q_82 KR_B12

l W h i t e i s i n " Z u g z u a n e . " e r n i n g h e u n P l e s s a n t l i s a t i o no t. ob t m move. If I B K3, K Nrr: 2 K KI KxP: 3 K-B2. K-N5 \'i'rs Or, evensimpler,after I B K3 is B-K5 and White must losehis BP "Zugzwang." due to 2 Triangulaiion. 2 . . . K-N6 would only be met by B B2ch. 3 There-isno rush. Black prefersto strengthen position before his soins after the RP. i Bla-ck his win. A)l that he hasto do is advance RP' now hasan easy

1 White has no satisfactory reply: L If2 P-N5, PxPl 3 PxP, BxP rvinsa Pawn. II. If 2 PxNP, PxP wins a Pawn. III. If2 P-QR3. PxNP wins a Parvnbecause ofthe pin on the R-fiIe. N o r e t h a r i f B l a c \ d i d n o Lp h y | . . . P Q R 4 i m r n e d i a r e ryr.e n ll White would have had time for B-N2 so as to meer P QR4 with P-QR3. 2 White's is with a weak Q-sidestructure shattered.White is saddled isolatedParvnunder constantfire.

63

Strike Pawn chainsat their base

aDAMS-EVANS, NEw yoRK N{ETRopoLrrAN LEAcuE, 1951

Try to weakenstrongbases
EVANS-DAKE,u,s. opEN cHAr'rproNsHrp, 1955 White moues, Blctck's pasition seems uery sound. Upon closer exonlination, hoveuer, ve see th{tt the dark squares on his K-side (KR3, KB3) are v'eak. All Bldt'k's pieces, tnorcoter, are clwtered on the Qwing. Thus this seetns like o propitious moment to storn Blqck's fortress. ht order to do this ,Yhite must in)ade at KN6. Before he can ircade, the base Puwrt (at KB2) must be undennined.

h%t t 7t 7Zi'% 7t ,,ffi % %'ffit."& .,rrr.&,

..raz'rar&
./zl 2, A,A

.,rr&,

%sffi-

v
?t

Blach moues, The base of llhite's Pawn on K5 is the Pqv,n on KB4. Black mtrst.fnd sone v,qy to strike at the base. It's as simple as pricking a bqlloon v,ith a pin-eL-erything explodes.

'ka'ffi .,,,,& ''&w'/z + vtH

4-< '
Diagruln 67

/&r.7t t "Nt% vtt 7; ,ffi .,r.,& ' k % ?/k /, t /.&t

Diasran

66

1 2 3 4

. . . P-852 PxP P,KR4

P-N4!1

5 0-O-O 6 PxP QxP PxP 7RR6 B-B4 8 RxKP Blach Resignsa

N_N3 N-Q4 O_OB QxR

1P-B51 2 P*K6 3 PxPch 4 N-K5ch3

N(3)-Q2' N_81 KxP K_N2

5NN4 6 B-Q4ch 7 R-K14

N(4)-Q2 K-B2

I Black literally smashes his own K-side in order to dstroy up White'sPawn chain. Is it worth it? It is a questionof evaluation. of In the endgame, course,sucha move would be playedonly after the most extreme deliberation.But this is not the endgame.It is the in middle-game.Black reckonsthat his influence the centeris more importar.tright non than Pawn Structure. 2 The bestchance. 2 PxP, QxP givesBlack a beautifullycentralized gamewhile all White'spieces remainclutteredin an awkwardquasiof blockade. Incidentally,2 O-O O is out of the questionbecause PxP; 3 BxP, P K6 winning the exchange. 3 This looks anti-positional, Black sees quick win. This is no but a longera questionof strategy-but of tactics. Ordinarily one should position. nevercastleinto suchan exposed a After 9 NxQ, BxBch; 10 K-Nl, RxN; 1l Q-any,R-QB1 White's i f Q u e e ns n o m a t c h o r t h e m i n o rp i e c e . . Notice how quickly White's gamefell apart as soonashis center collapsed. 64

1 With the devastatins threat of P-K6. 2 An attemptto bring the Knight which is out-of-playto the aid of the embattledmonarch. It is extraordinarythat Black is already without any satisfactory defense.If 1 . . . R-Ql; 2 RxRch, BxR; 3 P-K6!, PxKP; 4 PxNP leaves Black'sPawn Structure shambles. a 1 . . . PxP; 2 QxP, N K3 (to preventR-Q4); 3 N-K4 leadsto a \ i n n i n g t t r c ka s a i n sB l u c k ' e x p o s eK i n t . a t s d I l t i s i n c r e d i b he wq u i c k l y l a c l ' s o ' i r i o n a l l s p a r r o wt h a rh i 5 lo p B f a n basePawn has beendestroyed. a Thereis now no good defense againstN-R6ch follorvedby P-86. Note that in the originaldiagramevenif Black'sPawnwereon KN2, White would still havea stronsattackwith P-B5. Had Black'sPawn Structurebeen intact, it would have merely been hardcr to make headway.

65

Exposeenemybases
EvANs-ADAr'ls, Loc cABrN CHESSCLUB CHAMPIoNSHP, 1950

,/& ,,.ffi,ft i 7ft6W 7t ":,& JI '2/x It 7t 72r 7t 7tftN,z

+ *ec\
A
t-_1 -l

white ffio|es. White's clwin extenels from QB2 to KB5. If it were P-85 vould Blaclr's moae, L underntinetltc rntire clruiu by *ilring the base from 82 to Q3 after the consequent exchange of Pawns. If White takes time to mote his Queen out of the pin (to pretent P-85), then Black vould harc time for P-KB3, consolidating his chain from KN2 to K4.

Diasldn 68

BLACK

I]LACK

r P-ts6!i 2 N,N3!' 3 QR-QI 4 PxP 5QKB2 6 Bx-N!'r 7 QxQ 8 NxP 9 RxNi 10 RxBI' 1l RxR 12 R-86 13 RxP 14 P-N4 !

PxF P-8513 PxP NQ5 P-IiB,l Qxli RxQ Nxli r{R-Q1 IixQP RxR R-Q76 RxP R_K7T

15 P KIT4 P-B48 K_Q2' 16 P-R5 17 R-R7ch K_Q3 18 P,R6 P-85 19 R-R8 RxKP 20 P-R7 RxPch 2t K,Bz R-R5 22 R-Q8ch K_84 23 P-R8(Q) RxQ 24 RxR K_Q5 25 K-I(z K_86 26 R-R8 P,t{4 27 RxP P_N5 28 R-QB7 Black Reignsro

2 White must continue sharply. 2 Q-Kl would be net by p-B4! returning the Pawn under favorable cir.cumstances: e.e., 3 pxp, P - 8 3 l a n da l l i s w e l la g a i n -B l a c k a sm r n a g e do c l o s eh eK B - 0 1 e . h r t 2 BxRP,instead the text,wouldbe met handilyby P 85. of 3 B l a c kc o u n t e l l t t a c k s - r a l h eh a n m a i n t l i n t h c i o l e o f p a s s i v e tl defender.The principlebehindhis play is that an attack on tlie wing is bestmet by a reactionin thc center. a Thematic. White must never play PxP, but capture in such a mannerthat he keepsthe KB-file open. 6 Note that both sides now haveexposed bases:White'sPawnon P e Q 3 a n d B l a c k ' s a w no n K 8 2 . B l a c ki s I o s tb e c r u s W h i r ec o r n e s first in the element Time. The remainder thc gamesirorvs of of why. 6 12 . . . R-Q8ch; 13 K-B2, R gains'a QTch; 14 K B3,-RxQNP tempo but puts White's King in a more favorableposition. StiI, it might havebeenpreferable.Time is now more important than anything else. It is essential get the passed to Parvns moving! ? Black caurot stopfor 14 RXQRPbecause Whjte Pawnsare too the fast after 15 P-N5. The important thing is mobility, not material. Black must try to mobilizehis Q-sideParvnsas quickly as possible. He cannotstop to defendhimselfor feaston Pawns. 3Too slow, but there is hardly anything better. 15 . . . RxKP; 16 R-N6, P-B;l; 17 P-R5 also wins for White. e Npt the tempting16 . . . P-B5 because 17 R-B6ch followedby of RxBP. 10A really beautifuland instructivegame-more or lessforcedfrom the original diagram. Write conveftedTime (the fact that it was originallyhis move)into betterPawn Structure, the cost of Forcc at (1 P-B6l). His better Pawn Structure,however,was later re-converted into superiorForce when Black rvasforced to sacriice his Rook.to preventthe RP from queening. A game of chessis an orsanlcwnole.

l This Pawn is used as a battering ram in order to force Black to the doublehis Pawns,tirus exposing baseof the KP on an openfile (at KB3). The sacrifice a Parvnis oniy temporary,and the volunof King is not dangerous tary openingof the KN file on White'scastled there is no way Black can make use of it for an attack. because it the This game is instructivebecause emphasizes long-term importanceof destroyingPawn chains,evenat the short-termcost of a Pawn. 66

ot

The bad Bishop

HALPER EVANS, MARSHALL crrBss CLUB cHAvpror{sHrp.

19,18-49

% Ni% t Tlzt% % T - %
A.

% %t'/fr

"/& ',.,& A % 7t vt ,ffift

% % t %tt:< %t''/4t t,,.& t.,rr,,& % % T, H % % % .,ra&

n %&7tft
Diagram 70

Diagrcm 69

white has the bad Bishop; Black has the good Bishop From the diagramit is immediatelyapparentthat a good Bishop a mobility and openlines,whereas bad Bishopis hemmed commands role. There is in by its own Pawns,thus servinga purely defensive no theologyin chess.When a Bishop is bad it is not wicked,just useless.It is generallygood policy to place Pawns on a color i . a h d h o p p o s i tte a to f t l t eB i s h o p . sB l a c k a s o n e n t h ed i a g r a m W h e n tr) t[ia is impossib]e. to get rid of the Bisbop. ParvnStructure intimately affectsthe working value of the pieces. The Bishops with two Knights against work best on an openboard. Conversely, two Bishops, one would attempt to lock the Pawn formation. positionsbecause they can in Knights are superiorto Bishops closed and Ieapoverobstaclcs barricade.. Note one other thing in the diagram: White has no piecewith his which to attack Black's Pawn on QN4, whereas Bishop is tied of down to the defense his own QNP.

White hss the Eood Rnight; Black htts the bad Bishop White has a strangleholdon the dark squares. His Knight irradiatessunshine. Contrast this with Black's sour Bishop which "bites on granite." Black hasno counterplay. He is helpless against the threatened R-QR3 follorvedby RxP and the eventualadvance ofthe QRP. A drasticexample paralysis-known in chessjargon of asa "bind." Rathertltan wait for the coffinto arrive,Black resigned in.thisposition.

68

69

The goodKnight againstthe bad Bishop

GOMPERT-EVANS, 1956 MARSI{ALL CI{ESSCLUB JUNIOR CHAIIPIONSHIP,

The Queensidemajority

t a t g t r 7kE%t i ,ffi,
Di'grun 71

White moves. Black wil1s. Illlit?'s Bishop seemsto command oPenlifies, at ,,et it has nothing to strike lyhite's Pavtls, nloreouer, arc on the same color as his BishoP. White has no piece vith which to defend his qnd thus cannot prercnt whitesquares imading and doubling Black'fron Rooks on the 2nd ranitContrast Blqck's beautifullY centrnli:eJ Knight tirh l/hite's in' effectual Bishop. This is not quite so iut-qnd-drted is the preuiousexample. WHITE BLACK

//t 7' i ^72x.v, /t 7Zt. t//,t ,/z/t 7tt lfl ./t&%''/,/t /t ',/;aa. 7/t 7t A A
./a,. ''/t!t.
Diasran 7:

y','li

'"/:1,:

BLACK

1 R-Q31 2 R-Q2'

RxF R-N6ch

3 K-N2

RxPs

by . R-KR7 follorved 1 White is desperate. The threat was 1 tries to bring this Rook into play at the cost of a R(1)-K7. White Pawn. 1 R-Ql holds out longer. 2 To prevent . . R(1)-K7. 2. 3 Blaik's two extra Pawns assurehim of an easy wln' Note tlie passiverole played by White's Bishop throughout the precedirg actlon.

Blsck has s potential outside passed paun, The e-side majority, characterized an unbalanced by ParvnStructure,generally leadsto a sharpglme because themesare so forcibly outlined. the wl]ite must try to usehis "qualitatiyemajority" in the center(with P-K4 and P-Q5-this would be known as the "insidepassed Parvn" in the endgame), whereas Black must try to cashin on his distant majority. The Q-sidemajority is an endgame advantage because it prcmiscsa potential outsidepassedParvn. Of course,this is true only rvhenboth sideshavecastledK-side,which is usuallythe case. B l r c l , ' s i r r g o l d s h i r e ' s - ( i d em a j o r i r a t b a y .u h e r e uW h i r e ' s K h W K y r King must scurry to the Q-sideto preventthe passed Pawn frorn queening.(SeeDiagram 15 for the principleinvolved.)

70

7l

Cashin on a Q-sidemajoritv
EvANs-poMAR, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp,1954

Mobilize a Q-sidemajority
EVANS-KALME, HoLLywooD orEN, 1954

M, %.lrz Vt

fr""& % % v) / / ,/t Vz,?W

Diagrum73

tvft

White moues. Ilhite has a Q-side najorit! (2 asainst I otl the Queett side). Black has the inside passed Pavn (the QBP). llhite's problem is to denolish the blockade and to mobilize his potential passedPawtr.

? %t^%a%t z "ffit7, %

'ffi- % fr"'ffi. /& "'e_ %

% % "/&A %w ,mH%.
7,2
Diasrun 74

Wltite moves. For the moment White is qppare tly stynied on the Q-wing. 1 P-N5 seems to lose a Pawn. Not so- Tactics prot;ide the answer. Notice how, in the sequence, Black's proud, protected QP hecomes transfonned i,tto a scraggly "isoleni."

BLACK

WHITE

1 2 3 4 5

P-N6 !1 P_R7 R-QN2 RxNP R-N7ch

PxP2 R_QR1 P-853 P_86 K_Q3

6 R-R6ch 7 K_K3 8 K-Q24 9 NPxF 10 R-N85

K_B4 P_87 P_84 PxP

I 2 3 4

P-N5 !r P-863 PxP QxB

s Q-N2
6 B-R65

PxP2 Q'Q1 BxNa NxP N_B2 P_83 QxB

1 A temporarysacriice of a Pawn in order to get the RP rnoving. 2 Forced. 2 . . . P-85 losesto 3 P-N7, R-QNI; 4 RxP, followed by R-88. s A desperate attemptto achieve somecounterplay. a Notice how easilyWhite's King stopsthis Pawn, whereas Black's of King cannotcrossto the scene action. 5 White wins a full Rook.

7 BxR

8 R_Kl e Q-N7 10 RxBl 11 BxP 12 QxR 13 P_87 14 Q-K8ch

K_82 Q-Q3 QxR QxB N-K3 N_N4 Black Resigns

l The blockadeat QB3 must be demolished ! 2 No better is 1 . . . BxN; 2 PxP; 3 B-R6, winning the QxB, exchange. t Equally good is 2 PxP, and if NxP; 3 P-B6. However,Black has the resource . . . BxN. This, too, can be met by 3 P-B6, BxB; 2 4 PxQ, BxQ; 5 PxR(Q), RxQ; 6 RxB, winning the exchange.The because narrows it textis moreaccurate dotvnBlack'soossible reolies. a O t h e r u i s W l t e ' sP a \ r nm a r s\ a o u l d o o nb e c o m d e r a s t a t i n s , e s e 5 White wins the exchange.It is amazinghow quickly Black'sgame now falls anart.

72

73

The minoritYattack
EVA^-S-OPSAHL' DUBROVNIK OLYII?ICS. 1950

BLACK

t;,2H,.,1:l: t t ',./',t",/.t

ttt

7/t 7.t
T1 Diacrun 75

it

of Blach moves, The consequences pct'u'jitlitlg (1tl oppottc!tt's Q-side meiori1) to nohilize l".Ire alrcdit heco rc alparcnt. Here l/hite has taken a(tit)e t|ieasures lo immobilize Blctck's nujorit.t' b.v ;nou!ur(ttittg .l "ni orit! dttttcl.," i.e., his tvo Q' si,lc atn' l:at, l',,ntt".l drl'ottcring P 1 r a r q , . T l , e 1 1 ,a i u t , ' f t l t i s\ / r { i ( t L l s to cotllert Bloclr's potentiol strc gth ifi to'n'eaknessinsteqd.

BLACK

2 PxP

RPxP B-R,6

3 P_N3 4 PxP

Qr{-Kr
PxP

6 R_N? 7NR7 I N-B8ch 9 NxP6 10 RxN? 11 R-QB7 12 R QBE 13 K-N3 14 P-R4 15 R-KR8 16 P-BSch 17 RxPch 18 R*R8 19 R_KN8 20 K-Nz

P_83 K_K35 K_82 KxN x{ 84 R_Qts8 K_N3 R-87 K_B4 K_N3 KxP K_N38 K-B4 R_88 R_QR8

26 K-N3 27 R-R4 28 tr{-B4ch 29 R N4ch 30 K-R4 31 R-N7 32 P-R6 33 R,N3 34RR3 35 R-B3ch!10 36 R-N3ch 37 KxR 38 K-N4 39 K-84

K-N4 K_8.1 K_N4 K-8,1' R-R1 R-R1 R-R8 R-R8ch R_KN8 K_N3 RxR KxP K.N3 K_N2

40 K_85 41 P-B3

K_82 BlacbResiSnsrr

% t /t&7tt 7/t ,& t"/, "ru 72 %

Dias nt 76

tw /E,

'Nr/Z
19 moves later. White mores, Black now has a backu'ard QBP. Nineteen fioues later, after some of the ?ieces had been exchanged, the gatne continued ftom this position.

7tar& 2 t ,&,&
BLACK

BLACK

1 2 3 4 5

N-B5chr N-Q7ch N-B8ch N-R7ch N-N5chB

K_83 K_K3 K_B3' K-K3 K_Q3'

2l P_R5 22 R_N3 R_R3 24 K_83 25 R,R1

R_R2 R_R2 K_N4 R_R3 K_84

1 Black's Knight is tied to the defense the neuroticQBP. White of .nowwins a Pirvn by a curiousKnight's tour. 2 Always forced. Not 3 . . . K-Q3??; 4 R-Q7 mate. 3 Completingthe amazingarc! a No betteris 5 . . . K-B3; 6 P-B3 ! followed by the steamrollerP,K4-5. 6 Not 7. .P-84?; 8 N-B8 andthe threatof mateon Q7 will cosl Black dearly. 6 Finally the pin paysdividends. ? Now that Whitc has won a Pawnthe restis a matter of technique. irstructive, and they are given The remainingmovesare extren-lely in their for thosewho are interested perfecting herein their entireiy Parvnendings Rook and I White's ertra, doubled Pawn has been convertedinto an extra, plssedParvn. b 2 9 . . K r , P o s e t o 3 0R - R 4 c h K - N 4 ; l l R x R .K x R ; 3 2K - N 4 . , l s 1ater. K-N3: 33 K-84. This haPPens 10Not 35 P-R7, R-N5ch-Black gcts a perpetualcheck! 11White has the oppositionand tlis is decisive. If 41 . . . K-K2; 42 K-N6, K-K3;-43 P-8,1,P-84 (or 43 . . . K-K2; 44 P-B5); 44 K-N5, winning a Pawn. The sameis true if Black moves his King to the other side: 41 . . K-N2; 42 K-K6, K-N3; 43 P-B4, 75

The following table erpresseslhe imporrancc of rhe pieces in r e l a t i o nt o e a c ho t h e rw i t h o n e u n i t l a k e na s t h e s m a l l e sm e a s u r e f t o strength:

TABLE oF RELATIVE VALUES Pieces Relatile Velues

Pawn Knight Bishop Rook Queen

l unit 3| units 3] units 5 units 10 units

THREE: FOTCE CHAPTER

Force is the fist of the chessboard.And in a purely physical struggle,the stronseris bound to win. So it is rvith chess: "when right opposeslight, force decides"-or night makes right! If victory is the goal of the game,then the accumulation force is the of force is the most chief meansto that end. Of all the elements important and in itself comesclosestto being the most decisive. in Generallya big advantage the other elements culminatesin, or sumcientto must first be convertedinto Force, before it becomes this win. ReubenFine expressed with the quip, "I would ratherhave a Pawnthan a finger!" The basicprincipleof Force is that materialsuperioit! is decisiue vhenall otherthingsare equal.* In fact, atest of one'stechnical skill is how easilyonecan convertForceinto victory. (Technique be can acquiredonly by constantpracticeand study of mastergames.This for and no attemptis madeto teachit book takestechnique granted, here.) "other things" generally In practice,of course, are not "equal." just little obstacles be surmounted, seems, when to always it Thereale things are brightest. One sidemay be a Pawnaheadin an endgame, of yet not win because opposite colored Bishops-or stalemate. yet In a garnbit,one sidemay be a Knight ahead decisively behindin a Time and Space.It then becomes matterofweighingan advantage in in one clementagainsta disadvantage another,of balancing,of compensating. This is essentiallya problem in evaluation (see Chapter7).
* Of course there are exceptions-such as two Knights being unable to effecl mare against a lone King.

Another way expressing it is in terms ofmoney: the pawn is _of worth 10 cents, Knights and Bishops 35 cents apiece,-theRooks fifty cents, and the Queen one dollar. The King has no fixed value. Ii t h e o p e n i n g w h e r ei t m u q tf i n d s l r e l t ea n d r a k e n o a c t i v e a r t i o t h e . r p proceedings. is worth abour tweniv cents. ln the endgame,how_ it ever.where it may.wanderft-ecl). generallyr\irhout any fiar of mate. n Decomes \atuabie attackrngpreceand is worth about forty centS. a I n e t m p o r t a n l r h l n g s r o r e m e m b e ri s t h a l l h i s t a b l e e x D r e s s e s . a b s t r a c r e l a r i o n s h i pu n d e r s o - c a i l e d. i d e a l ' . o n d i r i o n s u n d r h u r r s c , t h e v a l u eo f p i e c e sc h a n g e s s p o s i t i o n s h a n g e . S o m e t i m e a \ a e l l a c s p l a c e d o i g h t m a y b e u o r r h m o r er h a n a R o o k , w h c r e a s p a w n o n K a t h c s e v e n t ha n k w h i c hc a n n o tb e s t o p p e d r o m q u e e n i n gs o b v i o u s l v r f i worth infinilely more than the same paun uncier ordfiary circum'_ stances. Superior force confers the same advantageas starting a Doker game with more chips. You can keepcrouding yout. near_"bunkruor opponenruirh bigger bets on each hind. The smallest unit of force is the pawn. In the following position "other things are equal"-so superior Force wins !

% ,ra/4 % % g g % % % %ft%
Diasrcn 77

t'

76

77

White i'ins ethoever moves, The vin is elementary. White musl only be careful that he does ot lermit Black's King.to get in lronr -the of Pavn. T'hus, if 1 . . . K-Q4; 2 K-85'! (not 2 P-K4ch. k-K3-draw), K-Q3; 3 P-K4' K-K2; 4 K-K5, K Q2 (Black's King cannot stqt- in front of tlrc Pattn becquse l4/hha IPs the oppositlon Blactc's Kitg is'forced'to one side or the other-he hasfree v'ill to the extent that lrc can choase lis orvn ntetlnci o.f dring); 5 I{-86' K-Kl; 6 K K6!, K-Ql; 7 K-87, K Q2; 8 P-K5 and rhe Pavtt is chaperonedin to lhe quecttitlssquare, Of course, if B"hite has the P-K4 v'ould v'in imnediatelfi$t moce. it is tnuch.sitnplerbecause

The Two Bishops

In theory a Knight is equal to a Bishop (they eachtally 3| units in thc tableof relative values).ln practice Bishopis preferable a a to Knigirt (especially opcn positionsand the endgame in rvhereit can swcep bcard). Trvo Bishops the against t$o Knightsconstitutc an advantagein Spacera-therthan Forcc-and tvoe unto him who exchanges Bishop Knight withoutjust causc Thc Knight has a for I morelimitedransc thantheBishop.For rhisreason Bisirops rvorking in unison lain in strengthas rhe endg;rneapproaches.Theretbre, if you find yourself with Bishopand Knigbt against two Bishops, make an attemptto exchange of your opponent's one Bishops. The exception rvhenthe Pawn Structureis so locked that the Bishops is have become a liability becausetheir range has been seriousiy impaired. It is. however, much easierto open a game at will than to closeit. The plal'er with the two Bishopsalwaysstandsreadyto profit from the consequent openingof lines.

Force into Paltern.for Converting The General VictorY

patternis to keepexchanging Oncehavingwon material,the general for the endgame. We have seenthat eventhe oiecesand iteerinq in properties the ending iowly Pawnacquiie'Herctrlean

EiIi

Diasrun78 lVhite uins by etchanging cr.ll the pieces. llhite wins eosill by centalizing afer I RxR, RxR; 2 RxR, KxR; 3 K-Kl-Jblloved ix King and aduancing the QkP. Contersel!, if it vere Black's moue insteqd, his best chance to dravv would consist in pteseruing ot Ieqst one Roolc after l. ' ' RxR; 2 RxR' R-QRI.

78

79

Play to "win" the two BishoPs

EVANS-FINE, SLXTANGULARMASTTRS" NEW YORK, 1951

Two Bishopsagainsttwo Knights

BrscurER-KASHDAN, HoLLywooD opEN, 1954 White mor)es. Two Bishops working in unison sweep the board tphen the lines are open, The winning process consistsoJ (l) hemming in the eneml Knights with Pawns, (2) \iing them dotyn to the defense of a weakness, (3) making inroads vyith the King, (4) liquidating pieces at a fauorable ntomenr. This ideal formula ariset more frequentu than one would imagine. This is a good case in point.

,rrffit

% ,t&6

% % %,,% vt % %ft"'ffi
Diagrum 79

The two Bishops Black noves. constitute a powerful h,eqPon but they qre not inherited; an actfue efort "v)in" then in the rttust be nqclc to niddle game. If u Knight is also tvorth 3tt units, one may vell be justifed in demanding to "two knov why all this fuss about the Bishops." The tt'uth is, a. Bishop is actuqll.r rorth obout 3f; unirs this is b,hat a ce tur! of chess theory has taught usl
BLACK

hffi,t ./& 7t /z%t t

/tft 'ffi,
Diagrcn 80

"x 7z 7t 'N '/t

z %JI
l/t

BLACK

WHITE

1 , . . 2 Q-822

N-85!1 NxB

3 NxN 4 B-Q23

Q_R4 QxP'

r P-QN4
2 PxPl 3 B*R4s 4 K_K4

l Also good is 1 . . . N(4fN5; 2 QxQ, RxQ; 3 P-QR3, NxP!; the 4 QN-Q2 (if 4 PxN, N-N6 regains piecemost favorably),N-B3. In this variation Black retains only a slight advantage. The text the Pawn-but wins the two Bishopsin the not only recaptures Drocess. t Not 2 qxq, NxPch; 3 K*Rl, RxQ and White must lose at least a Pawn owing to the doublethreat ofNxB or NxP. (4 B-K3 leaves the QNP hanging.) 3 White should not attempt to hold onto the Pawn with 4 B K3, B-B4; 5 Q-Bl, QR-Bl-Black regainsthe Pawn and his pieces springinto dynamicplay. a Black regainsthe Pawn with the better game. Play continued: would lose the two 5 QxQ, NxQ; 6 B-B3, P-K4 (exchanging to Bishops):7 B-N4, P-N3; 8 N-83 and White managed equalize.

PxP N_K3' N(3)-814 K_Q3U

5 BxN 6 BxP 7 K_81

8 B-Q47

NxB P-B4cho P_R3

I Driving Black's Knight back and completing the hemming in process. 2 OnZ. . . N-R3; 3 B-B3 followed by K-Q4, also squeezes Black to death. 3 Threatening BxN. Notice that Black'sKnight is tied down 4 to the defense the weak QNP. on a T h e e r c l r a n sd o e sn o t h c l p B l a c k . E . g . .3 . . . N x B : 4 K - r N , e N-B3; 5 P-B5, PxP; 6 KxP-the outside,passed QNp is decisive. 5 To preventK-Q5 and K-B6. 6 Equally hopeless 6 . . . NxB; 7 P-B5ch, K-B3; 8 PxN, is Kxp; 9 K-K5 and Black's K-side Pawnsbecome easvDrev. ? The Black Plun. mu,L fall. Whire has c'onreitedhis spatial advantage Force. into

80

St

Two BishopsagainstBishopand Knight

IIL'RGER-EVANS, U.S. OPEN

The two Bishopsor Time?

EVANS LARSEN, U.S. OPEN

.,,./z ,,./z
% f t % N "'/Z
7lz ''ffi, 7t'i %et'x
D i a g r u n t8 I

1952 CHAMPToNSHIP, Black moves. As a team tlrc lwo Bishops are porserful because, blt cirtue of tl'Leirsveep and rqrge, tlrc.tl ore capable of controlli g both tvhite antl dark squaresqt the sane ti 1(. lfhite's weak Q-side Pawns haue oduancedto the point where thel' hqua dificult.y protectittg eqch other. While Black's K-Bishop ties Ilhite to the defense of his KRP, ltis comrade harussesthe other wing,

CHAMPToNSHTP, 1949 White ffioues. Granted thqr yo Bishops are an qdaqntqge in the nviotit! of positions-just how ntuch is it vorth going out of one's way to vin then? Lt it \torth neglect oj deuelopnent and loss of Tinte? Abuiously, the ansv'er dependson the giuen positiotts, As a general rule, Tifi1e is morc important in open positions, vhereas one can nlore eosily aford to dela.y deoelopment in closedpositions.
BLACK

.?-JH .,r,.ffi A .Nfr ,Z

v & % " "/t i : ff 7tt"/'Z %)\ tA t u .'i\, : % ,74r

Diagrum 82

1 2 3 4

. . . P_N3 N-Q3, KxB

B_K4 B,B71 BxNch3 P_N5

5 6 7 8

K_K4 P_N4 PxP White Resigns4

P-R6 P_N6 BxP

tr N-851 2 NxBch

R-Kl QxN

3 0-O 4 P-QN4

P_84 P_85'

1 Two Bishopswork in better harmony than Bishopand Knight. Note how Black's Bishop on K4 keepsa weather eye on both White's Bishop is lifelessand the Knight limited in wings,whereas scope. ? Threatening N-B5ch. 4 3 Black exchinges of he the only because sees Possibility a forcedwin. a White must lose a pieceafter P-R7.

t Here the speciic problemis rvhether White shouldcastleor move piece (N-85) in order to exchange for a an already developed it Bishop. The order ol White's movesis more than academic.If I O-O, R-Kl; 2 N-85, B-KBl-Black saves Bishop! Black'sBishop his . e r r c sa r a l u a b l eu n c L i ob y g u a r r l i r gl : ed a r k i q u a l c s .S i n c eh e f n t t positior is suficiently closed, White can afford to movehis Knight a third time in order to "win" the Bishop. The courseof the gane, in fact, justified this strategy. For later developments Diagram23. see 2If instcad4. . . PxNP; 5 PxP, QxNP?; 6 N N5! threatening N-B7 and/or B-Rl, and B-K7 winning the Queen. Black has now established protecled,passed a QBP-ordinarily a strongformation. plus the possibiLity mobilizinghis However,White'stwo Bishops, of centralmajority by P-B3 and P-K4, give him a decidedadvantage.

82

83

Force or Time?
KATZ-EVANS, NEw yoRK srATE cHAMproNsHrp, 1949

Always snatchmaterial-if you can do it and live !

NEw YORK, 1955 BrscurER-sIrrRwIN, RosENwALDToURNEY,

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White mows. Manl positions pose a real dilemma: repair Force and lose Time, or re?air Time and lose Force ? There is no blanket answer. The general rule is that Force is more importatlt than Time and should be giuenpreference in the absenceof any other tit aI consi deratiotrs.

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Diagtan 84

Blsck moves. Scarcnging for derelopmenl neglecting mateial r'.'hile is a t)tpicalbegin er's.fqult. playetlN-Q 83,ofering l4thite hasjusr " his QNP. Black can ignorethe gift" by continuing his delelopmentv,ith the placid B-K2-or he canface the challengeby plungi g his Queenout' of-play. He takes the Plunge and liaesto tell the talc!

Diasrum83

l NxP1

2 K-Bl 3 N-B3

B-N5ch Q'Q4 B_N2

4 P-QR3 5 P_R3

B_84

o-o,

l Here the problem is whether White should castleor play NxP. In the first case seems losea Pawn; in the second, regains he to he it but losesTime. White fearsthat if he castles, Black canhold on to his QP by B*84, hencehe decides repair Force eventhough it meanshe will have to to movehis King in the sequence. However,White, in this particular case,can havehis cakeand eat it too. He can go aheadand castle: e.g.,I O-O, B-B4; 2 R-Bl, B-N3; 3 B-K5, O-O; 4 NxQP, tc. (4. . . BxN; 5 BxB, QxB?; 6 BxPchwinsthe Queen.) Incidentally,it should be noted that Black cannot neet the text with I . . . QxN because of2 BxPch,winning the Queen. 'Black has a splendid aggressive lineup against White's hapless Kins.

84

5 N_B4 QxN!5 1 . . . QxP' BxN 6 N-Q6ch 2 N_N5 Q-N5ch PxB6 7 BxQ P-83 3 Q-n+' P-QR314 4 N-Q2s 1 In chess taboo againstcaptureof theenemy lore thereis a standing As QNP at the cost of development. he madehis move Sherwin prejudices?" Bisguier siid. "Whv shouldI labor underantediluvian . merely sniiled enigmatically. The test for snatchinga .dangerous you see \\ ay lo get awaywith it. evenif.it means a Pawni: whether rn undergoingan arduous defensebefore your advantage t'orce beginsto manifestitself. 2 Notice how Black returnshis Queenquickly into play and usesit N-B7ch. to Drevent threatened the 3 t'hreateningN-B4 followedby N-Q6ch. Black seems be in rear to trouble. a A magnificent conception-as will be seen' Thereis an alternate defensei4. . .P-Q4; 5 N-N3, Q-N3; 6 B-KB4, N-R3; 7 PxP, BxP; 8 NxB, QxN; 9 B-Q6-Black is a Pawnaheadbut White has inasmuch as Black will have enonnous adequatecompensation difficultv in castlins. 5 The point. Not-5 . . . Q-Q1; 6 N(5)-Q6ch, NxBch' -BxN;-J K-K2i 8 PxP regainingthe Pawn and leavingBlack's King hopein lesslvexoosed the centerof the board. 6 Time to take reckoning. Black has three piecesfor the Queenthe a tally of 105units to 100-in tableof relativevalues' OnceBlack he consolidated, won easilY. 85

The bestway to refute a sacrificeis to acceptit!

EVANs-sussMAN,NEw yoRK lnETRopoLrrAN LEAGUE, 1950
EVANS-HANAUER, u.s, cHAMpIoNsHIp, 1951

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White moues, If a sacrifce is unsound, then naturul\) it must be accepted. If it is sound,tlrcre is little elseto do aboutit. Black hasafonniclable attack. l|/hite can captureeither the Knight or the Bishop, neitherof whichloolrsany too appetizing in uiew of his exposecl K-position- But he must capturebeJbreBlack's attack reachesouerwhelming proportions.

% % % %E% 7' /2,,,,4 %,,,,&ft % F.7Z%

Diagra,n 86

White moves. Force can generally be used to win more Force! Here White has an extra Pawn. Black cannot qford exchanges. Yet the constant threat to exchangepermits lYhile to gain Time and make further inroads. W'e like to think of this process as the "sword of Damocles."

Diagtotn 85

l 2 3 4

PxBl K_N2 N_N3 RxN'

s Q-83

NxPch Q-N5ch NxPch BxR R KTch?3

6 QxR 7 K*81 8 Q-N2 9 K_Nl 10 QxP mate

QxNch Q-R6ch Q-Q6ch R_K1??4

' This is no time to be sreedv ! 3 B e r r eir 5 . . . s e QxQch[i5.'. . e-N4: 6 R-KBt hotds reryrhins); f 6 KxQ. leading an endgame to wirh two pieces against Rook a-nd two Pawns,rvhich,however, still in White's favor because his is of powerful,passed QP. The text losesby force for Black. 4 This monstrous blunderis explicable only by the fact that Blackhad to completethe requisitenumberof movesbeforethe time-control. It is quite hopeless him in an)/event. for

1 Not i PxN, BxP!; 2 I(rB, Q-R7ch; 3 K-83, RxN; 4 QxR, Q-N6 mate.

1R-Kl1 2 R-K5 ! 3 R-tsSch 4 B_N8F 5 R_86 6 B_84 '7 R-B4

R_82 P.QR3? K_Q1 P_QN3 R_N2 K_Q2 N_R.2

8 B_K3 9 R-KR4|4 10 R-KN4! 11 K-R4 12 R-N6ch 13 RxQNP6

N-83 P_R3 N-R4ch5 K_B3 K_Q4

l Threateningto invade on K7. Watch how this Rook gradually makesinroadsvia the threat to exchange. White wantsto exchanse all rhe pieces. Rool for Rook-noi Bishopfor Knighr as rhin or Black might have good drawing chances the Rook and Pawn in ending. HenceWhite abstainsfrom the obvious 1 P-QR4, rvhich would only drive the Knight to a good defensive post at QB2. White hasno intention of exchanging Bishopfor Knight just yet! 2 Not 2 . . . N-B2; 3 R-QB5 which exchanges the piecesand al1 leaves White with an easilywon King and Pawn ending. 3 A study in technique White threatens ! P-QR4 (the Bishop takes the retreat at R2 away from the Knight). This threat to exchange forcesBlack to weakenhis Pawn Structurestill further. a Provokingfurther Pawn weaknesses. 5 Or if 10 .-. . K-Kl; 1l R-N6. 0 Winning a second Pawn,and the gamecametumbling after.

86

87

Forcecan be converted into Space

L\ A\s-srEt\l R, 3rd vercH cA\,tt. 1952 White moues. There is a sa.ling that the hadest thing in chessis to vin a v'ongame. Here Whitc is an exchonge aheqd but Black cloninates Space. The key to the defense is the principle that qn adoantage in Force automotically carries an adraurage in .a lt. Tine becauseeach exchongebenefts the stronger sfule. The threat to exchangemeans a gain of tempo. Black menacesa draw. If it were his Diagrum 87 moue,...R-K7; l 2 Q-81, R-K6 trould force a repetition.
EVANS-LYMAN, HOLLYWOOD OPEN, 1954

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Diag m 88

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White moees. Simplifcation is a aaluable deJbnsiueresource. llhen defunding, each exchange eqses the task of the defender because it means one less attackifig piece to v,orr.yabout. White is qn exchonge ahead, but Blqck's terrible Knights threaten to ride roughshodouer hin1. The immedia t e t h r e s ti s 1 . . . N \ Q B P . I Y h i t e , nloreoter, is weak on the light squores and his Bishop has no scope. I RxN loses to Q-N8ch; 2 K-82, QxRch. CIear Iy, for ceful tactics are called for.

BLACK

WHITE BLACK

1R-Rs! 2 R-B4!

Q-B6' Q-R6'

3 R-N53
1P-851 2 RxN!3

RxFr RxR

3 Q-B8ch 4 R-B2ch

K_82
K-K24

I 1. . . ease Whire'sdefensive task. QxR; 2 QxR would completely Black's only chanceis to try and keepthe garre complicated.The point of W-hite's defense that Blaci<'s is has QLieen bien forced to relcase K-fi|e.consequen[]y the R-K7 is no Jonger rhreatened. z A g a i nW h i t eh a su r i l i z e t h er h r e atto e r c h a n g e - l h irsi m et o g x i n d Spaceand to drive Black's Queenstill furtber out of play. Notice h o w W h i t ei s s L r i v i ntg c o o r d i n a th i sR o o k s . o e 3 White has broughi his Rook into play ancl easedthe immediate threat to draw. The rest, though difficult, is a matter of technique. White's passedQRP is the de.-cisive factor. Wirhcut it the gime would be drawn. Here are the remainingmoves: 3 . . . K-R2; 4 B-K4, K-R3; 5 BxB,PxB; 6 Q-86, N-N2; 7 R-87, Q-R7ch; 8 K-R3, Q-K3ch; 9 QxQ, NxQ; l0 R-84, R-K7; 1l P-N4, R-K6ch; 12 K-N2, P-R5; 13 P-N5ch, K-R4; 14 R(5)-N4, P-R6ch; 15 K-R2, KxP; 16 R-R4, K-B4t 17 RxP, R-K7ch; 18 K-Nl, P-N4; 19 R-R3, P-N5; 20 P-R5 (finallyit srartsro move),N-N4; 21 P-R6, N-B6ch; 22 K-81, R-KR7; 23 P-R7, R-R8ch; 24 K-F.2, Black Resigns.

1 This clearance givesthe Bishopscope. Because is ahead he sacrifice in material, White can afford to sacrilicethis Pawn to easethe pressure. 2 After I . . . Qx?; 2 QxQ, RxQ; 3 B-Q4 Black'sattack has been stopped(because Queensare off the boatd) and White'sadvanthe (3 tagein Forceloomsdecisive . . . NxB; 4 RrN, NxP; 5 R-QB2). 3 The point. Black no longer has tbe retort Q-NSch because he has beenforcedto block this diagonalby capturingthe BP with the Rook. a White has a ferociousattack even though he has returned the and is a Pawn down to boot. 5 QxP shouldnot now be exchange played because R-Q8ch. In tbe gameWhite continuedwith 1 of "Luft" Q-B8ch. Actually, the winning move is 5 P-KR4! making B-N5ch. In any eventWhite always for the King and threatening has a draw in hand by perpetualcheck.

88

89

openlines Whenaheadin tr'orce,

BERLTNER-EVANS,u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp, 1950

Thc bestdefense attack is

SANTASIERE-EVANS,u.s. cr{AMproNsHip, 1948

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Diasrunl89

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Blsck moyes. If the generalpottern for conrertitlg su?erior Force into dctorj is to exchangepieces, itJbllo*,s that the opening of lines fauors the plaver who is ahead. IIere, Force seems to be equal, HoweL^er, this is only a miroge. Upon closer examination it qppears that White's K-Bishop on KRI is hemmed iu and out-oJ-play. Hcttce. it remqins merely for Black to rip open tlte Q-side lines. Note how quickly IYhite's game disintegrates.

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Diasrun90 BLACK

Black moves. Black is a pieceaheart but hispiecesare undeueloped his and King hasalreadybeex to moue forced and thus lws forj-eited the priuilege of castling. White thrcatensto rip open the KB fle in order to get at Black's King. exposed ShouklBlqck be tightfstedor liberal? The principle inolted in defendingis Pafns in ordcrto bring lo rclurnsome pieces PI(r,. Extra materialis no into good unless can be used it !
WHITE BLACK

BLACK

1 , , .

2 Q-tsz 3 P-R3
4 RPxP 5 KR_81 6 RxR 7 R-Rl 8 R_R3 9 Q-B3 10 RxR 11 Q-R3 12 BxQ

P_N3I P_R4! PxNP B_R3 B_QN4 QxR QN2 R_QR1 B_83 QxR QxQ NPxF

13 NtrxP 14 N-N1 15KKI 16 K-Q2 17 B,N4 18NR3 19 K-Kl 20 N_NI 21 BxB 22 N-Q2 23 B 831 24 NxP

K-B.z
K_I(1 K_Q1 K_B2 K_N2 BQl K_R3 B_R.4 KxB
r\-1\ f,

1 2 3 4 5 6

. . . QxQP Q-N5 PxP BxP K_Rl

Q R2!r R_Q1 N_K2' PxP R-Nlch R_Q4'

7 QxP 8 N-Q2 9 QR-BI 10 R_KNI 11 RxR

Q-n7n QxBP Q-R6 RxRch QxKP5

FxB N_B3'

r Desperation.This Bishopis useless anyvay. 2 Black wins easilywith his extra piece. Note horv logically Black ripped openthe Q-sideand then penctrated the openlineswhich via ne created.

r Blackmustbe repulsed Thereis no time for tightfistedmoveslike ! , K 1 . . . R - Q l ; 2 Q - N 6 c h , - B l ; 3 B - R 3 !R - Q 3 ( n o t 3 . . . Q x B ; 4 Q-B7 mate); 4 PxP. I . . . PxP would only help White by openingthe KB file for him. 2 Blackmust bring his pieces out. He shouldnot evenstop to worry his about defending QNP. 3 This Rook-which doesnothing in the original diagram-comes stronglyinto play. a Always aggressiveNow Black actuallythreatens own mate in his ! horv Black one move. Comparethis with the diagrarnand observe has seizedthe initiative in retum for three Pawns. Now he gets back with dividends. everything 5 White's attack has beencompletely repulsed, Black is still a piece Black won shortly. ahead,White's King is exposed.

90

9l

ThePositionalSacrifce
The consequencesof a positional sacrifice are supposed to unfold gradually, as in a Greek drama. The outcome is not always immediatcly apparent and often thc only tangible return is pressure. Sometines the motives of a positional sacriflce are so unclear that one is tcmpted to wonder whether it is intentional. At Carlsbad, 1907,Cohn was awarded the brilliancy prize against Tchigorin for a "beautiful combination starting from an extraordinary deep Pawn sacrificc." But Cohn admitted after the game that he had not intended to sacrihcc the Parvn-he had lost it, after which he had been forced to play energetically to compensate for his material disadvantage! "pure" positional sacrifice which, incidentally, An example of a has a strange genesis, occurs in the follorving variation of the Sicilian Defense:
BLACK

This positionsawthe light ofday at the InternationalToulnament in Sweden,1955,when three Argentiniansmet three R.ussians (by accident, tbe sameround) and sprungit as a preparedvariation. in The threeArgentinians continuedwitb 10 . . , KN-Q2 and lost with dispatchafter 11 NxP!!, PxN; 12 Q-RSch,K-Bl; 13 B-N5!! (13 . . . PxB loses 14O-Och,B 83; 15P-K51,PxP; 16N-K4.) to Geller-Panno continued: 13 . . . N-K4; 14 B-N3l!, BxP; 15 O Och, K K2; 16 BxN, Q-N3ch; 17 K-Rl, QPxB; 18 Q-B7ch, K-Q3; 19 QR-Qlch, with a winningattack. After this triple massacre, the Argentinians(Najdorf, Pilnick, Panno)took the vadation back to the workshopand cameup with t h e n e wm o v e : I 0 . . . P x P ; l l B x N P ,Q N - Q 2 - a p o s i t i o n a l sacrifice the fincst:cnseof theuord because in Blackseems hrre to givenup a Pawnand smashed K-sidewirhout any compensation. his

I 2 3 4 5

P_K4 N_KB3 P-Q4 NxP N-QB3

P-QB4 P-Q3 PxP l{-KB3 P_QR3

6 B KN5 7 P_B4 8 Q_83 BR4 10 PxP

P_K3 B-K2 P-R3 P_KN4!?

7tt//th1&t7t A7,t ,.f,t"ffi '"& 7t 7t"ffift"'4 % % 7 "ffi.7tW% ft/.&fr% %ft

Diasmm 92

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Diagran 9l

Position olter 11 . . . QN Q2 Black doeshaveconsiderable compensation the Pawn. First. for h e h a sa h i g h i y o m p a cP a \ \ nm a s s - i nh ec e n r e r . e c o n d .e h a s c t t S h gainedthe squareK4 for his pieces.Third, he controlsall the open lines on the K-side (he will, ofcourse,castleQ-side).Fourth, White has many weak squares. Whether this is sufficientfor the Pawn, onlv tournamentDractice can decide. The only criteribnfor a positionalsacrifice that it be intentional. is The rest is a matter of judgment. Unlike the ten.rporary sacrifice, whoseaim is well-defined, positionalsacrifice the has no clear-cut purpose.The resultlies in the lap of the gods.

Position oJter 10 PeP

92

93

The TemporarySauifice
the In contradistinction the positionalsacrifice, temporaryonehas to book, The Art of an immediateand tangibleend. In his excellent points out that thereare two Sacrifcein Cless,Rudolph Spielmann kinds o[ temporary tactical sacrifices: (1) the sacrificefor gain, (2) the mating sacrifice.

(2) The mating sacrifice

BLACK

(1) The sacrificefor gain

BLACK WHITE

1 2 3 4

P_K4 N,KB3 B84 N_B3

PK4 P_Q3 P_KR3? N_Q83

sPQ4 6 FxF 7 NxN!

B-N5 NxP?

1P_K4 2 N_KB3 3 B-Ns 4 B_R4

P_K4 N_Qts3 P QR3 N_B3

5 6 7 8

0 0 P-Q4 B_N3 BxPch!

B_K2 P_QN4 NxQP?t

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Diagtun 93

iAATt

Diazrun 91

Position alter 7 NEN! If Black now plays 7 . . . BxQ, then 8 BxPch, K-K2; 9 N-Q5 mate. The mate can be averted,it is true, by 7 . . . B-K3, but in that eventWhite merelyremains pieceaheadafter 8 BxB. pxB; a 9 Q-Rsch,P-N3; 10 NxP, N-B3; ll Q-R3, etc. Here, briefly, is anotherexample-a trap in the French Defense which involvesa mating sacrifice:
BLACK WHITE

Position oJter 8 BsPch!

BLACK

8 . . . 9 NxPch 10 QxNs

KxB K_Bl2

1Correctis7...PxP. '9...K-K3; l 0 Q x N ,P - 8 4 ; 1 1 Q - B 3 P - N 5 ; 1 2Q - N 3 l e a v e s , Black's King far too exposed. 3 White has regainedhis piecewith interest. Black can no longer in and Time. castle. White has an advantage Space 94

1P_K4 2 P-Q4 3NQB3 4 B_N5 5 P_K5 6 BxB

P_K3 P'Q4 N_K83 B_K2 N-K5 QxB

7 Q-N4 8 B-Q3 9 PxN t0 N-83 11 BxPch!'

o-o
NxN P_QB4 P-85?1

l This losesby force. Black has a satislactorygameafter 10 . P-84. P-B3. or P-KR3. ? A commonmaneuver.Black loses after 11 . . . KxB; 12Q-R5ch, K-Nl; 13N-N5, R-Ql; t4 Q-R7ch,K-81 ; 15 Q-R8 mate. 95

Pieceagainstthree Pawns
EVANS-KRAMER, WTRTHEIM T{EMORIAL,NEW YORK, 195I

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Diasratn 95

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White moees. In the middle garne a piece is ahrq's su?erior to thrce Pawns. Lr the endgame,otling lo its possibility, the Pawn peculior queening itcreases in ualue. This position is instructiue-and dil.fcult. If Blqck can mobilize his Patns, hi rr.ill hare good n'inning chances. White has the aduantoge right now because the Pawns are relatiDely immobile.

a Black must eithersacrifice exchange (whichhe does)or end up the with onlv two Pcwnsfor the oiec.. 5 Ordinarily, Knight and 3 Pawnsare a good matchfor a Rook, but here the Rook can penetrate the K-side Parvns.Note how helpto less the Knight is. 6 White now getshis passed Pawn moving. The remainingmoves were: 20. . . N-B5ch; 21 K-K4 N-K4; 22 R-B6, N-N5; 23 R.-QN6, K-B4; 24 R-N8, NxP; 25 P-N6, N-N5; 26 P-N7, N-B3; 27 R-KB8, Black Resigns-the lonePawncannotbe stopped.

BLACK

I KR_KI 2 QR-Qr 3 N_85 4 R_K2 5 PxPch 6 N-R6ch 7 R(2)-Q2 8 BxP 9 N-N4 10 RxR

P_K41

K_B2 KR-K1 P_QN3, PxP K_N2 P-QN4?3 PXB NxNa RxR

11 RxR5 12 R_KI\8 13 RxPch 14 K-83 15 RxF 16 R-RSch 17 P-N4 18 K-Q2 19 RxPch 20 P-N56

K_82 N'Q6 KQ3 P_K5 K_K4 P_84 F-N5ch NxP K_Q2

1 Black shouldfirst build-upin the centerwith I . . . KR-KI. This push,though not fatal, weakens white squares.In order to prethe White must keep someof his Pawnson servehis winning chances, plan is to bold Black'scenterin restraint the board. His immediate in and trv to comoelweaknesses what is now a soundBlack Palvn Structure. 2 Another weakness. But Black had to counter the threat of R(2)-Q2. 3 The losingmove. Black'sgameis difficultyet perhaps tenable he if getsout of the pin by 7 . . . R-QBI. He may be ableto hold after 8 N-N4, NxN; 9 KxN, R-B2.

96

97

minor pieces Queenagainstuncoordinated

KRAMER-EVANS! NEw yoRK srATE cHAMproNSHrp, 1949

minor pieces Queenagainstcoordinated

H E A R S T - r v A Nu . s . c u l v r r o r s H r e , I 9 5 4 s

% % t % % %
6:r,ffi. % %6% 72
Diagram 96

White mortes. Theoreticalr',ryhite hss material equality in trro Rooks againsta Queen-100 units to 100. But herehispieces soscattered are and Black's Knights so strongly placed that Whitc is likely to losea piece in trying to establish a line of communication.Blqck'simmediate threqt r s 1 . . . N x B ; 2 R x N , x N .I n Q order to meetthis threat, Whitemust losea piece.

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m ^ %% n
Diagrunl97

1N-831 2 R-K42

Q-Q2 P_84

3 R-R4 4 N_K2 White Resigflsa

P_8513 Q_K2

1If instead B-N5, P-R3; 2 B-K7 (or B-Ra), N-Q7t; 3 R - Q l , 1 QxN;4RxN,QN8ch. ' To prevent QxPch. 3 Preventing B-R6ch and renewing threat of QxPch. the a White cannotmeetthe doublethreat of QxR and QxN.

Blsck tnortes. This is extremelydificult to eualuate frst glqnce. at Ilhite hasa Queen and threePawns a Rook and twopieces-l3l for to 120units in White's feaor. As (r general rule thepieces if theycancoordinate penetrqte win and qduanced do an! hqrm. Oncethe get beforcthePav,ns far enough to Patuns mobilizedthe defender's get piecesare nailed to the defense. So the pieces must be madeaggressive all cost. at In the actualgameBlack got panickyin time-pressure walked and straight into a lost ending after I . . . RxP?; 2 RxR, R-KBI; 3 QxRch, BxQ; 4 RxP. In reality Black has the better of it. Correct is 1. . . R-KBI! after which White must fight for his 1ife. For instance: If 2 Q-R3, N-K5 ! 3 Q-K6ch, R-B2. If 2 Q-N4, R-85 followed by QR-K81, or N-K5. If 2 Q-N6, R-83 followed by QR-KBI with a stiong initiative. pieces For anothergood example coordinated of againsta Queen, seeDiagram 66.

98

99

Queenagainsttwo Rooks
NAJDORT*EVANS, CUBA, 1952

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FOUR: Space CHAPTER

are When two opponents well matched,it is not likely that one of of them is going to losematerialin the early stages the game. Nor is it likely that eitherof them is goingto ruin his Pawn Structureor however, oneofthem fall too far behindin development.Generally, (howeverslight) in Space-and it will will acquile an advantage orobablv be the one who conductsthe White forces. The onus of falls on the first player. Whenhe cannot advantage iecuringa space the do this, Black is said to haveequalized game. occupied-by refersto the area cortrolled-rtol necessarily ,Space . the rrrltr)rg porverof Pawn<and pieces beyondthefourth rank lthe l a f r o n t i e rl i n e l . T h i s i s a g c n e l ad e f i o i t i o n n d d o e sn o t a p p l y t o where the battle has generallyshifted to the ends of the endgame the board.

Dtaw. This is the normal case. White is a Pawn ahead but he can make no progress because the Rooks are co nected qnd maintain an inlul erable blockade on the second rank. Euen w,hen llhite succeedsin creqtitlg a passed Pawn on the Q-side it cannol get through the blockade. Thus, though White has a theoretical aduantageof ll0 lo 100 units, he can nake no headway. Draw agreed. Moral: connectyour two Rooksl

7t "/1.,:,% / 2 % %

7t7t%
Diasrun99

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The ltontier line 100 101

The Center
The idea of the openingis to bring all the minor pieces to the up frontier line so that they bear down particularly on your enemy's half of the center. The centeris crucial and should be thought of as the core of the chessboard. When oieces Parvns olaccdin or are o r n e a r t r h e y a i ne n o r m o u <iln m o b i l i t y .B y c o n t r o l l i n g i h e c e n t e r i g y you cramp your opponcntby forcing him to develophis pieceson inferior squares,

Control of Unoccupied Squares

In diagram 102 White's Q5 is a key central square, despite the fact that it is unoccupied. Until his Pawn can be advancedto Q4, Black's K-Bishop will be conlined to a dead diagonal. At the moment White observes Q5 three tinies (with Pawn, Knight, and Qucen). In ordcr to reinforce the advance ofhis Pawn to Q4, Black must first put an additional piece to bear on that square, either with B-K3 or P-B3, or both. The theme of the game from here on will be the conflict between Black's constant challengein the center and White's attempt to maintain control thete. lyhite temporaril! controls Q5.

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Diagratn 1A) The center Diagrcm 102

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A,}\

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A A

Mobility
for Mobility is another expression freedom of movement. When pieces they radiategreater mobility. For example, occupythe center, considera White Knight on KB3 opposedto a Black Knight on whereas counterparr its QR3-the Knight on B3 strikesat 8 squares, strikesat only 4, or is 50 per centlessmobile. The sameappliesto proportionateto their distance the other pieces, from the center.

A TypicalSpaceAdvantage
In the following variation of the Nimzo-Indian DefenseWhite controlshis Q5 in a differentway-by occupying 1P-Q4, N-KB3; it: 2 P-Q84, P-K3; 3 N-QB3, B-Ns; 4 P-K3, P-QN3; 5 N-K2, B-N2; 6 P-QR3,B K2; 7P-Q5, O-O; 8 P-KN3, P-Q3;9 B-N2, P-K4; 10 O-O, QN-Qz; 11 P-K4.

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Diasran 103

Diagrant I0l

Block is cramped. White has a stro g )ledgeof Pawnsin the center- Black'sposition,beingcromped, bearswhat Tarrasch termed "the germs of defeat." Black's best counterpla]) consists N-Kl in not followedby P.-N3andP-K84, but this still cloes free hisgane or giuehis Bishops any life. The i mlediate11 . . . ,-R3 can be met with the simpleP-N3. After l.l . . . P-83; 12 PxP, BxP, Black has a glaring backwardQP on an open fle. Black might try to isolateWhite's QBP ardncially by meansof P-QR4, N-84, P-R5, and B-R3, but this is too slow because White's comesfirst with the expansion P-QN4 followed by P-QB5 after appropriatepreparation (N-QR4, B-K3, R-QBI, etc.). A positional player would play to strangleBlack slowly to death, whereas attackermight verywell choose double-edged an the tactical approachbeginning with an earlyP-KB4.

How to TestStability
In the SicilianDefcnse, after the moves1P K4, P-QB4; 2 N-K83, N QB3; 3 P-KN3, N-83; 4 P-K5? would be a blunderbecause of N_KNs.

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7t % 7t %a/
Diagran 1O4

How to CountSpace
In Diagram 103Black strikesat 4 squares past his fourth rank (Q5 and KB5 with his KP, K5 and KN5 with his Knight). White strikes at 7 and occupiesI (White occupies Q5, strikesat QN5 with his Knight, KN5 and KR6 with his Bishop,QN5, QB6, K6, and KB5 with his Pawns). Thus, White has an advantage Spaceby 8 in souares 4. to

Stability
Ii is not enoughmerelyto control or occupy Space-you must be able to retain it! Invasionor penetration se meanslittle unless per the advanced troops can be maintainedwith a steadyline of communication, steady a flow ofsuppliesandreinforcement.Napoleon's grande armie isolated the Russian in campaign its chess has counterpart in a center whichhasbeenoverextended. wesawin a previous As chapter, the question of overextension has been tossedinto the theoretical (e.g.,Alekhine'sDefense), cauldronby the Hypennoderns but there are definitewaysto test stability.

White's artificially isolated KP csflnot be mainlained. White'sKP is attacked tyyiceand defended onlv once. Ilhite can Iend it adJirionalsupporrby 5 Q-i2, whereujton Q-82 vins the qdaanced PataL White cqn trj lo maintain this Pawn b! tactical means: 5 P-Q4, PxP; 6 B-K84, (threateningP-KR3 followed by NxP) but nov Black gets a beautifulgame by playing P-Q3l:' 7 PxP, P-f,4! The test of stability,therefore, depends uponrrhether reinforcethe mentsof an aduanced oulpost(actualor potential)exceed means the by nhich this outpost ma! be assailed. Thus armed, we are now equippedto tackle a more complex problem of modern theory-the YugoslavVariation of the King's Indian Defense: I P-Q4, N-KB3 t 2 P-QB4, P-KN3; 3 N-Q83, B-N2; 4 P-KN3, O-O; 5 B-N2, P-Q3; 6 N-83, P-84; 7 P*Qs.

104

t05

7lz

"mt&t t7t"'.&"ffit
7rft

Centralizethe King in the endgame

KdNrc-EVANs. HAsrrNcs. 1949-50 Black moees. An aduantagein Space and nobility is :urpririugly enduring. Despite the reduction offorces, lYhite wins because his pieces are be er placed. Eaen v,ithout Knights he would wirt the King and Pann ending. l|/hire's Kinq is cenrrqli:ed. Black's is not; White's Knight is centralized, Black's is not. This pov'erful centralizatioi.! is con\erted ino the v,in of a strqtegic Pabn.

'il ,,...&/z
Diagrcm 105

Csn lryh e msintaifl his centerl To qnsb,erthis questionwe m-wt frst ascertain what is meant bJ "center" and, hauingdone that, inuestigate vays by whichBktck can wtdermine the this-center. "can White When we ask maintain his center?,'what we really want to know is whetherWhite's Pawn on e5 is a liability or ai: asset.Before go into that.note that Whjle hasan adrantage we in (by Space count8 to 6.1. In the present position how is Black to undermine White's seerningly formidablecenter 7 . . . P-K3 is the first possibilityrhat ? Ieapsto mind. for afrer 8 PxP. BrP. Black arracks eBp and the threatens P-Q,|. But if White t'gnores moveand continues the with pawnsand 8 O-O, PxP; 9 PxP, then Black has merelyexchanged comeno nearer an answer.No, wbat Biackmusido is strike to qt the bqseof ]Jy'hlte's Pawn chain QB4-and potentially eR2 after W h i t e p l a y sP - Q N 3 . T h e w a y B l a c kc a n a c c o m p l i stlh i s i s b v r striringfor an earlyP.QN4. Accordingly, Blackmisht novl .rrr'u t h e s o p h i s r i c r r e a n e u r e r T . . N - R 3 i n o r d e r t or e i i f o r c e - e N " 4 p md by playing_ P-QR3 after the Knighr has reachedeB2 to give the -g advanceadditional support. The game might continue: O_O, N-82; 9 P-K4, P-QR3; 10 F-QR4, and now Black is confronted with two alternatives-IO . . . R-Nl ; 11 p-R5, p-eN4; 12 PxPep.,RrP with strongptessure the eN file but with no hope on of assailingWhite's central Pawn wedge; or-10 . . . p-N3 (io prevent P-R5); li R-Kl, R-Nl; 12P,K5!, N-e2; 13 B-B4 and White exertstremendous pressure the center before Black has in time to get startedlvith his flank attack. Thus White can mainlain his center becausehe can Drevent P-QN4. Time is the crucialfactor in his favor. Il, in the diasram, Black's Knight werealready QB2 instead eNl, then W-hite's on of centerwould be untenable. 106

% "/& % % t%g t":%ft% .,r&.,,ffi,,//z % % % % % %

Diag/an 106

,rr/4

1 . . . 2 K_85' 3K863 4 KxP 5 K_R6

N_B51

6 P_N5

N_K6 KQl K_82 N_85

7 P_N6 8 P-N7 9 N-K6

K_Q3 N_K4 N-Q2 Black Resignsa

1 Black attemptsto bring his Knight into play. The QNP is doomed a n l w a yI.f 1 . . . K Q 2 ; 2 K - 8 5 . ' z Avoiding a trap. If 2 NxP, N-K6ch; 3 K-K4 (forced),N-B7; 4 N-B3, NxP; 5 N-Q5ch, NxN; 6 KxN, K-Q2-Black drarvs-he has the oDDosition. 3 A finesse.3 KxP, K-Q3; 4 K-R6 is equallygood. Black'sreply is forced. 4 I f 9 . . . K - K 4 ; 1 0 K - R 7 ,K x P ; 1 l N - B 5 , N x N ; 1 2 P - N 8 ( Q ) . Moral: the Kins is a fighting piece-use it !

107

Don't hem in Bishops

Restrainkey freeingmoves
THE NIT{ZO_INDIAN DEFENSE

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Diagrun1o7

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'/f,

llhite moves. A t),picql illustrutiotl of detaloping Bishops before pushi1g the Kilg or Queen Paytls one square orises in the Q's gambit det:lined after the moues: t P-Q1, P Q4; 2 P QB4, P-K3; 3 N-QB3, N-(B3. lfulrite nov hqs a choice between4 P-K3 or B-N5. He should deuelophis Bishopfrst, so as nol to lock it in.

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Diagram 108

PositionoJter3... N-KBJ The principleof mobility is involved: Bishops no good behind are closedlines,and only in caseof necessity shouldthey voluntarily be hemrned by their own Pawns. in is Black'sQ-Bishop known asthe "problem child" of this defense. The drawbackof decliningthe Q's Gambit with 2. . . P,K3 is that this Bishopmust eventually freedeitherby placingit on QN2 or be by strivingfor P-K,l. Black'sgameis crampedbut sound; yet this methodof defending Q's Gambit haslost popularitybecause is tbe it too Dassive. u T h e S l a vD e f e n sie o n ew a y o f d c c l i n i n g i t h o u tl o c k i n gn t h e r i Bishop: e.9.,1P-Q4, P-Qa; 2 P-Q84, P-QB3; 3 N-KB3, N-83; 4 N-B3, PxP; 5 P-QR4 (to prevent5 . . . P-QN4), B-B4; 6 P-K3, P-K3; 7 BxP, B-QN5; 8 O-O, O-O and Black has fi'eedboth his Bishops. Another way of freeing the Bishops is via the Q's Gambit Accepted: I P-Q4, P-Q4; 2 P-QB1, PxP; 3 N-K83, N-KB3; 4 P-K3, P-QR3; 5 BxP, P-K3; 6 O-O, P-Bll; 7 Q K2, P-QN4; I B-N3, B-N2. Both thesealternatives, however, havethe drawback permitting of White to set in an earlvP-K4.

Position olter 3. . . B-Ns

lllrite motes. "Restraint" is u method of insuring a spqtial adL)antage by pret)enting mooes w'hich y;ould qn opponent to expand. Con?ermit t:ersely, it is a defensiae tactic-to ?reL,ent an opponentfrom getting a slatiel adua tage in thefrst plqce. The Ni tzo-Indiqn Defense (named after Aaron Nimzouitch) is a good example of vhat its founder termed "prophylaxis," or, as we know it, restrsht. It arises after 1 P-Q4, N-KB3; 2 P-Q84, P-K3; 3 N-QB3, B-N5,

Black's last move developsa piece, initiates an annoying pin, prepares castling,and, what is probablythe most important facetof all, prcuentsWhite from expandingwith P-K4. The point is that White must now hem in one of his Bishoos. Probablvbest now is jl 4 P K3. Ho\.\cver. Whiretriesto bringout his Q-Bishop firsr.he getsinto trouble: e.g.,4 B-N5, P-KR3; 5 B-R4, P-B4 followed by Q-R4 with tremendouspressure on the QR4-K8 diagonalespecially sinceWhite's Q-Bishopcan no longer play a role in defendingthesedark squares. . Everymovein the world hasbeentried herefor White, and still no way has beenfound to secure him more than a minimal advantage. Offhand,4 P-B3 (menacing P-K4) looks good. This nove, however, takesthe bestsquareawayfrom the K-Knight, and can adequately be met by 4 . . . P-Q,{ (5 Q-R4ch, N-83).

108

109

Whento decentralize
SICILIAN DEFENSE-DRAGON VARIATION

Restraining "minority attack" the

D. BYRNE-EVANS, ROSENWALD

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+
Diagrum109

%a

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i

White ffioees. ll/hite has a minimal aduantage in Space, qnd in order to prcserte it he nust preuent Black It is from playlng . . . P-Q4. important for l|'hite to prcaent lhis moDe-ete if it rueans losing a tempo and withdrawing a beautifully centralized Knight. In order to preDent thefreeing action (... P-Qq White nust aTply the principle of restrqint. And the onl! satisfactor! ntote is the paradoxical I N-N3l Let us see why.

'Nt.lffir. trz 'ffi %t7t 71, "'k 7Zt% "/& "il%''ffi .&_'".4, 7z ,,/& %uffift
Diasram110

In order to understandthe necessity preventingBlack from of playing . . . F-Q4, let us examinewhat would happen if White ignored the threat and continuedhis development with I Q-Q2, P-Q4; 2 FxP (2 NxN, PxN; 3P-K5,N-K5! leads full equali9, to N x P ; 3 N x K N , N x N ! ( n o t 3 . . . Q x N ; 4 B - B 3 ,Q - a n y ; 5 N x N and Black'sPawn Structure ruined); 4 BxN, QxN and Black has is completely freedhis game. Another unsatisfactoryway of preventing . . . P-Q4 is with I B-83, For after 1 . . , N-K4 White would eitherhaveto retreat the Bishop to K2 (whereupon. . . P-Q4 would follow), or he would haveto leaveit there and sufferthe loss of the two Bishops. Incidentally,1 NxN, PxN; 2 E-ts3 would hardly help matrers, for after B-K3 Wlite would still be unableto preventP-Q4. Therefore, most feasible the way for White to observe Q5 is to his put aCdedpressure it with his Queen,and the only way to do on this is to withdraw an apparently well-centralized Knight: 1N-N3! Now the fight for. . . P-Q4 would continue after 1 . . . B-K3; 2 P-84 ! and Black will haveto seekother moves(suchas N-QR4) because , . , P-Q4 is still unplayablebecause 3 P,85, B-Bl 2 of (evenworseis 3 . . . PxP; 4 PxP, B-B1); 4 PxNP, RPxP; 5 PxP, N-N5; 6 B-83 certifyingthe rvin ofa Pawn.

rouRNEY, NEw YoRK,195+55 Black mores, Whiteexerts pressure on Blqck's QP and he intends to undcnnine its bqse b; playing P-QN4-s-the minorit! attqck (see also Diogram 75). By the simple e x p e d i e n tf t . . . P - Q R 4 o Black can eitherfrustrate this strategl or make it rcry dfficult to cqrryt out. This mot:e,it is true, would ''teaken QN3-but the square vould be weakened anywayafter the ineuitable . . . P-QR3. The choice is really between a passiue or an aggressiue Pawn formation.
\\'HITE BLACK

BLACK

1 . . .

P-QR41

2 o-o
3 P_83

R Kl B_81'

4 R_N13 5 N-Q3

B_KB4 P-R34

I We haveseenthat it occasionally paysto lose a tempoin order to restraina maneuver that would cost far more Time to stop onceit got started. 2 This innocuous retieatprevents White from expanding with P-K4. In chess is more important to frustrateyour opponent's it strategy than to be obsessed with your own sly designs. 3 Faulty strategy. White wants to prepare P-QN4 and continue with the minority attack. Instead he should concentrateon enforcing P-K4. He hasn'tthe tim to play for two ideasat once. a Black has freedomfor all his pieces his last move was designed to makean escape square the Bishopat KR2 after it is attacked. for Notc how White hasfailed to solvethe problemof openinglinesfor his Q-Bishop.

110

Double-edged restrainingmoves

The "bind',
EvANs-HowARD, MARSHALL cmss CLUB cHAMpIoNsHrp, 1947-48

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7t 7t 7'uru, % ',r&a 7t
Diagtu 1 III

Blach moues. In the Q's Gambit Acceptedafter: 1 P-Q4, P-Q4; 2 P-QB4, PxP; 3 N-K83, N-KB3; 4 P-K3, P-lG; 5 BxP, P-QR3 experiencelus shoy,nthqt lyhite does better to cttstleand allow Blqck to lla! . . . P-QN4 than to try and restruin it with 6 P QR4. IYhy?

'ffi-t"'Z't Blach mottes, A bincl is a stranglehold. It generally results after one acquired a vteak square %t"Nr:ffi playr hasThis is a drastic example. complex. r u % " & % Blsck's dark K-side squares are hope^"/& % "'ffiH Iessly weak. His King is hemnted in i % % f r and he cannot meet the threat of R-R4 and % % t ' but not if QxPch. A bit pzt, perhaps, it gets acrcss this point:
constriction is bad.
Diastan 112 BLACK

Position aJter 6 P-QR4 White's last move is not bad, merelyunnecessary. The principle behind it is good: restraint. But the moveweakens White's QN4, and this can neverbe repaired. In other words, restrainingmoves are only good if they servetheir function without fundamentally weakeningthe Pawn Structure. You must always keep the longrangeprospectol the endgame mind. in The game miglrt possibly continue: 6 , . . P-QB4; 7 O-O, N-83; 8 N-83, B-K2. It is true that Blackwill not be ableto develop u his Q-Bishop ith ease. On rhe other hand.White has the sam-e trouble developing own Q-Bisho5and he has accepted weak his a to Pawn Structure boot.

1 . . . 2 NxB

B_K5I Black Resigns2

r Desperation. The idea is to meet 2 R-R4 by P-N4. The only other reasonable attempt at counterplay consisted I . . . R-B7; of 2 BxR, PxB; 3 R-R4, P-B8(Q); 4 QxPch, NxQ; 5 RxN mate. 2 There is no satisfactory way to preventN-B6 followcd by R-R4 once more. Not to mention the fact that Black has siven uo a piece. Black madenumerous errors. With propcrplay 6n rhe parr of.your opponent, you should never be able to tie him up so completely.

n2

lt3

Fight a bind!
EVANS-BARDA, HASTTNGS, 1949-50

When cramped, pieces exchange

RoTHMAN-EVANS, PRACTICE GAME, NEw yoRK. 1948

T t % % .'r&_ ,,&

Blsck moves. Violent countermeosurcs, euen sacrifce, must be considered in order to shake off the far-reaching tentacles of d bind while there is still time. White threatens BxB, followed by N-N5-Q6 and gradua\ Black vill be smotheredby the on-coming Q-side Pavtn mass. Black can free himself only by one moue:1...P-K4.

i:iaail "ffi6%t% t % / & % %"ffi% h 4r

Diagran 114 WIIITE

Diasran 113
BLACK

Blsck mot es. Exchanges prouide elbow room. Sometitnes is necessar)) it to adopt a?p(uentb) outlundish measures order to free a cramped in position,but usuallyit is v)orlhit. Black hasthebetterPav)n Structurehe has compensation his doubled for Pawnsin the open QRfle. Ilthite's backward QP is a glaring weakness, but how cqn Blaclc get to it? If l . . . O-O,' 2 P-R1follovted R-N3 by subjectBlack to a ferce qttack.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

, . . PxP NxP RxN RxRch BxNs R_Kl P*R3

P_K41 NxKP NxN B_N5' RxR BxB B_83 B_R4

9 Q-K4 10 BxQ tl N-84 12 B-R7ch 13 RxRch 14 B-82 ls P-QR4

QxQ R_K1 B_KB6 K,B1 KxR B-N7 Dtuw4

1 . . .

2 B-Qz
3 QxB

B-N5ch F BxBch2 N_K2B

4 B-Q3 5 R_N3

B_B3
P_N34

I That this weakens-or evensacrifices-tl1e is of relativelylittle QP mornent. The important thing is to play it while he can still breathe and is in a positionto profit tacticallyfrom the consequent opening of the lines. 2 Life at lastl The Bishop basksin its new-foundfreedom. Black has sacrificeda Pawn but he has considerable Dressure asainst (notably Whire's Ughtsquares KBo). s White doesnot like to giveup the two Bishops. But the altemative, 6 BxP wouldbe met by 8*86! E.g.,7 BxB,NxBch; 8 K-N2, BxB; 9 NxB, N-K8ch, winning the exchange. 4 After 15 . . . B-R6; 16 N-Q3, B-K5; 17 P-N5, BxN; 18 BxB, BxP regainsthe Pawn and establishes oppositecolored Bishops.

r What Black must do is free his K2 squarein order to use it for maneuvering pieces. his This solves problem. Black takesadvantage the ofthe momentary pin on the QR flle to exchange Bishops. ' Gladly! 3 This Knight is headed KB4 or for demand. Q4, ascircumstances a Black has a bind on the white squares and White's Qp is subject to hear.y fire. Note how Black hairelieved his cramp a].rd obtuiired fieedom of movement.

114

115

Freeingcombinations
DONOVAN-EVANS, ]\IARSI.IALL

A wing attack is best met by a reactionin the center

KAGETSU-EVANS, HoLLywooD opEN, 1954

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i ti B ,

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1949-50 cHEss CLUB CHAMPIONSHIP, Blacb tnoves. Crantped potitions resiliatrc!. contain extr.tot'.liar)' cau bring the Sometinles o e n1oLle sleepingpieces all to life. This positiott arcse out of the K's Indiai Defense, )'et note the simildriryl to Alekhine's Defense (Diogram 7). The frceing principle cons.ists in striki g at an otetextended center from the fank. Black conuerls Time (the moue) into SPace.

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Diasram 116

Black moves. The otrac/'cr is ah,qvsthe one tho benefite from ooen un?s. ne Jttouldlr) lo t losc Ihe ccnter before embarking on s ving qttack. This cannot alway be done. The deJbnrler must keep his lines of communication open, and this requires u fuid center so thqt he ntay ditert pieces from the other y'ing to tlle defense of the attacked ving.

Diastam 115

1 . . .

2 0-o2 3 BxP 4 PxP

P-QB4F PxQP PxP NxP!

5 6 7 8

BxN NxB K-RI Q-B33

BxB Q-Qsch QxN

1 . . . 2 QxN' 3 0-o-o3

P-Q4!r B_Q3 R_N24

4 P-KR4 5 BxB 6 B-Q2

BxN Q.N5 PxP5

1 This move rips White's centerto shreds. 'Write choosesa speculativc Pawn sacrificerather than see his 2 PxQP,PxP; . 3 BxQP, BxB; 4 NxB, centerutterly destroyid after his NxP, though this was, objectively, bestline. s White hai somepressure the Pawninasmuch Black will have as for trouble developinghis Q-Bishop. Here Black should play 8 ..' R-QN1 foltowid by . . . P-QN3 and graduallyhis extra PawnwiU comeof age.

r TemporarilyBlack is a Rook ahead-but he is skating on thin ice" as will be seen. If it wereWhite'smove,Blackwould belost! E.g.. I exN followed by^Q-B3,_Q-R5, and Q-R7ch, againstwhich there is no adequate defense. In order to frustratethis maneuver Black must som.ho* be ableto gethis Queen the KR file by playing. to . exp. However, tlis Pawn is presentlyprotectedby the Knight. In order to captureil the Knight on KB4 must first be dislodged. In order to d o r h i s B l a c km u s rg e r h i s B i s h o p o Q i . V i a r l i i s l o n gc h a i no f r r e a s o n i n g .l a c k r r i r e s t r h eg e n e r a l r i n c i p l eh a ta w i n ga t r a c k B a a p r rs best metby a reaction thecenter. Tlre texI frees e3 square in the for the Bishop. : P!_t1. ? PxP is met easilyby B-Q3. 2 Nxp is met by exp. 3 White hasno time for 3 83, BxN; 4 BxB,pxp; 5 Bxp. S-NZ! Q a The pressure off and finally Black has rime is to brearhe. Tbe objectof this "mysterious"Rook moveis not so mysterious. Black anticipates Q-83 Which would now be met by BxN; 5 BxB, exp 4 (otherwise Rook on Nl would be attacked). the 5 l t ' s a l l o v e rb u t t h eh a n d s h a k e . l a c k o ww h i p p e d p a w i n n i n g B n u attackveryquickly: 7 R-Nl, Q-K3; 8 B K2, Q-R7!

116

|7

ConnectRooks
FLEISCHER-EVANS, U.S. OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP,1949

The wrong Rook

EVANs-coLLrNS, Loc cABrN cHEss CLUB cruuploNsurp, 1950 llhite moves. llhen Rooks are connected and either of them can occup! ct necessar! central fle, annotators are in the sarcastic hobit of writing "the wrong Rook!" no matter vhich one moues there. 'E< Here either of lYhite's Rooks can '9-J moDeto Ql. Once his QP is bolstered frotn behind, then l|hite will be able to constrict Black's game with P-K4. The question is: which Rook should Diagrun I18 be played to Ql, and why?

t''
t

' i

gt a t t l
l

frh/

Black moues. This principle is uery simple. It merel! states thqt the ideal of deuelopment is to clear qll the oieces olf the first rank until the Roik, or" rinnrrrict. In this way both Rooks are free to occupl open fles, especiolly in the center. When the Rooksare connectedin thisfashion, il senerally herqlds the end of the "opening'and rhe beginning of theiniddle gsme.

t'ffi ""t&t"/&. % i %t""ffi % % "'& "&- % % .rffi ,,.&

%e%

Diasrun117 WHITE
BLACK WHITE

rIr'HITE

WHITE

BLACK N*Q4 R-B2

1 2 3 4

. , , Q-N3' Q-Q14 N_83

B-Q2t QR-Kl3

s B-Q2
6 R-K16

R-K2 KR_K1

7 BxR 8 N_K4

P_KR45 RxRch N_Q5 Q_B4'

1 KR-Qll 2 QR-BI' 3 P_K4

QR_81 Q_N1 P_QN3

4 P-K53 5 N_K{ 6 N(K4)-Q64

l Black has reachedhis maxirnum development.He should take of advantage the lull to develophis Q-Bishop,even if only to so the modesti squareas Q2. what this doesis release Q-Rook, thus the accomolishing connection. 2 This-only l-oses severaltempi. White is already far behind in and development, he shouldpripare to freehis Q-Bishopby playing 2 N-83 immediately. 3 This is an idealmove. It develops piecewhich is out-of-playwith a sainof time. Nothingmorecouldbe asked. i white's queen is misplaced 3 an)'vay. lf instead N-83. P-N3. to the of N-Q5 forces Queen moveagain.Whirehas thenthe threat a Time advantage. The problern now is to exploit it before it evaporates. 5 This Pawn is to be usedas a batteringram. to provokesome in weaknesses White's K-side Pawn Structure. 6It is always a good policy to challengeon the file before the too control of it becomes dominating. opDonent's ''*hite's gameis still extremely are difficult. Black'spieces beautifullv Dosted. 118

r This movefollows cenain sound,though neverbeforeformulared, rules. When either of two Rooks can move to a necessary central file, theseare the criteriato be applied: (l) select Rook which is the doing the least; (2) selectthat Rook which, after it arrivesthere, possible will permit the remaining Rook its greatest mobtlity. Before selecting moL)e, is importantto uisualize whichcentral it on |our fles eachRook will do thentostsood. HereWhite chooses K-Rook because foresees he wants the he that a Rook on QBI and a Rook on Ql. Moreover, he moved QR if his to Ql he would violaterule number2-after it getstherethe K-Rook rvould only have one squareto which to move (Kl), whereas now (QNl and/or QB1). the QR has two squares ' Completingthe development the Rooks and exertingmasked of pressureon Black's Queen. Black can do little but sit back and wait. His position is crampedbut quite solid. 3 Again, White givesto get. He cannotmaintain the tensionin the center forever. A good alternativeis 4 Q-K2, with the idea of olaying for a breakwith P-Q5. a Black'sKnight on piece. White, on the Q4 is his only well-posted otherhand,hascompleted invasiondeepinto eneny territory and an has a bind on the dark colored squares.Note how Black's pieces get in eachother'sway. Il9

"Sitting on" a position

EVANS-HEATH, CLUB MATCH, TEXAS,1949

"Luft"
HIARST-EVANS, MARSHALLcHEss CLUB JUNTORcHAMptoNstttp. 1947

',,.&i lfrw ,,x' /ft %t/fr ,r.r& % % 7t/&%ft7t .,& .,,t*% %

'

White morcs. It is not alwqis necessary to do something when you haue an aduantage, Norrlrcre is patience more atirtue than in chess.One ofthe most common fallacies is the qssumption thqt euery mote must contain of sornedcious threst. Inthe absence direct tqctical coLnbinations, one should tqke aduantage of the lull to deaelop pieces or, if thq) are already deueloped, fnd euenbetter squares to for them.

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g tl,

%t%w% fr% lz"/,e 7t %

Diasrcm 120

Blacb motes. "Luft" (Germqn for "air") is brcqthing space-i.e.." an escope squore-for the king. It cqn come in uery handy. This losition is dravish, but the skirmish is lar from ouer. llhite hes a quqlitatiue majority on the Q-side (3 Pavns to 2). Before proceeding any further, both sides take aduantage of the lull to make " Luft."

1 QR-Ql1 2 QxQ

P-B4' NxQ

3 BxB 4 P-B33

RxB

P_KR3

2 P_KR31

l This move "sits on" the position. It exertsmaskedpressure on the the Q-file, brings a Rook into play, and discourages freeing maneuver,P-Q4. Incidentally,the reasonWhite's QR moved to in illustration. The Ql ratherthan his KR is explained the previous first question White must ask himself is "where do I want my Rooks?" He wantshis QR on Ql andhis KR on Kl. Ifhe played 1 KR-QI, where wouldhe put his QR lateron? 2I . P-Q4 is refutedby 2 BxN, BxB; 3 PxP, QxP (forced); 4 N-83 and Black'sdoubledQBP'sare robbedof the little mobility that theYnow Dossess. 3 White hasIasting pressure the center. in controlof Q5. and good doubled,Q-sidePawns. play againstBlack'sdisconnected,

I Neither side now has to worry about an impromptu mate on the last rank. They are now free to embark on their business the for day. Why not 1 . . . P-KN3; 2 P-KN3 ? The reasonis that rhese moveswould weakentoo many squares. For greaterdetail consult DrasramJ). _ The King and Pawn endingresultingfrom this position after all the pieceshave beenexchanged analyzed Diagram 156. Just is in for the fun of perfectingyour endgame technique,remoyeall the piecesand play this position out with a friend. It is a theoretical oraw.

120

t2l

"My kingdomfor a Luft!"

EVANS-COLLINS, MARSHALL

cHrss CLUB cHelrplot{sHrp, 1946-47

EVANS-PHILLIPS.

MARSHALL

cHFss CLUB cHAMProNsHrp, 1948-49 White moves. An"escope square" is

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% ffi6% "'.,ffi_

A% "tffifr % '"ffi. %
121 Diagrum

White moees. Failure to make Luft can haoedisastrousconsequences. llthite played 1 RxRP? and learned the hard way. Correct is 1 P-KR3 or-eren better-l P-K83! gaining Time b! the attock on Black's Knight.

qlternate expression for Luft t% "'&i"..&t an a houenfor a piece otherwhen making thotl "ffit% the King. %t% ,,rht% Sooner or l\ter White h,ill heue to % '''M guard against . . . N-KR4. In order %ft.& "ffi"ru^% to insure that his Q-Bishop sta1,s

fttr /
Diagruft 122

tr

posted on the excellent diagonal vhich it now occupies (KR2-QN8), lfhite should play P-KR3 in order to retreat the Bishop to R2 ythen challenged.

l 2 3 4

RxP ?r RxR N_82' P-B33

RxR R_88 N_84 B-Q3

5 K_81 6 K_Nl 7 RxB

B-R3ch P-R3 !4 NxRs

1 White shouldcontenthimselfwith a draw by I P-B3, RxR; 2 RxR, N-84; 3 B-82, etc. ' 3 K-Bl is refutedby B-N5. 3 Too late! If White'sPawnwerealreadyon KR3, White could save everything gettingout of the pin with K-R2. As it is, hejust has by to sufferin silence.He is hopingfor 4 . . . NxB?; 5 RxB-but no suchluck. a Blackoavshis tributeto the "Great God Luft." White now hasno way to meetthe theat of 7 . . . NxB; 8 RxB, RxN other than by the sacrificing exchange. 6 White resisned shortly.

1 P-KR3 was playedin the gameon the suppositionthat it was necessary sooneror later. Actually, it is not immediately necessary because N-R4 can be met with 2 B-K5, P-B3; 3 B-N3, NxB; 4 RPxN, with good attackingchances along the KR file. However, White has nothing better to do. He might try the developingmove, 1 R-QBI. He most certainly does not want to play I B-Q3 because PxP; 2 BxBP would force him to losea tempo with the Bishop. One other good point of White's move is that it restrains Black'sQ-Bishopby taking the squareKN5 awayfrom it. Incidentally,sinceeveryPawnmovecreates new weakness, a such a move shouldnot be madewithout good reason(especially whenit involvesa loss of Time before development has been completed). This is a relativelyclosedposition, so the loss of Time involvedin I P-KR3 is neslisible.

t22

t23

Overprotection
NASr.r-EVANS, opENcHAMproNSHrp, 1950 u.s.

weak points Overprotecting

EVANS(u.s.A.)-NTELSEN (DENM,{.RK),DUBRoVNTKol-yMprcs, 1950 YUGOSLAVTA,

t vt "X 7t t /t 6' 7t 7ttr.f, '4 % llz 7t .,.il^ 7z .r'& 7t '/.La n tly 'ffi,H7tA % %+
D i d s r c n1 2 3

'M,

Blach mores. Black's highly mobile ce ter exerts a crumping infuence ot1 llhite's a*vrardll placed lieces. It is important to mqintqin this center vithout adtancing either KP or QP until all the pieces are prepared to tlemolishthepotential blockqde. Thus 1 . . . P K5 inLmediatel! w,ottld be met 4j N-Q4, saddling Black u:ith a backvard QP.

'/ftt""& % % i ft"/& % "H ",& %"'& & 1 %

White moees. Nimzot itclr confned his concept of orcrprotection to ke! points in the center. We may extend it to any vreak poinl anywherc on the board, White hqs vhite squareweaknesses on KB3 and KR3. I{e cun repair them \ith lhc rcmpori:ing 1 K-Nz. In such a complicated position. this nore looks quire inttocuous. But it anually came in hand'- laler arul made possible the vinning combination!
BLACK

Black should overprotecthis QP now with 1 . . . B K3, on the principlethat White will gangup on it sooneror later. This move not only develops piece, alsoleaves a but White in doubt asto which Pawn will advance. The QP is then "overprotected" because, strictly speaking,Black has more pieces defendingit than are actuallynecessary its safety. for The gamecontinued:2 N-N5, B-Bl; 3 P-KN4, P-Q5; 4 PxP, NxQP; 5 K-Nl, P-R3t 6 N-R3, N-86; 7 RxR, KxR; 8 R-N3, N-Q7ch; 9 K-Bl, NxB: 10NxN, NxP, winninqa Pawn. Note how B l a c kc o n v e r t e d i s g r e a ri n f l u e n c e t h e i e n r e r i n r o m a t e r i a l h in advantage.

1KN2 2 Q-Nl 3 B-N5 4 B-Q21 5 PxP 6 N-Qs!' 7 QxR

N-B4 P-K3 R_K1 N(4)-Q2 RxP RxR QxP

8 NxN 9 RxN! 10 R-Q8ch 11 BxR 12 N-Q7 13 B-N5 14 R-N8ch

R-QB33 RxQn B_BI KN2 Q_Q4 B_N55

Black Resigns

l This finesse a commonmaneuver, The Bishop,of course,was is headed Q2 all the time. By movingto N5 first it gaineda tempo for bv forcins Black'sRook to an inferior file. 'initiatirig a "maskedattack." (See also Diagram 149.) 3 Forced. If instead9 . . . NxN; 10 R-Q8ch wins. a Finally 1 K-N2 is vindicated! This little "combino" would not be possible with the King on Nl because Blackwould capture Queen the with check. Of course, white did not foresee whenhemadehis this first move. It is a strokeof luck-or "serendioitv." 5 Note how helpless pieces. Black's is the-minor Queen against

124

125

The Pawn as batteringram

EVANS AND SPIELDERGER-LOKVENCZ AND PRAVDA, CONSULTATION

Securing advancedouqnsts
EvANs (N.Y.)-QUESADA (HAVANA), RADIo MATCH, 1947

GAME,vrENNA, 1956 White mor)es. Black's Q-side looks pretry solid. lVhite must force a point of inuqsion (see also Diagram 60). To do this he must use his Q-side Pawns as battering rams. It is amazing how quickl! Black's position falls apart as soon as White obtqins undisputedspatial control of the QN fle, and, v,ith it, the rital QN6 square-vhich giues him a base from which to strike at Black's bqckward QP.

ffi-urufr ''ffi/
%
Diasram 125

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t% % i :,/.t*a^"ffi "'ffi

aA6 rtg "axft

Diasrun126

% % ' r u "Z

t/ %t% f:

White moees. Iryhitewonts to v'm the square KB4 for his Knight-an excellent lost indeed. Thefact that pcrmils hint Black is not )'et castled to do it rvith 1 P-KR4. Ordinorily, this couldbe met by 1 . . . P KR3, maintainingthe Pawn on KN4. But afrer here rhe pin is fatal. because 2 PxP Black cannotrecapture. AII Blqck hasfailed this troublebecause his to connect Rooks!

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

P-QR4r PXBP R_N2 RxR R_Nl Q-N2p Q-N6

P_QR4' NPxP R_N1 QxR Q_82 R_B1 K_B1

8 QxQ RxQ 9 R-N6 !1 K_K2 t0 R-R6 R-N2 11 N-Ns N-K1 12 NxP! R-N65 13 BxP RxB 14 N-N7 dis. ch Black Resigts

1P_KR4! 2 RxP

PxPl

3 N-84'

o-o-o

l slightly better is 2 . . . P-N5 which, it is true, weakens dark the by But the text makesevena gravel concession allowing squares. on White a baseof operations the openKR file. 2 The Knight hasiecured this outpott and cannotbe dislodged. If by it necessary, can be reinforced bringingthe QN to K2. Black has isolatedK-side Pawns; White has a bind on the KR flle. He won shortly.

1 The threat of 2 P-R5 forcesBlack further to weakenan alreadv compromised Q-sidePawn Structure. 2 To prevent P-R5 Black cedesWhite control of QN5. Equally hopeless I . . . PxP; 2 RrP, R-Nl; 3 QR-NI, winningttrl was QNP. 3 Black must not be allowed to challengethe file with R-QNI. White's advantage Space(undisputed in control of the QN file) is now decisive. a Control of this 'Jumping-off" point is crucial. The Rook cannot be stopped from its foraginsmission. 5 O r i i l Z . . . N x N ; t i B i p w i n s . N o r eh o w p o w e r f u l l W h i t e ' s v two Bishops cameinto play whenlinesr.r opened them. ere for

126

127

Occupyingadvanced outposts
EVANS-CARLYLE, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp, 1952

tt '

White motes. Blqck is a Pqvn behinrl but he hqs ttvo Bishops and strongpressure. (White's Queencannot deJbndboth the Knight qnd the The immediete QP indefnitely.) threatisl. . . R-Kl. White's Knight is pqssirc qnd ouerburdened, But there is q rqt of light. White hqs a potential outpost on K5! How can he redeploy his Knight so thqt it can reqch this radiant paradise!

CHAPTER

Time

I N Nllr 2 N_83

R_K1' R_K2

3 RxR 4 N-K53

QxR

I The horsebeatsa strategic retreat. It is headed K5 via 83. for z One move too late! If the Knight werestill on K2, then White's e ] n l l e u v e rw o u l db e i m p o s s i b l e :. g . . 2N - N l . R r R : 3 R r R . e x p . r White's exra Paunis now decisive-wirh Knighton K5 heian his go to sleep--tisgame plays itselt The remaining moveswere: .-. Q-QB?; 5 R-Q81, P-QR3; 6 P-KRa, q-n2. 7 p*q1, 1.

Bxp; t0 exF, R-eNl; li 9-I?; t K-R2,Q-R2; e Q-Q82,

N-B6, Black Resigns.

of Time (or tempo)is the unit of the move-it is the element tactics. ability were The moueis so aital that if a player ttith only mediocre just oncee"-ery) grontedthetight to more tv,icein a row, at his option, llorld Champion! gone, he couldbecome "Time" is hard to define. Roughly speaking,it amounts to mobility and development.The idealopeningis onein which pieces are clearedranidlv from the first rank so that the Rooks are free to oflost Time is a cramped shuttletoward the center. One s;,n.rptom developing position: when the moment ardvesto make necessary can to moves(in order,for instance, preparefor castling)the pieces no longer developon active squares. Time is equivalentto the "serve" in tennis; unless pursuedvigorously, is likely to dissipate. it This "driving force" is tennedthe initiative. and the first move confers The "initiative" is a Time advantage, this automaticallyon White. After I P-K4' for example,White aheadythreatens control the centerwith 2 P-Q4. Black,like it or to not, is compelled adapt his strategyto the threat. 1 . . . P-K4 to meetsit and also opensup linesfor the Queenand Bishop. White, it is true, can still play 2 P-Q4, PxP; 3 QxP' but he hasmovedhis Queentoo early and must now lose a tempo after N-QB3. There square the Queen: if to Ql, then nothing has for is no constructive beengained; if to Q2, Q3, K3, or QB4,thenit would block a Bishop diagonal. 4 Q-R4 is relativelybest,but then the Queenis out-ofWhite is forcedto delaythe necessary play on the flank. In eithercase for develoDment oneof his minor oieces a move. In the meantime of Black ian developanotherminor piece. Thus he has wrestedthe initiative. 129

r28

%a % %

t"ffit%i"/ffi

%'ffi^% % % % % % % 'r,ffifr 'm^

t"'ffi %t7fl % % %

%t% % %" /fl^% % ru-

Diagmn

128

Di1gtunt 129

Block gains a tempo. From this it may be concluded that whenercr the samepiece is forced to moae a secondtime in the opming q tempo is lost. For this reqson early Queen moues are inaduisable; lhe opponent can dri\e it from pillar to post in the course ol normul deuelopment.If, after lP-K4, P-IK 1 2P-Q{PxP, Witi doesnot nish to submit to the abooe loss of Time, he mav elect to continue with the gambit 3 P-QB3? !

The gambit declined lst method-Declining the gambit: I P-K4, P-K4; 2 P-Q4, PxP; 3 P-QB3, P-Q4. (3 . . . P-Q6 also declinesbut does not force White to losetime in recapturing Pawn,as4 BxP develops the a piecein the process). With 3 . . . P-Q4 Black has opened morelinesfor his Queenand to Q-Bishop. He has elected fght Whitein his own element-Time dgainstTime! A likely continuationis: 4 KPxP, QxP; 5 PxP, exploits N-QB3; 6 N-KB3, B-N5 (noticehow Black systematically White's isolated QP by undermining the pieces which defend it\t 7 B-K2, O-O-O (not 7. . . BxN; 8 BxB, QxQP?; 9 BxNch, PxB; 10 QxQ); 8 N-B3, Q-QR4 with lasting pressureagainst White'scentralPawn as well as superiordevelopment.

Gambits
A gambitis an earlyartempr seize initiarive to the forcibly(usually at the costof a Pawnor two). The gambireer hopes piofit from to his rapid developmenr and superiormobilitv to scori an earlv victory. ro regain material irh interest. it stands reasoi or his rr Iiut to that if the second playerhas madeno organicweaknesses errors or such optimism is totally unfounded. Thereare three waysto meet a gambit: (l) decliningit, (2) holding doggedlyon to rhe sacrificed materialat the cost of the initiative,(3) accepting and then returnit ing the materialat a favorablemoment.

130

l3l

2nd method-Holding doggedly on to all material sacdficed: 1 P-K4, P-K4; 2 P Q4, PxP; 3 P QB3, PxP; 4 B-QB4 (the "Danish Gambit"; where White sticks to the true spirit of it, he doesnot stop for 4 NxP but aims insteadfor quick development at all costs), PxP; 5 BxP, P-QB3.

3rd method rcturring materialat a favorablemoment: 1 P-K4, P K4t 2 P Q4, PxP; 3 P QB3, PxP; 4 B-QB4, PxP; 5 BxP, P_Q4.

t vztr,& TLzt t'/z % 7t 7Z 71, %',r/.2 ft% a7/z 7/t 72 /2, '/&-fr
&
f_l

'iiftt % 2 / 7ttrflt

rua%w.ffi,
Diasrcm 131

z z ft..,&,,/Ztfu^ "'E

7AZft't ''',,/t

''/ttz 7t

Diaglan 130

The gambit accepted-and returned P-Q4 is so powerfulthat it has The principlebehind5.,. all virtually eliminated gambitsfrom toumamentplay! Blackfghx White in yet anotherelement-PawnStructureogainstTine! Black retums the material in order to simplify and reach a favorable endqame. the dlkely continuationis: 6 BxP (6 PxP closes linesand leaves after 6 . N-KB3; Black a Pawn aheadwith an easy defense 7 N-KB3, B Q3; 8 O-O, O-O; 9 N-B3, B KN5; 10 Q-Q4, QNN Baden,1914), KB3!; 7 BxPch,KxB; Q2. Opocensky-Rdti, 8 QxQ, B N5ch (the temporary sacrificeof a Queen is a good example of a strategicaltheme bolsteredby tactical execution); 9 Q Q2, BxQch; 10 NxB, P QB4 and Black hasa slight advantage his theoretically because Q-sidePawnsare likely to movefasterthan Pawnswith 3 White's K-side Pawns(it is easierto force 2 passed against I than 4 against2-noreover, Black's King is a strong colored of defensive weaponwhereit stands). Because the opposite in Bishopsthe gameis likely to eventuate a draw, but if this is the he the bestWhite canobtain,obviously will abandon DanishGambit. The principle of acceptingand then returning the gambit at a favorablemomenthas this most important corollary-it upsetsthe whole psychologyof the attacker,it throws him on the <lefensive the whenhe is in precisely oppositeframe of mind! For this reason antidote. it is a recommended

The gambit accepted With 5 . , . P-QB3 Black announces intention of submitting his to an attack because has the firm determination he that White does not have sufficient compensationfor the two Pawns sacrificed. Black is f&hting Ilhite in another element-Force against Tine! Herethe question whetherBlackcaflwithstandthe fury of White's is attack and emerge into the won endgamewhich his material superioritypromises. Notice how Black hasnot yet developed one piece,whereas White has two Bishopsbearingdown on menacing diagonals. Black, however, has no organicweaknesses his Pawn in structureand probably-though this is problematical-hassufficient resources defendwith. The gamemight continue: 6 N-QB3, to P Q3;7N-83,N Q2: 8 O-O or 8 Q-82 followed O-O-O. If by White cannotcapitalize his advantage Time, Black will nullify on in it by catchingup to him in development. The fina1evaluationof this positionis a question ofstyle: an attackerwould choose White; a defender, Black. Tournamentpractisehas indicatedthat White has won the majority of the gamescontinuing lrom the diagram position-although in every instanceone can point to a flaw in Black'solav.

132

133

checks Refrain from useless

EVANS-FLORES, }f ARSHALL

1946-47 cHESsCLIJBcn,c.MproNsHIp, White moves, A check is loss of Tine if it forces the defender to make q necessaD) consolidqtion and leaues piacein nobattcrposition the checking than before- Ordinarily, a checicdoes gain d tempo, protided tlnt no unit can interposewhichforces llE retreat of the thecAinq 7ier. (Diagrotn 136 is q good exanylc of a check u'hich gains Time.)

t"'.& .,,ffit ///) .//, .,rkt 7/i % .,,,,N a ./2.)

J\' : tE<. 7r

'/&

.,r/h "'/Z

132 Diagrum

I 2 3 4

Q-R4ch1 Q-N33 P-K35 Q-N4

B-Q2!' N-831 N_QR4 NxP

5 6 7 8

BxN QxNP6 QxRP N-B38

PxB R QNl?? RxNP

? Here Black linally goeswrong. Correctis 7 . . . Q-Nl l; 8 QxQ, RxQ. Black, it is true, is left with doubledPawns,but he also has two Bishopsand pressure the QN file. 7 . . . Q Nl is so srrong on t h a t t h ew h o l cr a r i a t i o n a sb e e n b a n d o n cfd r W h i t e . h a o lf White knew at rhe time that I Q,R4ch wascontraryto general principles,one is tempted to ask why he did it. The answerlies in the eyer-constant searchfor innovations. Each position is as distinct as a fingerprinL. and rhe modern masttr spendshis l e i s u r ei m e i n s e a r c h i nfg r r e f i n e m e nws i c hc a p i t r l i J e n t h i s t o th o distinctness.Even when a new move is inferior, it has the merit of catching an opponent off guard, as in the present game, where Black doesnot find the rjght continuation. 3 White is a Pawnahead. Black still has the initiativeleft over from his previousadvantage Time, but the courseof the gameshowed in that this compensation insufficient. E.9., 8 . . . B-B3; 9 BxP, was l0 B-N3, O O; 11 O-O (Whitemust bring his King to Q-Bl; relative safety, even though his Pawn Structureis about to be shattered the K-side),BxN; 12 PxB, Q-83; 13 P-K4-White is on ouite safe.

1 An ingenious are checkwhoseconsequences difficult double-edged to foresee. Every move should have a purpose,and check is no exception. "Always check-it may be mate" is one of those glittering epigrams*hi"h b"long. ii the garbageheap. Checking merelyfor the sakeof giving a checkis a good way of working out spite,but is often likely to rebound. 2 Black hasmanywaysto go wrong and only onegoodinterposition. a 2 B x N , R x B ; 3 Q x P ,B - B 4 ; 4 P - B 5 ,w i n n i n g If1...P-B3; Pawn. If I . . . N-83; 2 N-N5 is difficult to meet. The text is a playedon the principleof interposing unit which forcesthe retreat complications. of the enemypiece. It leadsto interesting s white had, ofcourse,anticipated Bishopinterposition. He has the to lost a tempo but seems gain it back if and whenBlack moveshis Bishopagainto QB3 in order to defendthe doublethreat of QxP or PxP. a Continuinethe counterattack. 5 White cannotforeverneglecthis development.2 QxP, PxP! gives Black strongcounterplay.And 2 PxP is met by QNXP. 0 6 QxBPis too tameand would merelylosethe two Bishops without compensation.White tries to get compensation any corresponding in Force and Pawn Structure-hencethe risky text. 134 135

Wastedmoves
ASH-EVANSJ MARSHALL CHESS CLUB JUNIOR CHATIPIONSHIP, I946

Refrain from pointless threats

%r'ti'N ''.lt
7,t^,/i Nt.& /t

i%a/ti'/f,t

ta
Diagran 133

Blach mortes. Ile generally think of a moae as "wasted" vhen lhere i,t no pqrticular plan behind it. At times it inuolDesa precious loss of tempo in a position trhich catmot rffird it. At others, vh[le not an outrigli effot, perhaps, it is totall! unconnectedvith the requirernentsof the position; this is more often the cate \ill! bcginncrs. As a case in point, witness m)r uer! frst tourndment game.

A J } A A
Didgrum 131

2, /4

t'lfrt7ttrfr '/z 7t',,&, 7t /& 7ta7tft'% 7t%

4, lA ./2. 2,

A A

Btaclemotes. A common failing of thebeginner that he makesu sound is thrcat' and thenbiter hi: nail; ho[ing his opponentv'ill ouerlookthe right conlinuation. This is shabbychess; ercn if it succeeds, only speaks it poorly for the loser. If you really vtqntto improw, alwaysassume that your opponent will find the best replyandplanyour play accordingly: "play the boardnol theplaler."

Black playedI . . . P-KR3-a wastedmoveif evertherewasone. Let us seewhy. To begin with, it contributes nothing toward development. and then he facesthe problemof freeinghis Black hasstill to castle, Q-Bishop. Furthermore,this move has no bearingon the action taking placein the center. A good move is i . . . PxP. Black can make it hard, if not for impossible, White to regainthe Pawn: e.9.,2 N-Q2, N-N3. I . . . O-O (though not so sharp as PxP) at least contdbutes toward the connectingof the Rooks which, as we have learned before. the idealof dereloomeot is a The only justificationfor i . . . P-KR3 is that it prevents pin it at KN5. But why go to the trouble.ofpreventing ? OnceWhite's break the pin Bishop goesto KN5, then P-KR3 would effectively by "putting the question10 the Bishop."

Neveroffertraosthat arelikelv to rebound. White threatens mate in one. Watch how, with proper defense, in this explodes his face and resultsonly in loss of Time. The abovepositionarises of: 1P-K4, P-K4; 2 B-B4, B-B4; out 3 Q R5. White'slast move with the Queenis a premature sortieeven though it containsthe double threat of either QxP mate or QxKPch. However,this threat can be met quite easilyby 3 , . . Q-K2. Nowif 4 N-K83, P-Q3; 5 O-O, N-KB3-and Black now gainsa free developing move by harryingWhite'smisplaced Queen. In other words, minor piecesshouldbe deueloped before major pieces: KnightsbeforeBishops.

136

t3'1

first-attack Completedevelopment
STEINER-EVANS, 6TH MATCH CAME, 1952

later
1916

Developing with gain of Time

MECHANIC-EVANS, MARSIIALL CHESS CLUB JUNIOR CHANTPIONSHTP,

t % 7' ,,,&
Diasran 135

.,,,& % + %

Blsck moees. An attack is likely to boomerang unless adequate measures q hauebeen taken lo pre"^ent successful counter-oltack. Black has an qdtqntage-nqmel!, the two Bishops. Eager lo.force an early decision, Ilhite le{rues his King in the center and initiqtes a premature Kside attqck ttith 1 P-KN . Note how cleuerly this is refuted.

t %a i % t7z t"x %,ra/U..ralz ft,ru 2 ,r/4 a7/z

vf,
Diagrun 136

Blsch moues. It is obt:ious that Black nlust mouellis K-Bishop so that he cqn cqstle. The questiotl is t:here? 7 . . B K2 is sound,but not forceful enough. The trick is tofnd some vay to tqke aduqntqge of llthite's hanging B - N S c hg a i a s K n i g h to n K 4 - 1 . . . a tempo because it forces llhite to retreat, whereupotl Blqck can castle. Two tnoues for the price of one!

WHITE
BLACK

1... 2 N-Ks'

N-841 NxBch

3 NxN 4 P_KR3

Q_R5 P_KB43

1...

B-N5ch!1

3 P-QR3?'

B-K23

2 N(4)-Q2 l This rnove completely nullifies White's attack and wins the initiative. 2 Forced. 2 PxN, BxNP wins a Pawn, and White has no way to bring additionalsupportto his pinnedKnight. 3 Black has exchanged passive a Knight for an active Bishop. He has seized offensive the K-wing. the on

o-O

I I . . . Q-R4ch would be met by B-Q2-and insteadof losing a tempo,Black would gain one! '"Putting the question" neither gains nor losesTime. It merely drives Black's Bishop to a better square. Better was 3 B-Q3 immediately. 3 Black is actually ahead in development. White must free his Bishop and castle. Black has only to free his Q-Bishop-he has alreadycastled.It is unusualfor Blackto seize initiativeso early. the That he can do so indicatesthat White has madc an error in the
oDenlng.

138

139

with gain of Time Exchanging

SOVIET ANALYSIS

Aggressive defense
MccoRMtcK-EVANs, MARSHALLcHrss CLUB cHAMproNSHlp, 1946

tt itt "26./2 % t

ft",&ft'z /flfr
Diastum 137

7r%71 "'./l,zA/,ft.6% 'il 7ZA'/Z

Blech moves. Tlis positiotl arises after: I P-KA, P K4; 2 N-KB3, N QB3; 3 B 84, N-B3; 4 P-Q4!?, P x P ; 5 O O ? ! ,N x P ; 6 N B 3 ! ? Black is not': confronted with a dilemmq. He can take tlrc piece with PxN, or ha canptrsue orderly detelopment vith 1 . . . NxN followed by B-K2. He should choosethis nrethod, since he is already suficiently ahead in Force and nTust nov make haste to repair his disadtantage in Time.

TztH /iti "/t 7tt7, '/tg'/ti7t

7t 'N %E7t
Diagrun 138

Black ntoves, Bluck is ttyo Pavns alreadbut not et all happy. Il/hite has two threqts; either 1 B-Q4 or ( I Q X K B Pi f l . . . P x Q ; 2 R x P mate!). It is Black's morc-tltis is the only thing u'hich sat:es him. This is no time for pqssirit)t. He must fnd an aggressiue defense!

1 . . , 2 PxN

NxNl 8,K22

3 PxP 4 B-Q3

P_Q4

o-o3

1 Thisexchange gainsa tempoby attacking Queen. Othermoves, the playable,Ieadto arduousdefense: though perhaps L 1 . . . P x N ; 2 B x P c h !K x B ; 3 Q - Q 5 c hK - K l ; 4 R - K l ! , , , B-K2; 5 RrN, P-Q3; 6 B-KN5, with a fierceattack for only a measlyPawn. I L 1 . . . N - Q 3 ; 2 N - Q 5 ! ,N x B ; 3 B - N s ,B - K 2 ( 3 . . . P - 8 3 ; 4 BxP!, PxB; 5 N-N5!, threatening R5 mate)and Black has Q survival chances reasonable after 4 NxB, NxN; 5 BxN, KxB ( n o t5 . . . Q x B ; 6 R - K 1 ) . K N 5 ,P - Q 4 ; 3 N x Q P N x N ; 4 Q B 3 . , [I. 1...N-B3:2N IV. 1 . . . P-Q4; 2 BxP, NxN; 3 BxNch, PxB; 4 PxN, PxP; 5 N-Q4, with a stronginitiative. 'This is still no time to stop for booty with 2 . . . PxP; 3 Q-Q5! Black should be contentto retum the Pawn-for he will still be a his Pawn ahead-which is decisive oncehe comoletes develoDment. 3 B l a c k r s b r o u g hh i s K i n gt o s a l e t y n d i i a P a w n h e a d .T h a r a a h L the analysisin note I is not completelyconvincingis besidethe that point. Since1 . . . PxN is not playable,Black shouldchoose defense which is natural and permitshim to developnormally. seek the Moral: when confronted v,ith seaeral alternatfues, simplest one,if it takesyou out of your troubles. 140

1 2 3 4

. . . QxKBP?' QxPch R_B6

Q-K7F QxBt K_RI RxPch!

5 RxR 6 KxQ 7 K-any

QxRch

Q-Bschr RxQ

1 The only det'ense! The only defense! This counterattack assures Black of a draw by perpetual check. But now White getstoo ambitious. 2 Correctwas2 B Q4, forcingQ-B6ch; 3 K-R.3,Q-Nsch; 4 K-N2, Q-B6ch, etc.,with a draw. 3 Of course notz. . PxQ; 3 RxP mate. a Der Punkt! Black now regains his Queen, simplifies, remainsa and plece aneao.

141

Counterattack
EVANS-HARTLEB,

Sustaining initiative the

EVANS-FLoRIDO, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp, 1953 White moles. ll/hite has momentary control of the Q-fle, which Btaik Ihreatens to chollcnge by playing R-Ql. llthire must find siue'u.iv rr., secure his spatial idoantage or'else lose the initiatiDe. It is his moxe. ,Yhqt l{/hite must do is to create weaknesses in Black's Q-side pawn Structure, continually makin{ new threats, so that Bla;k has n"o t,^e Jor R-Ql. Nore rhat I R-O7 is insfficient becauseof R-82.
BLACK

olEN, 1948 White mows. Ilhen confronted with seuerol alternatiues, select the oggr^sie one (if it is sound). Passirc positions li lit mobility and should be auoided. Black seems lo haue a prontising position. He attacks the Knight, which can either retreat to Ql Qoo passiue) or adlance to Q5, in which cese | .. NxN; 2 PxN, B-Q3 Ieads to an equal position. I NxP is refuted by RxN; 2 QxR, QxB, Iyhqt, then, is the wa! out of llhite's dilemma ?

%%'ffi , . 'mfr% % % %

rtra

t' l :

* U U l

frd ,, fl
Diagrum140

Diasrun139

PxN2 4 B_84 Q-B4o BxBP s P-QN4 !5 Q_N3 P_N3 6 BxR6 Q_K4F l White ignores his attacked Knight and appliesthe principle of counterattack.He thus touches a forcefulcombinationbasedon off' the momentaryalignmentof Black'sQueenand Rook on the same olagonar. 2If the Knight givesway by I . . . N-Kl; then 2 N-Q5, Q-Q2; 3 Q-K4, P-N3; 4 QxP wins a Pawnfor White. 3 The point! Black must losematedalowing to the doublethreat of QxP mate and/or B-B4. a Not 4 . . Q-N3; 5 BxR, PxP; 6 R-RS, winning a whole Rook. 5 A sharpfinesse. immediately BxR.PxP!: 6 R=-any. If 5 B-84 and Black regains his materialwith interest. al1 6 White wins an exchangeand has only minor difficulties to encounter, T h eg a m e o n t i n u e d6 . . . 8 - B 4 ; 7 Q - K B 4 , Q x B ;8 Q x Q ( w h e n c : aheadin material,simplify!), RxQ; 9 BxB, PxB; l0 R-R6, B-N4; 11 R-Q86, B-Q7; 12 R-K5, P-85; 13 K-81, R-Rl; 14 RxP, R-Kl; 15 K-N1, R-K8ch; 16 K-R2, R-KB8; 17 P,B3, B-K6; 18P-R4, B-B7; 19R-N5ch,K*Bl; 20R-KR5,K-N2;21 K-R3, P-83; 22 K-N4, K-N3; 23 R-N5ch, K-82; 24 R-N5, B-Q5; 25 R-N7ch, K-N3; 26 P-R5ch, K-R3; 27 R(6)-B7, P-B4ch; 28 KXP(B5),Black Resigns.
t

I P-K5!1 PxN

1 N_N5 F 2 N-833 3 RxRch5

P-QR3' R-Q14 NxR

4 N-Q5 5 N_87 6 NxRPo

P_QN4 N_K3

I This doesthe trick. Now Black has no time for R_el. He must advance RP. aod thusweaken eNp in rhe orociss_ his his 2 F o r c e d1 . . . R - R l : 2 R - e 7 . p - R J : 3 N _ e 6 . l e a drs a d e c i s i v e o spatialadvantaee. 3 The deed. d-one.Now Black is must lose a pawn because his of shaky formation. Note how the base of his pawn Structure(on QR2) has beenundermined. 4 2 . . . _ .R - N I i s m e rb y 3 N . Q 5 .w i n n i n g p a w n . a qer-s- much counrerplay afrerj Rrp. R_e7ch; 4 K. K3 :.8]1c1(. ro-o (4_ K-Nl, N-Q5 ! threatening N-'BOch;,RxRp. Th; moiat is tnui $hen thereare two waysto accomplish girenend(in thiscase, a the wrn ot a pawn).thar methodwhichallows your opponenr least the counterplay shouldbe selected. 6 White wins a Pawn. The rest is technique. The gamecontinued: 6 . . . P - B 5 ; I K - K 3 , K - B l ; 8 p _ 8 5 ,N _ e l ; 9 I i _ K 4 ( n o t i c eh e r of 1Tp^oIt1nJ9 a centralizedKing), N-B3; l0 p_KN4, f_fZ; K - Q 5 , N R 4 : l 2 N - 8 7 . P - B 6 i t 3 p x p .N 8 5 ; 1 4 N x p . N _ k ; c ; : l _ 55 . a a . N x N P : 1 6 P - R 3 . N - 8 7 : t 7 p - e R 4 . N r p ; 1 8 p _ R 5 , K-Q?; 19p-R6, K_83; 20 p_R7, K_N2; 2i p_K6, pxp; 22 pxp" Black Resisns.

142

143

Interpolations
(u.s.s.n.)-rvlNs BRONSTEIN (u.s.A.), TEAMtrl,Arcn, uoscow, 1955 Blsck moues, An interpolation is an in^belween-mo1)e.Befbre making a forced 'Rook moue (in this case Black's is attucked and must retreat sooner or later), a fnesse may be insefied. (See Diagrams l2 ancl 13 for 'If the classicexample.) he rctreats the Rook immediately, therc is no way for Black to preL)eflt i P - K 4 . B y f r s t i n t e r y o l a tS | . . . B-84 Black also gains a temPo.

"Zwischenzugtt
KRAMLR-t\A\S, N.Y. MftROPOLtTALTACUE1952 \ ,

t t., 'N %t7z tA

////. I

Diagrcm 141 WHITE

Black moyes. "Zttisclrcnzug" is a Gernsn endearmentreserDed for the more aesthetic cqsesof interpolqtion, such {ts this. Black can play 1 . . . QxP; 2 PxB, QxP; 3 QR-BI and llhite v;ill haae good open lines as compensation for his Pat'n mittus. Whether he likes it or not, it seemsthat Bluck tvill hate to enter this wriation. After all, hk Queen is attacked snd it must mo1)e -must it not ?
BLACK

1 2 3 4

. . . P-K4!?r K_Rl NxR

B-84 B-N3ch RxPl NxN

5 RxN' 6 QxB 7 B,Nl

BxR QxB R-Q1"

1 , . . 2 Q-K3,

N-Qs!F QxP

3 PxB 4 Q-N3

N_B7 NxR3

I Now or never-even at the cost of a Pawn' After 2 Q-Bl, R-K2 bind in the center. Bronsteincofiectly Black retains a permanent best chancelies in active counterplay(at the reckonsthat Wfite's defense. cost of a Pawn)rather than Dassive 2 Forced, Black wasthreatJning N-N6ch. 3 Black is a Pawn ahead. White did not now go in for 8 Q-R7ch, K-81; 9 Q-RSch,K-K2; l0 QxNP, QxBP; 1l R-Klch (not 11 draw The RxQ?, R*Q8ch; 12 R-Bl, RxR mate),with a possible of game ended in a draw anyway due to the presence opposite coloredBishops.

1A "zwischenzug"in its full glory! Black ignoresthe attack on his own Queenand blithely proceeds counterattack. to 2 The amazingthing is that White's Queenhas no haven. IfI. 2 Q-Q3, Q-N5!; 3 PxP (if 3 PxB, N-K7ch followedby NxB), N-K7ch; 4 K-Rl, NxB; 5 PxR(Q),NxQ!; 6 QxP (forced), B Q5 followedby NxPch and wins. It. 2 Q - 8 1 ,Q - N 5 ; 3 P x P( i f 3 P x B ,N - K 7 c h ; 4 K - R l , N x B w i n s mate); 5P KN3 a piece), N-B6ch!; 4 K-Rl, QxB (threatening (if 5 PxN, B-K4; 6 Q-N2, QR-NI winning a piece),Q-R3 ! and Black inevitably emerges from the complications piece a
aneaq.

t44

III, 2 Q-K4, QxP; 3 QxQ, PxQ; 4 PxB,N-K7ch; 5 K-Bl, NxB. IV. 2 RxN, QxR; 3 PxP (if 3 PxB, QxB,) QR-KI; 4 P-N8(Q), RxQ(K7) and Black wins owing to the doublethreat of QxPch and/or RxQ. 3 Now that Black has won material the rest is easy. The game continued:5 RxN, KR-KI; 6 P-KR4, Q-K5; 7 R-Ql, QR-QI; 8 RxR, RxR; 9 B-K5, R-Kt; l0 B-Q4, Q-N8ch; ll K-R2, QxP; 12 P-K84, P-QR4; 13 P-B5, Q-Q4; 14 PxP, RPxP; 15 Q-B4, Q KB4; 16 Q-R6, P-B3; 17 Q-Q2, R-K5; l8 Q-R2ch,K-N2; 19 Q-B4, Q-B5ch; 20 P-N3, Q-86; 21 Q-B7ch,K-R3; White Resigns. 145

Converting Time into Pawn Structure

1949 MA]TR-EVANS, u.s. JUNIoR cHAMproNsHrp, Blsck moles. Black is a piece down. He can recapture immediatel!, but rhere is no rush. The fact thar it is Black's moue giues him a Time qduantage, He must seek a wa! to conrjert lhe less durable element (Time) into the more durable one (Pawn Structure). The judicious use of an interpolation accomplishesthis end.

Converting Time into Space

STEINER-EVANS, HoLLywooD oprN, 1954

H% %i

i% '"t&, ,ry, %%

"T

%
Diaglam 143

7 .,',ffift t%

% %r '"'& ".e, %ft% 7.: % %AZz '"H "'/Z %ft"'&

Diaerun 144 WHITE

Blscb moves. Timing is ohrals essential. If it vere White's ruoae, I P-KR3 uould renJer hi.s potirion intpregnable. Likevise. afrer I R(l)-R7; 2 P-KR3 stops Black coltl. It is imperati\e that Black frst undertnine l'l/hite's defender-rhe BishoTbefore inuading on the seuenth rank. This is all made ripe 67 1 . . . B-N5 !

1 2 3 4 5

. . . PxB P_83 B_K3 R-QNI

BxNchl KxB P_84 K_83 N-Q2'

6 K-Q2 7 KR_KI 8 B-82 9 K-Q3 10 RxR

N-N3 KR_K1 N-B5ch N,R6 RxR3

1 2 3 4

. . . R-811 P_R4' RxB

B_N5! R(lFR7 BxB RxPch

5 6 7 S

K_Bl K_Nl R_81 ILxR

R(N7)-N7 R-N8ch RxRcb R-R73

1 1 . . . KxB is too tame. It would givewhite time to defend himself with 2 B-Q2, and if QR-Klch; 3 N-K2. (Even so, Black can probably still win with . . . BxBch; 4 KxB, N-K5ch; 5 K-Kl, R-K3; 6 P-B3, QR-KI ; 7 PxN, RxP, regainingthe piece with interest.) Black now hasa winning endgame. ' The Knight is headed for QB5-occupying the hole. 5 . . . KR-KI first is also quite good. 3 White is lost. His white squaresare hopelessly weak and his doubled Pawnsare useless.The same continued: 1l R-N2 (relat i \ e l y b e t r e rs l l R - K l ) . P - B 4 ; l 2 B - N 3 ? ?( r h i sl o s e s y f o r c e . i b though there is no escape from the bind), N-85; White Resigns. Thereis no defense either to NxR or R-K6 mate.

12 BxB, PxB leavesWhite equally defenseless against R(1)-R7. Thereis no defense againstthis threatened spatialincursion. 2 Forced. 3 BxB allowsmate in three. 3 Winning a second Pawn. This is a good example ofthe conversion of Time into Space into Force.

146

t47

The pin is mightier than the sword!

MCCORMICK-EVANS, MARSI]ALL

Pins do not run away

LEVIN-EVANS,

1946-47 cHEssCLUBCHAMPToNSHIP, Block moves. The pin is a combination Spa,e Timc odrontage. Time in the se se thqt the pinned piece is momentoril! tied down; Space in the senrc IhqI the piece vhich is pinned is not free to adrance. Here Black's BishopisFnning l4/hite's QBP. How can this be exploited?

u,s. oPEN CHAMPIoNSHP, 1946

,,ffi % %ft""&t %t% 'ffi %w% 7t % % ,ffi^

Dksrun 146

Block mo|es. Very often the beaut! of a pin is that there is no hurry about comerting it into a .Force adL)antagebecause the pinned piece cannot fun qva!. White is a Pawn dovn but he hqs pressure. With one blow Black can shatter lis game by initiating a brilliant pin.

Diastum 145 ]Ir'HITE BLACK WHTTE

BLACK

BLACK

1 . . . 2 N-Q51

P-QN4! PxP

3 NxNch 4 Q-R3

NxN PxP2

1 Nothine helos. White cannotavoid the lossofat leasta Pawn. 2 uponyet anotherinfernalpin. Nxe, e-QR3 lains Blacka piecebased 2 Blackhaswon a Pawnandall his pieces havesprungto life. White, counterplay. For the culminationof however, achieved considerable this game,seeDiagram 138.

1 . . . 2 RxN 3 B_83

NxP! P-Q3 !1 RxRchz

4 BxR 5 B-83

R_K13 R-Ks!4

12. . . BxR; 3 QxB would merelyresult in Rook and two Pawns for two pieces. But Black is hunting for biggergame' Thereis no rush to capturethe Rook until White moveshis Queenin order to break the pin. White, however,is not given so much as one free movein the seouence. 2 Again, thereis no rush. The pin will not run away. 3 Still no rush to play . . . BxR. White mustnow defend Bishop. his a The point. White must now lose a full Rook because the pin. of 7 RxP, Q-B4 yields White insufficientmaterial for 6 QxR, PxQ; the lost Queen.And if 6 RxP, QxR; 7 QxB, QxB wins. them. Moral: exploitpins to lhe utmost-be in no rush to release

148

149

Hidden pins
KRAUSS-EVANS, U,S. JUMOR CHAMPIONSHIP,1949

"Putting the question" to the Bishop

'ffi t% ,,,,.& ,& x%ft"ffi

ft%
Diagrcm 147

x %w% ",ffi^

Black moves. Not all pins are obuious. In ftrct. in this po\ ion it is had to tell which of llhite's pieces is pinned-euen potentially ! Black's Bishop is attacked. An plaler might r'rithdrav) unimaginatiDe it qnd be content.

%t/&t%t7frt t%6% % % '".,ffi %a% % %t7t % %a%

rtrrs rr
Diasrum 148

This happy phrase owes its existence to NimzoDitch, who perceiued that pins-euen potentiol ones-shoultl be broken inmediately. They are always dangerous, Wheneuer conuenient recqptures are possible, and "putling the question" does not seriously impoir the Patrn Structure, tqke time out to do it!

Positionalter 3.. . P-QR3 1 . . . 2 K-Bl N-R6chr QxQ 3 PxQ 4 R-Q2 BxP B-Rs? Black'slastmoveseems a wasteof Time. What is its DurDose like ? Well.3. . . P-QR3says. effect. in eilhere\change rerieatlbur or declareyour intentions! By "putting the question" Black stopsthe Bishopfrom seryingthreefunctionsat the sametime: (l) pinning, (2) controllingthe KBI-QR6 diagonal,(3) controllingthe QR4-K8 diagonal. The consequences 4 BxN, QPxB; 5 P-Q4, PxP; 6 of Diagram 16). Whereas, QxQ, QxQ; 7 NxQ do not favor White (see 4 BxN, QPxB; 5 NxP, Q-Q5 permitsBlack to recapture Pawn his under favorablecircumstances. The major merit of 3 . . . P-QR3 is that it eases pressure the against Black's KP. Afrer4 B-R4. Blackshould go chasing nor afrer the Bishopwith 4 . . . P-QN4 because unnecessarily it weakens the Pawn Structure. He should continuehis development with 4 . . . N-B3, The fact that White's Bishopis on R4 insteadof N5 means that the pin can be broken now in only one move (P-QN4) instead of two (P-QR3 andP-QN4). This cancomein handy. For instance, after5 O-O, B-K2; 6 P-Q4?, PxPi TNxP?,NxN; 8 QxN, P-QB4; 9 Q-ary, P-QN4; 10 B-N3, P-B5 winning the Bishop(Noah'sArk Trap). Of coursethis trap is not the justificationof 3 . . . P-QR3; it is just a handyinterpolationwhich hasnothing to loseand everything to gain.

I A player who has readthis pagewill by now be alertedto the fact that White's KNP is pinned. Pinnednow, no. But pinnedafter the txt. The Pawn cannot capturethe upstartbecause is weddedto it the Queen. 2 White is a Pawnbehindand his Pawn Structureis shattered. I expectthat any playerwho has gottenthis far in the book will be able to win in the ensuingendgame.

150

151

Masked attacks
EVANS-JIMENEZ, CUDA INTERNATIONALTOURNEY, 1952

White moges. A mqsked qttack is There arc two an indirect pin. meaningful ones here: (l) Ilhite's Rook exerts a ruasked qttack against Black's Quem, despite the lact thal four men interuene; (2) White's Bishop exerts a masked attock against Black's Rook, despite tlrc interu(ntion of a Pau'n and Knighr Ilhite must seek a way to open both Iines at the same time.
Diastam 149 WHITE BLACK

stx: CHAPTER Quiz!

Caution
This quiz is not an artificial concoction. All thirtyxir illustrations are fleih and blood, so to speak,taken, as they are, from practical to tournamentplay. This is a newtype of quiz; it is not intended be easv.nor to sratify the solrer'sego. You will be askedfor the piinciplesunderllingeachposition. Knowledge bro'adstrategiial moves. principles more importantthan that of specilic is of these The answerswill refer you back to the diagrarnswhere they are all discussed.Evenif you havemastered the previousmaterial,do the not expectto score100per cent,nor even80 per cent,because and rigid. Thereare too many parts to solutionsare not invariable to they are impossible grade. eachquestion,and, therefore, Space, Thus far we havespokenof abstractions:Pawn Structure, in chess terms of its Force,and Time. Now that we haveanalyzed jigsawcomponents. problemis to put them all back together the game. The biggest difricultyin the ilain and to play a creditable any what principleis applicable-to be quiz will doubtless recognizing under position.Your approach be given should logical.Ask yourself what you lhink is the.best falls, select ivhaLheading quesLion the prrncrples. abstract justily it in termsof the above move.and try to is Chess an artiorm, and thereis a lot of room for vadation and on uith my reasoning a muchyou may disagree dissent.However that I sirenDrinciple. begvou to remember it works. Tharis its only the principle ceases bringresults. timehas to iustifiiation.When-any or "new" about ir. to abandon The only thingrevoluLionary come is mv svstem that it hasneverbeforebeenformulatedin this manner. 151

I P-K5 ! 2 N_86 3 PxP!

PxPl Q_81 B_Q1

4 NxB 5 N-K7ch

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Blsck Resigns

1 This offer can neitherbe accepted nor refused! If instead1 . . . B-N2; 2 N-86, Q-Bl (forced); 3 N(6)-K7ch, RxN; 4 NxRch wins the Queenby a fork. ' Equally hopeless 4. . . QxN; 5 N-B6ch. is

152

Problems

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Is P-KR3 appropriatefor White. Why ? Why not ? What are the principles involved?

WhatisBlack'sbestmove? On what principle?

bestmove ? Whatis Black's On what principle?

Whatis Black'sbestmove ? On what prtrciple ?

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Whereare White's holes? Whatis Black'sbestmove ? On what principle?

What isBlack'sbestmove? On what principle ?

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Who has the "outside passed Pawn?" Black to move-what is the result?

Black's What shotdisrupts ? Pawn Structure

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Where is the base to Black's QP ? Who has "better" the Pawn Structure ?

Whichis better: l . P-Q3or1...P-Q4?

Where doesBlack have a "hole?" How can Wlite exploit it to win a Pawn?

Blackwinsa Pawn. How? On what principle?

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White is weak on what color squares What are ? 3 sharpwaysfor Black to exploit this weakness? 156

Wlro has the "good Bishop" and why?

How can White convert into his SpaceadYantage Force?

White wins a piece.How? On what pdnciple?

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How can Black capitalize on White's weak squares to win a piece?

Why is 1 QxP an error?

What is White's most forcefulcontinuation? On what principle?

How can Black win a Pawnby a pin?

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How can Black exploit White's weak KNl-QR7 diagonalto win material?

On squares ofwhich color is White weak? What is Black'swinning motif?

Why is I P-K4 premature?

White moves-who has the bind ?

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Diasrum 174 How should Black recapture ? On what principle ?

How can Black exploit White's QBP? On what principle?

How can White mobilize ? his centerPawns

Is

I P-K4 playable? Why ? Why not?

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Who hasthe bettergame ?

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How can White quickly mobilize his Q-Rook in the center ?

Black has just played P-K84. Should White why? captrute passant'1. en Why not? 161

Black has just played Why is this P-N3. inferior?

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Solutions Quiz to

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(Diagramnumbersrefer to location of principle involved) (150) EvANs-HrrNKENHEtMo, u[srNxr oLvmucs, 1952. (See Diagrams 108,119,120.) Yes. White hasreached maximumofnormal developnent. his I P KR3 makesLuft. freparesan erenrltrlB-KJ by l'orestallingthe Ieply N-KN5, thus restrictingthe enemyKnight. The main Drinciples involved are "Luft" and "restdction." The alternaiive,t N fn+, B-Q2 accomplishes nothing since it leaves Knight out on a limb. the (151) EVANS-SANDRrN, u.s. opEN cHAMptoNsHtp, 1949. (See Dlastam+.4.1 1 . ] . pxp-on the principleof leavingWhite with a backwald BP exposedto an open QB-file. White must now recaDture with his KP. Scori yourselfwrong if you thought that 1 . . . O-O was correct,on the principle of completingdevelopment.Then after 2 O-O, PxP (too late!); 3 BPxP! and White has had time to straighten his Pawn Structure. out Also inferior, while we're on the subiect,is I . . . P-B5; 2 B . N I . f o l l o w e d y a n e v e n t u a l r e i m r o l l eir . t h e c e n r e r b s n with P*B3 and P-K4. (152) arnuNnn-EVANs, u.s. JUNToR cFrAlrproNsHrp, 1946. (See Diagram 66.) 1 . . . P-85-on the principle of attackinga Pawn chain at its base. The move is tacticallyjustified in view of 2 QPxP, B x N ; 3 t s x B N x K P . ( i / o t ,h o w e v e 1,. . . P x P ? ; 2 P x P , , r RxR; 3 RrR, NxNP?; 4 NxB, BPxN; 5 QxN, PxN; 6 R-R8ch, K-K2; 7 Q-N5ch, P-83; 8 QxP mare.) (153) eLATER-EvANs, HELsTNKT oI,yMprcs, 1952. (See Diagram 57.) Whitc has a hole on his Q3-not to mentionQR3, KB3 and KR3 ! Black should hamper White's develoomentwith I . . . Q-Q6, occupying holeand pre\enting freeing the the move, P-Q4. White norv struggled like a harpoonedwhale and succeeded repulsingthe blockadeonly by incurring in further weaknesses hislight squares:e.g.,2P-K84, N-B3; on 3 PxP, B-N5; 4 B-B3, BxB fffhite's Bishopwasneeded for 163

Diasran 182

White moves. He has a winning interpolation. What is it?

Which is more accurate: 1 O-O or I Q-B2?

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What is Black's bestmove ? On what principle?

Which is more accurate f o r B l a c k :1 . . . P - Q R 4 or1...P-K5?

162

defense); 5 RxB, NxP; 6 R-81' P-KN4!? (one of those double-edged restrainingmoves which weakensthe Pawn Structure preventN-B4). 6 . . . QR-QI is alsoquitegood. to
(154) PILNICK-EVANS, MARSTTALL cHEss CLUB CHAMPIoNSHIP,

1949-50.(SeeDiagram40.) 1 . . P-QB.l-on the principleof repairingan isolated Pawn. White'sbackwardQBP is now doomed: e.g., 2 PxP (the threat was . . . P-B5), RxP; 3 B-N3, BxB; 4 RPxB, R-Nl-ther is no rush to capturethe Pawn; Black prefers to seize openfile first. an
(155) SHAFTER-EVANS, u.s. opEN cHAlvlpIoNSHrp, 1949. (See

(159) KELLNER-EVANS, opEN cHAMproh-sHrr, u.s. 1950. (See D i a g r a m1 8 , 6 1 . ) s Neitheris reallybad. The question which is.,better,,? is: This could conceivably a matter of opinion. r *;;iJ;"; be that I . . . P-e4 is too static,too inflexible,not to mentioi l h e c o n s e q u e n te a k e n i no f K 4 . I . . . p _ q l i s m o ; w g qynamlcbccause prepares tt aclionin rhecenter with p_K4 o r p . e t s 4 .p o s s i b l y r . i n g i org e K B r o l i f e i n r h e e n s u i n s b b o p e n l n o l l r n e s .I D s u c h o s i t i o nts el e a sc o m m i t t a l o v ! g p h t m rs generay desjrable.Blackcanaluaysadvance uith p_O4 later.but he can nererrerractthe pawn to e3. fhe saie

Diagrams44, 45,46.) I . . . P-Q,t-on the principleof repaidngthe backwardQP (alsoinvolvedis the pin motif). Black's QP is backwardon an open file temporarily. Note that it has no Pawn on an it adjacent behind (referto definition-Diagram 36). The file gamecontinued: 2 BPxP, PxP; 3 KR-QI' PxP; 4 P-B4, R-Q2; s RxR, NxR; 6 R-Ql, Q-B3; 7 K-B2, P-QN4; 8 Q-N3, N-N3; 9 P-R3, N-Bs with a winning position.
(156) HEARST-EVANS, MARSHALL cmss CLUB JR. CHAMPIoNSHIP,

p _ e 3 r2 p _ K R 3 . eN e 3 6.o, : o l l i l e g :I_ . . . P K4tu4 p-J(4 freerheeB). N_R4;5_i, 2 ; N Bi (ro qS,

' andalreadyBlackhasgoodplay on the dark squaresi

(160)

HEARST-EVANS, M,{RsrrALL 1946. (see Diagrams 54, 60.;"ttt

CLUB rR' CHAMPIoNSHIP'

Diagram15.) 1947.(See Pawn. The gameis drawn after Black hasthe outsidepassed I . . . P-N6; 2 PxP, PxP; 3 K-B3 (forced),K-84; 4 KxP' K-N5; 5 K*B3, K-R6; 6 K-K4, P-R4 (not 6 . . . KxP??; 7 P-N4 followed by P-B5 and White wins!); 7 K-Q3' KxP; but Pawnis an advantage, here 8 K-B2. The outsidepassed to it is not ouite sufficient forcethe win. Note that ifBlack's Pawn weie on R4 in the original position,he wins! (157) JAcKsoN-EvANs, Loc cABrN cHEssCLUB crIAMptoNsHIP, 67, 1950.(See Diagrams 68.) continued:1, . . BPxP (forced);2NxP 1P-N6! Thegame thoughhe managed is andBlack'sParvnStructure a shambles, to hold the game-God knows how! pAwN FoRMATION. Diagrams62, 63.) (See (158) TRENoH DEFENSE The baseto Black's QP is locatedon KB2. White has weak Black has weak dark squares.White's QP has light squares; no base. White's Structureis slightly inferior, but not if he can set in P-B5.

White is weak on his light squares:e3, K4. Remember-rfarpideis, not isojated moves, are required. t . h l s . t s . t o u g b .u t b a s e d n w h a t y o u h a v el e a r n e d b o 1ou sbouldbe ableto dredge a parriaianrwer. to.iJ.ntjiu. up t e t u s d r s p o so i t . . . O _ O w h i c h . h o u g i t e m b o d i ers e e L h h p r i n c i p lo f e d * e l o p m e n L .o e s o t i a r t i c u l a r l y u a f i f y d n q ,rapid as a sharpidea, I. The, srolidI . . . N(4)-N3,which forces Whire to Darr y i ] l r l r . r w o B i s b o p s n d r h r e a r e nrs w i n r n e k p . a o whrte rsbard_pressed an adequare for reply. lf2 B_Oj. B.rB:3 exB. Nrp. Jf 2 B_Nl,'N_B4;'j B K3rnoi j O*O, B-Q6, winning the exchange), N_e6ch. IL T-h.e.cunning . . e.B2_forcing 2 p_84.thusforcins I . Wbire ro weaken im<elf till iunber on the whiiE h s squares, the eR2-KNg diagonalaswell. This could and be followedup wirh 2. . . p_N4. lll Theforce-ful . . . p-N4. u irh rlreideaof obrainins I an i m m e d i a t e n do n r h ew h i r e q u a r e sl.f 2 B _ N 3 , bi s e."B2; 3 P-KB4. N-84. Or if 2 Bxlr. BpxB! uith a oori,.rfui o ] ] t p o s t n e B 5 . a b i n d .a n da p o r c n t i a l i n o r i t y r t a c k . o m a (True, QB5 is nor technically a^.,hole,,, if WLite ;ve; but tried P-QN3 to drive away a piece stationedthere he would create backwardeBp.) If White now continues a with 3 QxP, R-eNl lollowed by Rxp is strons. 165

t64

(161) EvANs-HANs, MArcI{, 1946. (SeeDiagram 69.) his White has the good Bishop because Pawnsare on dark squares, whereasBlack's Bishop is hemmedin by its own Pawns. 1953. (See Dia(162) SEARST-EVANS, opENCHAMPIoNSHIP, u.s. gram 58.) 2 NxN' c : W i t h 1 N - 8 4 ! T h e g a m e o n t i n u e d1 . . . Q - Q l i PxB (3 . . . QxB?; 4 N-N6, QxQ; 5 PxQ' NxN; 3 BxN!, R-Nl; 6 B-B4); 4 N-N6, R-Nl; 5 NxB' RxN; 6 RxR' QxR; 7 QxQP, winning a Pawn.
(163) EVANS-HARRoLD, MARSHALL clrEss CLUB CITAMPIoNSI{IP,

(167) EVANS-LAMBERT, DUBRoVNTK ol"yMprcs, 1950. (SeeDiagram 149.) Because setsup a maskedattack: I QxP?,NxKPI leadsto it a won game(2 QxN?, R-Kl; or if 2 Q-Q3, NxN; 3 PxN, B-84 followed R-K tch). by The gamecontinued: 1 N-K2, R-Kl; 2 P*B3, P-B4!; 3 PxPep.,PxP; 4 NxP, Q-N3, Black'sstrongcounterplay on the dark squares eventuallynetted him his Pawn back and the gameendedin a short,but lively, draw. (168) cRoss-EVANS, opEN 1955. (See Diagrams u.s. cHAMproNsHrp, s4, 59.) I . . . P-K4l; 2 N-B3ch,Q-B4ch; 3 K-Rl, N-B7cb; 4 RxN, QxR winning the exchange.The game continued: 5 PxP, PxP; 6 NxP, B-K3i 7 N-Q5, N-K5 ! (169) uLvEsrAD*EvANS, HoLLywooDopEN,1954. (See Diagram 60.) (QR3, QN2, QB3, Q4, K3, KB4, KN3, On the dark squares KR5). Black must Denetrate them. He must demolish blockon tbe ade on White's QR4 then invade on the KR flle. 1 . . . of R-KR1 will not do because N-R5. The gamecontinued: 1 . . . N-Rl!!; 2 Q-KZ (2 K-N2 is slightly better, but White is quite lost in any event),N-N3 i 3 NxN, Q-B6! (a slightinterpolation); 4 NxB, KxN; 5 R-R2, QxNch; 6 K-81, R-XRI followed by a fatal penetradon or the KR file. Wbite's Bishopis lifeless. He resigned a few more moves. in (170) EVANS-LEC0RNU, u.s. opEN cr{AMproNSHrp, 1952. (See Diagrams59, 79.) 1 N-K5-on the principlesof forcing entry on weak squares and playing to win the "two Bishops." Black's KP is momentarily backward. If White wants to exploit it, he must try to removethe QB, which is a good defensive piece. The move is tacticallyjustified in view of I . . . PxN; 2 PxP, R-Q2; 3 PxB, conferringWhite with the two Bishops and an overwhelmingSpaceadyantage. The attackeralwayswantsto openlines. T h eg a m e o n t i n u e d :. . . Q - K l ; 2 N x B , Q x N ; 3 P * B 4 , 1 c pins later on the QR2-KN8 K-Rl (to preventany harassing diagonal after Black plays P-K4)t 4 R-Q2 followed by R(2)-K2, with a bind. 167

1946-47.(SeeDiagram 137.) 1 ... NxN; 2 BxB, QxB; 3 BxN, Q-NSch; 4 Q-Q2, QxNP; 5 O-O, Q-R6 and Black lives to tell the tale. The with principle involved is timely liquidation (or exchange gain of Time) followed by a fork. (164) EvANs-REnBERc, MARSHALL clrEss cL{,rB crrAMPIoNsHIP, 1949-50.(SeeDiagram 106.) 1 P-K61, PxP (forced); 2 QxPch' R-B2; 3 N-B7' N-81 (relatively betteris 3... Q-Bl); 4 RxQ' BxQ; 5 RxR' RxB; 6 NxB' Blach Resigns. 1954. (SeeDiagram (165) EVANS-BILLS, opENcr{AMPIoNsHIP, u.s. 145.) ( 2 B x N c h ,K - R l ; l P - B 4 , B l o c kR e s i g n s . I f l . . . B x P ; 3 KPXB, Q-K6ch; 4 K-R1, QxN; 5 QxBP winning at least a Rook.) attack. of The principles, course,are pin and discovered cHxss cLrJB CHAMPIoNSHIP, (166) oulrsr-sveNs, MARSITALL 1946-47. (SeeDiagram 54.) is "overloaded,"like an 1 . , . B-KB4!; 2 Q-K2 (theQueen electriccircuit. It cannotdefendagainstQ-Q5ch and guard the Bishopat the sametime), Q-QSch; 3 K-Rl, QxB. If instead2 Q-Qs, R-B4; 3 Q-R8eh' K-N2; 4 Q-N7ch' B-B4ch, posesWhite an R-B2i 5 Q-Q5' R-Qf threatening problem. unanswerable 166

(171) KASHDAN-EVANS, HoLLywooD opEN, 195,1. (See D.iagram

r47.)
There arc two ways for Btack to win a Pawn, and he must selectthat methodwhich allowsWhite leastcounterplay. I. 1 . . , PxP; 2 PxP, RxR; 3 NxR (forced),NxKP; 4 QxN, B 84; 5 Q-R4, BxN-but this is not so good because 6 B-N5 (6 . . . P-B3; 7 RxB, PxB; 8 NxP). of II. The gamecontinued: I .. . P-N5; 2 N-K2, NxKP; 3 QxN, B-B4; 4 Q R4, BxR; 5 B N5, BxP; 6 BxP, Q-Q2; 7 N N5, P-R3; 8 N-K4, P-N4; 9 BxP, PxB; 10 NxNP, B-B3, with adequate defenses weatherthe to attack and win by sheerpreponderance Force. of (172) EVANs-HrssE, cHAMproNsnrr, u.s. 1948. (SeeDiagram 135.) If I P-K4?, PxP; 2 PxP, NxP; 3 QxN?, R-Kl wins the Queen. White is behindin develonment Time. He has the two and Bishopsand should try to harvestthem slowly, either by I B-Ns or P-K3, which was played in the game, with the ideaof slowlybuildingup P-K4 after castlingand placingthe Rooks on centralfiles. (u3) EVANS-R.BYRNE, 1946. (See u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHtp, Diagram112.) Black has a bind on the dark squares. White is saddled with the bad Bishop. The immediate threat is I . . . N-K5. White tried to obtain counterplay sacriflcing exchange by the with I RxP, RxR; 2 QxN, but too late-Black's advantage in Forceproveddecisive.

and Black shouldplay againstit on the principleof piling up on targets. T h e g a m ec o n t i n u e d :1 . . , N-QR4; 2 N-K5 (forced), BxB; 3 KxB, Q R3 followed by QR-BI, putting more pressure White'sweak point. on (176) prLNrcK-EVANs,u.s. op[N cHAMproNsrrrp, 1952. (See Diagram 37.) White is tied down to the defense his backward QBP. of Black controls the QB file and has an unassailable outpost on QB5. (177) rveNs-mnsDN,u.s. opEN cHAMproNSHrp, (See 1949. Diagram 23.) With 1 R-R2!-followed by R-K2 and P-K4, settingup the steamroller, (178) EvANs-cARLyLE,u.s. opEN cr{AMproNSHrp, 1952. (See Diagram 22.) With 1 P 83! Against this Dutch Defense formation White must prepare to break through in the center with P-K4. Black'sbackwardKP will eventually exposed an open be to K-file. The gamecontinued: I . . . Q-Kl; 2 P-K4, N-Q2; 3 KPxQP, KPxP; 4 B-B4, N K3; 5 PxP, NxB; 6 NxN, winning a Pawn. (179) EVANs-MAccroNr, DUBRovNTK oLyuprcs, 1950. (See Diagrams22, 23.) Anyone in his right senses can seethat Black controls his K5 four timesand White only threetimes,and that therefore P-K4 is quite unplayable. However,in this instancewrong senses needed. P-K4 are is playable because oftactics. The gamecontinued; 1 P-K4!, PxP; 2 PxP, BxKP; 3 RxN!, BxB; 4 RxB! (the Rook "sellshis life as dearlyaspossible"is the quaint way Nimzovitch would phrase Euwecallsthis a "desperado" it; theme), for QxR; 5 KxB, and White haswon two pieces a Rook and Pawn-the game is still difficult, but he has a winning aovanmge,
(180) EVANS-MARRO, MARSHALL cHEss CLUB JR. cHAMproNsHrp,

(174) EVANS-RESHEVSKY, opEN cHAMproNsHrp, u.s. 1955. (See Diagram 107.) Black should recapture with the Pawn so as to free his QB. 1 . , , NxP; 2 P-K4 gainsWhite a tempo; after l . . . QxP; 2 N-83, B-N5; 3 B Q2 Black must either lose a tempo moving his Queenor give up the two Bishopswith BxN. In eitherevent, still hasto solvetheproblemoffreeinghis QB. he
(175) MARSHATLcHEss CLUB cHAMproNsHrp PRELTMS. GASSEN-EVANS,

(See Diagram 41.) White's Pawns on Q.l and QB4 are known technicallyas "hanging Pawns." They are in a stateof flux-mobile and not mobileat the same time. HereWhite'sQBP is a target168

1947. (See Diagram42.) He most certainly should! Black's KP is backward,and if White doesnot capturenow therewill be no way to get at it. 169

The samecontinued: 1 PxPep', BxP i 2 P-84 (to prevent P-K4), P-QR4; 3 B-KR3, N-B2; 4 N(2)-B3, with a bind.
(181) EvANs-HUDsoN, rEAM ToURNAMENT, 1950. INTERCoLLEGIATE

(SeeDiagram 108.) on Black'slast move doesnot exertenoughpressure White's center-especially on the crucial K4 square. Better was . . . B-N5 (instead of . ' . P-N3. The game continued: I P-K4, B-N2; 2 P-B3, P-Q3; 3 KN-K2' QN-Q2; 4 B-K3' advantage. B-K2; 5 P-KN3, P-K4; 6 P-Q5 with a Space 1954 (See (182) sveNs-IlEoNIs, u.s. oPEN CHAMPIoNSI{P, 141.) Diagram If White regainedhis Pawn with the prosaicI QxP, then with 1 ' . . P-N3. Black would havetime to consolidate P-N6!, however,completelyshattersBlack's game' Play I continued: 1 ., . PxP (forced); 2 NxP' Q-Nl; 3 NxR' winning the exchange. (183) HANs-EvANs, MArcH, 1946. (SeeDiagram 108.) is Indian Defense a fight for control of White's The Queen's If 1 O-O' then N-Ks followed by P-KB4 and K4 square. the rights. Therefore, most accurate Black claims squattr's moveis 1 Q-82' on the principleof restriction' (184) Br,T.cER-EvANs, u.s. oPEN cn-lr'pIoNsstp, 1952' (See 79, Diagrams 80,81.) the 1 . . . B-Bl!-on the principleofpreserving two Bishops. Give yourselfonly half credit if you said I . ' . B-R3. For after 2 B-K3 Black still is facedwith the original problem' The game continued: 2 N-K3' B-K3t 3 P-R5' P-B4t 4 P-KN3, B-R3; 5 R-K2, P-Bs; 6 PxP' BxP and White was groundto death. slo\ryly 1953. (185) FrNK-EvANs, CHAMPIoNSHIP, (SeeDiagram u.s. oPEN 111.) the f . . . P-QR4 secures advancedoutpost by preventing P-QN4; however,it givesWhite time to get in P-K4. No, value! 1 . . . P-K5! must be played,if only for its nuisance True, Black weakenshis Pawn Structure by voluntarily creating an artificially isolatedPawn-but this is a strong a crampinginfluence, thorn in White'scenter. The gamecontinued: 2 N-Kl (2 N-Q2, R-Kl; 3 P-QN1' N-Q6 is good for Black),P-QR4 (now Black has time to do

this); 3 N-R4, NxN; 4 BxN, N-N5; 5 P-KR3, N-K4: 6 Q-I{2, Q-R5; 7 B-Ql, P-R4 with a fierceattack. In other words, it is more important for Black to restrain White from consolidatinghis center than to scure his advanced outpost(BlackKnight on QB4). This is a problem of evaluation calculation. and Before Blackpushcs Pawn his to K5, he mustbe assured Whirecannoiuin it. that

r70

171

there is no real "balance" in chess becauseit is a dynamic game; positions are continually in flux; one move may compietetv alii,r ttre o u l c o m e . I f w e d e r c r i b ec h e s si n r e r m so f F o r c c ' ( F t .S o a c e S t . t T i m e ( T , . a n d P a w n S t r u c r u r e p 1 ,t h e n L l s k c r ' s a r i o m ' m a v b e 1 expressed mathematically (where F', S', T,, p,describe Black) thus:

F ' + s ' +r ' + P ' : I

In other words, where neither side has an advantage in ForceS p a c e T i m e . o r P a w n S r r u c l u r e t h e p r o b a b t eo u r c o , n i i s a d r a * . . . F r o m t h i s . i tf o l l o w st h a t t h e q u e s r i o n f a u i n a r i s e s n l y a f r e ro n e o o p l a ) e r h o l d s a n u n c o m p e n s a t ea d v a o t a g ei n a n y o n e o l t h e s e d elements. Steinitz was.the first chessphilosopher who sought to govern his own play by this equation. In the words of Lasker: :,steinitz elevates himself.to the level of a genuine philosopher in demanding that the -or player (with an advantage)r?art tttack ;ith intent to win else be punished by being deprived of his advantage." From this it follows that the conversealso holds: that a player who seeksto win without f i r s t } a r i n g a n _ a d v a n l a gs h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d o p a y l h e u l r i m a t e e t penalty-namely, defeat. Steinitz had the self-discipline and the objectivity to evaluate each position as though he himself were not personaily involved. He -..k r e a l i z e do f c o u r s er.h a t t h ec h e s s m a < tmru i r h a v ea i l l e ri n s li n c t . . : . e b u t h e a l s o p e r c e i r e d h a t r h e m e r e w i l l - l o - w i nw a s n o t e n o u g ht o t bring about victory. In this respect, Botvinnik mor" reseirbl"s j S t e i n i t zn r e m p e r a m e nh a n a n y o i h e rw o r l d c h a m p i o n . A l e k h i n e . s tt games, on the other hand, are characterized by sheer will. the fierce attempt to exert mind over matter,
RUBTNS N-LASKLR. sr, pLTrRsBr,RG,1909 I

F+S+T+P

New Approach to CHAPTER SEVEN:

the Openings

'i"'"&t"'/'.fri.&k % % % 7 2 % % 7 t % 7 t% % 7 t % %
ftt fr"&ft
Diasrant 186

" A complicated position"-Breyer

Evaluation
By "evaluation" is meantrecognitionof the variouscriteria which dtermine advantage a givenpositionat a givenmoment,and the in then weighingthem againsteachother to ascertain which side has that advantage. The original position at the start of eachgameis symmetrical. With "best play" (whatever that is) the "perfectgame of chess"(whatever that is) shouldconclude a draw. This statein ment is more an ethical demand than a mathematicalcertainty. r.r Emanuel Lasker rote: "Balanced posiLlons best wirh playon eithir side must lead again and again to balanced positions." However, 172

i aArrr h h t a7ti/z,
7 'la" f .a i % f
"u .,..,2. .,,.,,8,.A. /.fl
Diasnn 187

113

White to mope-Force or Time? Most masters todav orobablv wouldchoose Tinteandplay l0 O-O in order to complete i"uilop-"it andmaintain slow,stead)pressure againstBlack's isolated QP. Not Rubinstein. He pkrys to vtin the QP immediately,euenthoughhemust submit to on apparentlf irrcsistible att.tck in order to do so. The attack is so dangerous that plq)ers notedfor their boldness would probabl! abstain-rightly so, perhaps. Rubinstein himselfhadfrequentlJrejected saTifces of this sort and continued instead vith quiet positional chess. Here the attack on Black's QP is the motif, If White doesn't capture now,he neoerwill: e.g., l0 O-O, NxN; 11 it BxBch, QxB; 12 QxN, P-KR3; 13 B-R4 (not 13 BxN, BxB; 14 QxQP ?,BxNch,winning Queen), the O-O; 14 O-O, KR-Q|; 15 KR-QI, Q-K3*White has a superiorgame,but no win of a Pawn in sight. According to Rdti (in Masters of the Chessboard) Rubinstein if failed to take the Pawn, he would cease heedthat inner ethical to playerwho trustedin voice,cease be that humbleand submissive to his own judgmenr-wbichtellshim that despiie dangerbe can ihe take the Pawn and get awaywith it*that if he doesnot exercise his advantage now, it will evaporate.In the end Rubinstein take the did Pax,n-with fear and tremblins. to be sure-but conident that what is right must prevail.

' N o t 1 4N - B 7 c h . . K : t5 NxR, R-K tch. BP l a u s i b lb u t i n s u Q 2c i e n t . e. ffi R e h r i v e lb e l l e r ( 1 4 . . . B x p ; I 5 y i NxB (if ls R-KNI, Q-R4ch),exN; 16e-K2ch, K_el t7 O_b_o ; - W h i r e h a s e r c e l l e na t t r c k i n g h a n c c s . n d r c a thisis the reason Lasker reiects gainof a pawn. the a It beginiro look is if Whiremustpay the piper. If now t 6 p_KN3 (to meet the RxN), then Black'j altack gainsirresistible llr9at 9f momentum_with RxN!; 17PxR, exKpch; l8 R_82, e_K5. Rubin_ stein rubs his eyes.He cannorbelieve that Whire ii lost merelv because followed dicrates the posirion.A humble he the of believei 'Justice,"he in seeks salvationin the form of a miracle. 6 F o r c e d .I f 1 6. . . K - N I ; 1 7 R - 8 5 : . e - N l ; t 8 p _ e 5 ,r e t a i n i n s the_extra Pawnand beating backthe attacking forces. 6.Thisis the miracle!Through rhis mo\e -ind only rhis move_ Wbite keeps extra Pawnand nurses tbroughto an cndsame his it which is handled with chiselled perfecrion. 7 T h e l e s s e rr i j . l f t 9 . . . R - Q 3 ; e 20 Rxp. 8 Whitesucceeded exchanging in and u inningrhe Rookand eueens fawn endrng. lt now 2t . . . R_e8ch; 22 K -82, R_e7ch; 23 K-Bl !. R-Q8ch; 24 K-K2. The previous sequencea fineexamole is of utilizingTime to simplify.and therebyto maintainForce lihe extra Pawn).

Is the First Move an Advantase ?

10 BxKN 11 NxP 12 PxB 13 BxN 14 N-K3' 15 0-O BxB BxN Q-N4' BxB O-O-O3 KR-K14 16 R-Bll 17 RxBch! 18 Q-B1!!6 19 PxRl 20 QxPch 21 R-84 !3 RxNs PxR RxP
R_Q2? K_QT

Urder the aboveheading. W. F. Slreeter wrote an articlein the May. 1946Chess Reuiew whjch he summarized resultsbv in the color ol 5.598 games playedbetween l85l-t932 in 45 tournamenri His conclusions follow: l 8 5 t - f8 7 8 - W h i r ew o n4 6 / . , B l a c k o n 4 0 9 ^ ,D r a w n1 4 " w l 8 8 l - 1 9 1 4 - W h i r e o n 3 7 i o .B l a c k o n l l ; " , D r a w n3 Z " l w w 1 9 l 4 - 1 9 3 2 - W h i tw o n 3 7 o o B l a c k o n 2 O % , D r a w n l l ; ^ e . w -ll/hire won 38" Black won 31..1 Drau.n Total ". 31fl that it is becomingincreasingly difrcult ro win .It thus-appears with the Black pieces,but somewhat-easier iiaw. Someof u, to may refuse be ryrannized these to by statisrics. mayare.ue. We rhe results these of games notbing do with u ho morei firit. The had to betterplayerwill win regardless which color he has. Sincewe of mus[assum^e the_srroog thar players BlackasofienasWhire. had we can only rnterthat Whrte $on moregames becau:e ofthe advantase of tbe first move. This advantagJ (however slighl) does conflr White the initiative.

1 Rubinsteinnow abstains from 13 N-B7ch, K-Ql; 14 NxR, QxB -and Black wins. Both playerswerenow relying on intuition, asit wasimpossible calculate ensuing to the complications with absolute preclsron, On whose side is justice: the materialist (Rubinstein)or the idealist(Lasker) ? The doublethreat againstQ5 and N2 forces13BxN, which leaves Blackwith superb development compensation his Pawnminus. as for Incidentally, no good was 12 . . . Q-R4ch instead of the text because 13 Q-Q2, and if QxB ?; 14 N-B7ch, winning the Queen of by a fork. 1'14

r75

Master Practice
The way in which theoreticians evaluate a given opening variation is to exarnine the outcomes of master games in which this opening is adopted. However, results are deceplive becausethe outcome does not necessarily reflect which side had the better of it aftcr a given number of moves. A stronger player may be handling the theoretically inferior position and win by virtue of his ability; any number of blunders or time-pressure errors lnay also inteNene-not to "the night before." The mention the classic domestic battle of basic trouble is that evaluations are static while a game is dynamic; and this casts seriousdoubt on the traditional criterion of evaluation -namely, master practice.

The Failare of TraditionalEt'aluation

by Operlngs Korn (8th edition), If we pick up a copyof ModernCltess by we will find thesesymbolsaccompanied theseexplanations. + +after White (or Black'smove); White (Black)has a winning advantage. +after White (or Black's move): White (Black)has a distinct superiority,but thereis no forcedwin. fWhite standsslightlybetter . B l a c k t a n ds l i g h t l y e t t e r . b s :The position oflersequalchances. These well known symbols have been used by nearly every a world in order to evaluate givenposition. in theoretician the chess upon the playing strength depends The soundness the evaluation of the who is assigning valuation,and he is almost of the theoretician nevera Grandmaster. position,discuss traditionalapproach, the Let usexamine specific a then apply our new method.

White to move-who standsbctter? ThispL),ition tltowhr to \as b^e tqu,ctl wttil 1954. uhcu G,lll founJ a n,,r,t no,a for White: Thc ftrst thingtte norii is that ir it ll hire's mot.e. Hc hasrheiniri.trit.e, Irae, 1 R:rN is in?as.\ible because ofR eB mr;te, Thequestionis rhether 14 ltitc har a rql to l'rcrcnr BlctcA front rct;eatinshis KnightIo QJ or 83-Jollot,cd consolida -- uirh q Jfttv is rhc by tiott liA.ely out,oue. Onc rhitg is clear: Whire nu,r exploir li.t Time qd"-sntage lose it. c,r U ryhite cqn clear his last rank (by mouing his vith a gain of tempo),then he can safelypiay Rxi. -Q--Bishop Gelle,r's sharpmot:e,I B-R6l f.ts this prescription.'ihi last rank qnd thegain oj'tempoii acconplished the attack hosbeencleared by on Black's KNP. If not l .-. . PxB; 2 Rri {, ard ,lhit" ho, n rrinning enJgame alruntageeonnulo: h.titiatitetrqnslated better inro Parvn Structure). The tacticaljustificaiion of I B R6 lies in two possibilities with " B l a c k ' s d e s p e r a d oK n i g h r . t A " d e s p e r a d oi " a p i e c eu h i c h i must be lost anyway,and in exchange which one thirefore tries for to getas muchcompensation possible.) as First possibility:1... NxQBP; 2 Bxp, KR-NI; 3 Nxp!, KxN qtgt 3 . . . RxB; 4 NxR, KxN; 5 PxN, winning rhe exchange); 4 BxN, and Write has won a Pawn (formula: Iniistiue ttanslited into superiorForce). At tiis point the chess world condemned this positionfor Black, a n dt h e r e f o rter eD r o v el s a d i n u p t o i r b a dr o b i a b a n d o n e d .u s r l e g J to illustrate.the dificulty of-piining anything down to a final e \ a r u a u o n .t n o u a p p e c r s . p o nr e - e \ a m i n a r i o n . t B l a c kd o e s r u tha havea tacticaI saving clansc. S e c o n d o s s i b i l i t y1 . , , N x K B P ! ; Z B x p ( i f 2 B - B 4 ,N - e 6 ; p : 3 NxN, RxN; 4 BxP, K-Q2-draw), KR-NI; 3 8-86!, N,R6ch; 4K-B1,BxB; 5N N4dis. h,K-Bl! (not5. . .B K2: 6 N-B6ch. c K - B l ; 7 N x R ,w i n n i n g ) ; N x B , R N 3 ; T N x p c h , K N 2 ; 8 p x N , 6 KxN and Black shouldbe able to draw the Rook and pawn endins s i n c e h i r e ' s x r r xP a \ a ns d o u b l e d n dt h e r e f o rn e c l i s i b l e . W e i a e So now-rvhere are we? Back where we startedieihaos ? Not e r r c r l y . L n l e s sa f u r r h e ri m p r o r e n r e ns l o u n d f o r \ \ h i t c . t h e it originalevaluation "equality" must be restored of (:). Or perhaps we might assignWhite a slight edge (t). Geller's innovationis strongbut apparentlynot decisive. There is no rvay for White to c o n \ e r th i qa d \ r n t c g en T i m e i r r t oa f o r c e d i n . V e t l r o w n r u c h i u richerischess theoryfor our havingplumbed positionto its depths this ! Although enrich;d,we are stilliinable to retir^e.We are no niarer the answers two questions: (1)how are evaluations to arrivedat in the first place? (2) is there anynethod of arriving at one wlrich is "self-contained," i.e.,states premises the from whichit is derived? 177

N T7X % /..t<. ,4.2 . h2 ,,,,'4, % '/&

A
Diagruhl 188

Our discussion the previouspositionsprovidesus with a lead. of We referredto threeelements:Tinte("rnitiatle" is a sub-heading), Force,Pawn Structure. (Neither side has a marked advantage in Space.) From this it follows that qll positionsmay be brokendown into their component theneualuated elements, accordingly. The concept which the theoretician accords primacyis practice, or past master experience with a given position. There is no way to divorcetheoryfrom practice. We can't say,for instance, that White standsbetter here eventhough he haslost everytournamentgame continuingfrom this position. Ifthat's the case, then thereis something wrong with our original evaluation. The function of the chess critic is to providea court of last resort. However,criticshavebeenguilty ofthe subjective fallacy: they have permittednames, reputations, the outcomeofdoubtful games and to influencetheir evaluationof openingvariations. Taking a caseat random, let us again turn to Modern Chess (8th edition)Openings column 15in the SlavDefense: Alekhine'sopinion is quoted-thus evidentlysanctioned-that "Black standsslightlybetter."

Time: Eachsidehas threepieces developed is readvto castle and ln onemove. However. is White'smovl. He hasthe initiarive. it pawns. Whitehaslwo possible PawnStucture: Blackhasdoubled pointsof breakthrough: or/and eR6. He .un for..'*-irn_ K4 medrate breach Black's in e-sidepawnsby p_eR5_6. Practtce, None quoted. Hence conclude Whitestands we that better every in pos5ills way, that Black has no counrer-vailing resources. ffiii i"rf"aii..-i. positiveand irrefutable. That is n;t to saythat Black will not win this.game_(ofcourse hecan). only thatheshtuld u, oiOrf,is purriiuta, posrtronbecause other oneswitb thc samevariation1in the SIav Defense) give him betterchances. Of course, mostconclusions not soclear-cut. are The gambit. lor instance, involves problem weighing or.. uguinriiir. unJ the of t Sface. havebeei anilyzedto'suchu poioi oi .TheK*ide gambits exhaustion lhat theorycan providea couri of last resort'wiLhout teanng wrathof time. Takethe Evans the Cambit. Theorvdecrees that White. jnsumcjent has. compensation the pawn. Tds is rrue for now and shouldalso be true one hundred yearsfrom now desoire "light of th.e. laterdevelopmenrs.,' us seewhy. Our conclujion Ler wilt be that Force plus PawnStructureus.Space ind Tine.

Diasrun 189

White to move-who stot ds better? This question can be only by breakingdown thisposirion in'to its component approached puts and then weighing an aduantagein one element against a disaduantagein another, fnally arriuing at a conclusion. (This "weighing" is wherea master's opinionis required.) Force: Material is equal. White has the two Bishops: an edge. Sprzce.' White has the freer game. True, Black'spiecesstrike at 12 squares beyondthe frontier line and White's pieces only 1l-yet at the fact that it is White's move is worth several souares. I P-R5. for instance. would cramo Black. 178

Diagtam 190

Force: lf all orherthingswereequal(whichrhevare not). Black.s extra Pawn would be decisire.li is in this element thai Black.s main adyantage lies. Sparer Blacklerds6 to 5. bur Whitewill havean advantase after the ioevirablc expension with p-e4. White.s eN is depriv# of its best squareon QB3. White's Bishop controli a mor'eimportant diagonalthan Black's. 179

quick Zine: White hasthc moveand the initiative. He can develop in threatsby Q-N3 coupledwith P-Q,l. wlite can castle onemove. Blackrvill havetroublebringinghis King to safety. Pawn Structure: This is Black's long-rangetrump card! If and when he returns the Pawn, he will still have the better endgame (thisis thethemeofLasker'sDefense).Blackhasabsoluteiy structure no organicweaknesses, whereas Write hasinflicteda critical gashin his Q-side by playing P-QN4. The endgameis permanentlyin Black'sfavor-if he can everget to it. has Practice: (Here the book would quotegames.) Black'sdefense the proven so adcquate that White has virtually abandoned Evans his Gambit. Black has violated no basic principlesby developing tactics Knight and Bishop,thereforehe need fear no diversionary on the part of his opponentso earlyin the game. Pawn,it is for While White hassoze compensation the sacrificed not sufficient. Hencethe caseis closedon the EvansGambit. A will it Grandmaster essay againstan equalplayeronly if: (a) he has up an improvement his slecve;(b) he knowsit is inferior but counts of the on hisfamiliaritywith it andtheelement surprise;(c) he rejects is entirematdx from whichtraditionalevaluation launched. Of these three,"r" is most likely. Incidentally, the meaning of "equality" solvesitself when we evaluatein this manner. Eraluation is not a predictionoJ restlt, at It is merelyan attemptto weighdynamicelements a givenmoment. that in the opinionof the edlrorneitherside An equalsign(:) states holds an uncompensated advantage. Equality doesnot mean that available shoulrl drawn,merelythal lhe wi ning chances be lhe game masters an to both sides in a stateofdynamic balance. Between are advantage the openingis often crucial, despiteAlekhine'sboast in that to lose a gamehe had to be beatenthree times-once in the opening, oncein the middle game,and oncein the ending.

"Force and Pawn Structure [F-P] are in Black's This is read: " favor [T]. white has some compensation in Spaceand Ti[.re [ST] Admittedly, symbolization and other technical jargon are always b i r l s o m e t o i h e ' l a y m a n . B u t a p l r y e r s e e k i n gr e f c r c n c e o o k s b it n o t l i k c l y t o b e r e l r e s h e d y l i t e r a r y g r a c e s for enlightenmen Besides,-he can always ignore the editor's evaluation and draw ' a h i s o u n c o n c l u s i o n s n y w a ) . S y m b o l s .o n c e s l a n d a r d i z e da r e u o u l d d o u b t l e s s ls a v eb l o b so f i n k a n d y u n i v e r s ailn n a t u r e . T h e y thousands of wasted words.

The First Move

a l. h l f w e a o' omo a cth a n tp e n i-Dw iitc h u t r c i u d i c ch e nt h e r e r es o n l e wg h o p h i r p o r L eo r n a yb e t o k e nl o r g r a n l e d w e t;utbs few bui must centeris of paramountimportance,that pleces know that t-he and thal too many Pawn moves create somehowbe developed, This is the startingpoint. weaknesses. opening 20 A slanceat the origiDalpositionreveals possible u r n o u . i - 1 6 u i t h t b eP a r i n s n i 4 * i t h t h e K n i S h t s .w h i c ho f t h e s e "It is astonishing how much hot is best-and why-no one knows. wade into in the first dozenmoves,despitea water a master-can o e " c e n t u r v f o o e n i n g r p l o r a t i o n( N a p i e r ) .T h e c h o i c e f a i r r s t o is for dorin to indiridualsryle. chess oneof the last rnou"i'rurro*', remaininsrealmsof free will. u lp m a A s I u i r e . I a m l o o k i n g t t h eb o a r d i t h a c o m p l e t eoy e n i n d ' It occursto me that ol tliese20 moves,perhapsonly 3 are perfectly ue.rknesses gaping horrible: P QR4. P-KR4. P- KN'l-rhcy create nothing toward development, in tl'r.ePawn Structure,contdbute contain no threat, and make no contestfor control of the center' P-QR4 Wareplayedl " Yet at the New York Tournament,1880, l f e v e r vi m eh eh a dB l a c k - $ i n n i n go u r a n d o ' i n gl l r e W i i h W h i t e ' t with i P-QR4-$inning one and losing he a'lso beeantlro games the other. s v T w o a o p a r e n t lu s e l e sK n i g h t m o r e s -N - K R 3 a n d N - Q R 3 u sy R m a vb e e s p o u s e d ' b o m e d t i o f t h e f u t u r e h o u i l l g i v et h e ma mark in ultra-modernfashion To the modern doubleexclamation m t e w b b m a s t e w h oh a s e e n r e d i t ht h ep r i n c i p lo l m o b i l i t y 'h c s e o v e s r, Y c t n o d o u b tr h e yw i l l a P p e a r an o s e e m u t t a n d i 5 h da n t i - p o ' i t i o n a l which are today the of in chess the future (circ; 2000)because moves analyzed There normal will havebeenso exhaustively considered ui l o h i s a r e a lp o s s i b i l i tl y a t c h e s s p e r r i n g sl l b e p h y t d - o u a n d l h : r i r , r i ld r a r v a r d s o s e l e ctlh eo p e n r n g l t c p a i n l u t u r e l o u r n a t n e n tls y e r s tJris today). Perhaps all sound,s *tictr stratlUeptuyed(is in checkers Yei ai early as 1868,at London, a toumanent already facetious. 181

Elaluation A Self-contained
analvsissuch as we unde(ook on the Obviouslv. an exhaustive to previouspositionscould not bc'applie<l an openingencyclopedia, because the space of and expense involved. crammed with variations, that an evaluationcontain the reasoning Yet it is clearly desirable wherewith is derived. The only solutionliesin the useof increased it symbolization. In this fashion,the last evaluationon the Evans Gambit mav be exoressed:

FP + -ST 180

was contested whereinall the participantsbegantheir gameswith the positionsof their Knights and Bishops reversed-to avoid bookplay and to throw the players on their own resources. This is reminiscent the optimisticproposalin the late nineteenth of century that the United Statescloseits patent bureau on the groundsthat everything worthwhilehad alrcadybeeninvented ! Right now thereis a lot of scopein the chess openings, and a lot of room for discoveryand innovation. Very few mastershave conqueredall the intricaciesof euenone variation. At the 1933 Folkestone Team Tournament, Arthur Dake defeated Hans Muller, the writer of an authoritativetreatiseon the EnglishOpening, 21 in moves. The openingwasan Englkh Openingl

This basicstructureis alsocommonto the Pirc Defense p-K4, (l P-Q3), Philidor's Defense(1 P-K4, P-K4; 2 N-KB3, p-e3). White'spositioncontainsa weakness Q3, but this is offsetby his at ability to maneuver behind the lines. The weak white square ( c o m p l e x K 8 3 a n d K R 3 ) i s n e g l i g i b la s l o n g a s t h e K - B i s h o ps e i retained.Tn somecases the QRP advances QR4 in ordei to ro defendan advanced Knight outpost at QB4 (so that it cannot be dislodgedby. . . P-QNa). After I P-K4 or I N-KB3 White can forcethe gameinto channels of his own choosing against defense. any Thus.3g31n51 Frcnch rhe (l P-K4, P-K3) 2 P*Q3 produces desiredresult. the

ReverseOpenings
Both 1P-Q4 and I P-K3 free two piecesand contestthe centersuchis the motive behindthem. yet the moment Pa$,n an! aduqnces twosquares creates irrctrierableweakness prouides natural it a and a target. OnceWhite has committedhimself,Black is the masterof which coursethe defenseshall take. This is the reasonmany a playerwho excels counterattack wins more games at with the Black pieces than with White. Black's defenses so good, in fact, that are they-must evenbetterfor White if he plays them with a move-inbe nano. The logical choicefor these"reverseopenings"is the K's Indian formation.It has proveditself a resilientand successful weaponfor the second player,and, curiouslyenough, thereis no way to prevent White from settingit up. Thus, a playerneeds familiarizehimself thoroughly with only one variation regardless what Black replies. of

t"'&t%i'"'.&t % "'%,t%zr, %

Diastan

192

French DeJense-atter 2 P-Q3 The gamernight continue: 2 . . , P-Q4; 3 N-Q2, N-KB3; 4 P-KN3, B-K2; 5 B-N2, O-O; 6 KN-B3, P-84; 7 O-O, N-B3all logicalmoves.

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I E f l
Diagrcm 19I

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The K's Indian Paun Structure 182

Diasrun 193 Position alter 7 . . . N-83 183

Notice how exactlythe sameposition nray be reachedby transposition,asin the gameEvans Sire|win, Rosenwald Tourney,N.Y., 195,1-55: 1N-K83, N-KE3; 2 P-KN3, P Q4; 3 B-N2, P-K3; 4 just closes eyes, O-O, B-IC; 5 P-Q3 (White his oblivious Black's to contortions),O Oi 6 QN Q2, P B4i 7 P K1, N-83. Voilii! ln this examDlc Blackhad oDtion. He couldhaveimitatedWhite's moves. since had not alreadvcommitted he himselfwith i . . . P-K3 on his very first move as in thi FrenchDefense, To show how quickly White can whip up an attack, follow the Evans-Sherwin continuationfrom the diasram: 8 P 83, R NI; 9 R-Kl, R-Kl; 10 P K5, N-Q2; 11 N Br, P-QN4; 12 P-KR4I, P QR4 (initiatingan attackon the opposite wing); 13B-84, B,QR3; 14 N(1) R2, Q-82; 15 P-R5, F-n*5; 16 N N4, P R5; 17 P-84, PxP; 18 PxP, BxP; 19 QxP, N-N3; 20 Q-82, P N6; 21 PxP, N N5; 22 Q-83, N(s)-Qa; 23 Q 81, BxP; 24 B-N5, N-Ns; 2s R K3!, B-Q4; 26 P-R6, P*N3; 27 KR R3, N-85; 28 BxB, RxB; 29 Q-B4 with a won game. It is apparentthat thereis much attackingpotentialconcealed in White's "passive" formation-especially when Black upsets the balancebv seizinsthe centerwith Pa\,vns. With t[is close-d formation the oossibilities transDosition of are a b u n d a n t . e s h e r s l y B o t v i n r l i k . a t c h . S r s .U . S . S . RM o s c o w . R M U . .. 1955continucd: I P-K4, P K3; 2 P-Q3, P-QB4!; 3 P KN3, N QB3; 4 B-N2, P-XN3; s N Q2, B-N2; 6 KN-83, KN K2; 7 O O, O O; 8 R-Kl, P-Q3; 9 P-83, P KR3; 10 N-N3, P-K4; 11 P-Q4, P-N3 ard Black,if anything,hasthe betterof it dueto the constantthreat of P-KB,{. Tiris illustratesthe danqerof White's c l o s i n g i s e y e s n d p i a y i n g h e s ) s t e r r u r o m a r i c a ' iiln s r e a d f h r r a y. o varyinghis tacticsto meet Black'sreply. In this case5 N Q2 fails to meet the challengeof the positior. White might try instead 5 P-KR4!? rvhich is designed take advantage to momentarilyof Black's weak dark squarecorrplex. ln this respectchesstheory undergoes creativeevolution: it requires a more sophisticatcd ideas to combatmore sophisticated antidoles. The Reshevsky-Botvinnikgalne can also be arrived at via the following plausible orderof moves the Sicilian in Dcfense: P K4, 1 P QB4;2N KB3,P Q3; 3P Q3 (thecustomary moveis 3 F Q'{), N QB3; 4P KN3, P KN3; 5B N2,B N2; 5 O-0, P-K3 (better imrnediately 6 . . . P K4!-a sophisticated is reasonwhy White cannotenterthe abovegameby this side-path);7 QN-Q2, KN K2; 8 R Kl, O-O; 9 P 83, P-KR3; 10 N N3, P K.t; 11 P-Q4, P N3 and thisposition identical is with tlie onereached above. The elementof Time is not so crucial in closedpositionsas in openones.It therefore follorvs that by adoptingthereverse formation 184

and postponing battle the White is avoidinga sharp,early strugglc, "reverseopenings"havelost favor until the mid-game. Tbe reason is a is that White's advantage too minute, and the game assumes rvhenBlack mairltainsthe symmetryby copying drawishcharacter White'smoves.

Positions The Theoryof S1:m1ns|7irol

and by making iris opening Thc original position is symmetrical, moveWhite distulbsthe balance. Blackcan copy-but not for long. Defense); For example: 1 P-K4, P-I(4; 2 N KB3, N-KB3 (Petrov's s 3 N x P , N x P ?( c o r r e ci t 3 . . . P Q 3 ; 4 N - K 8 3 , N x P ) ; 4 Q - K 2 , for P-Q4; 5 P-Q3 winninga piece, if 5... N-KB3; 6 N-86 dis. ch. winsBlack's Queen. In reverseopenings,however,Black can copy for a long time, 1956: e.g., Evans-Lombardy,N.Y. Met LeagueChampionship, I N-K83, N-KB3 (1 . . . P Q4-or any Pawnmovefor that matter -would disturb the symnetry); 2 P KN3, P-KN3; 3 B-N2' B-N2; 4 O-O, O O; s P-Q3, P Q3; 6 P-B4' P-84; 7 N-83, is N 83; 8 B-Q2 (more accurate 8 R-Nl! and Black cannotcopy . R Nlt 9 P-QIi.3,P-QR3; 10 P-QN4, for long: e.9.,8 . a P-QN4?; 1l PxNP,RPxP; 12PxP,PxP; 13RxPrvinning Pawn), R-Nl; 9 P-QR3, P QR3; 10 R-Nl, F QN,{ (Black hasgainedthe of initiative because White's fauliy 8th move); ltr PxP, PxP; 12 P QN4, PxP; X3 PxP, B-Q2 (Black rejectseither P-K4 or P-Q4, preferringto force White to commit himselflirst); 14 P R3' P-R3.

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,.. 7).

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Di.tgtant 19,1

Positionalter 14. . . P-R3-srmmetry

t + J _ Ft + r ? White hasthe move(T), but is it reallyan advantage In billiardsit 185

ou H e r eu c e n c o u r r e r r o t d n . i o t ,

f-l

t^+

1'+I':

'.

w o u l dn o t b e .f o r h ew o u l dh r v et o . . c r a c k "h e f o r m a t i o a n do D e n l n u p l i n e s o r h i so p p o n e n t W l r i l em u s tf i n a l l y o m m i th i m s e l f'.O n f . c l5 P-Q4 Black hasthe pleasant alternatives eitherp_K4 or B_B4_ oi After 15 P-K3, P K4, Black hasachieved themoreaggressive center formation, and if now 16 p-K4 (to preventp_e4), ilien it is Black who has gainedthe move! Eachsidei. reluctant disruptthebalance, to perhaDs rememberine t h e c h e c k e r a x i mr h n h e r r h o d i s t u r b s i s p o s i r i o n h e l e a s i m h t d i s r u r b h i s o p p o n c nrrh c m o s t . B u t W h i r em u s id o s o m e t h i n s ! s white hasan advanrage.- indeed it is rery slight.and the co"urse ^If or Tne gamebcars the axrom: 15 p_K4, N_Kl (Blackcan coov out o n l yt o h i sd i s a d v a n r a g1 5 . . . p K 4 : 1 6B _ K 3 , K 3 ; l 7 p _ O ' 4 e: B with thefteerpo5irion):l6 N-Q5, N 82; 17NxN. exN: tg p_e4, P K 4 ( i n f e r i o rs t 8 . . . N x p : 1 9 N x N , B x N ; i O S ^ p . S _ N - 2 , i 2 l B x B . x B : 2 2 Q - Q 4 c h .. N l : 2 . 3 R - B t r n d W h i r e o n r r o as i K K c l l e t h eo p e nl i n e s ) :1 9Q . B l . Q - B t : 2 0 B x p , N x e p ; 2 l N x N . O x O : 22 BxQ. PxN: 23 R-Ql. KR-BI: 24 B-\2, R-85; 25 B_ORi. (threatening B-Bt1. B-QB3:; 26 p 83. p-e4i Zj B_Bl, R:87; 28 BxQP.PxP; 29 BxQP. PxP: 30 eR Bl, RxR; 3t RxR. R _NJi ' 32 PxP, BxP; 33 R-85, B-83 and rhegamewasshortlvdiawn. The symmetrical defense theeucen.iGambitputsiito irs most to severetest-up to now no method has been d;monstrated that "preserves" White'sadvantage 1 p-e4, p-e4; 2 p_e84, p_e84, !

The only reason this symmetrical defenseis not played more often is that it lcads to drawish positions-and Black is not content with a draw-even though he is the theoretical underdog! In the hands of a master technician the advantage of the move is o f t e nd e c i s i v en m a n y s y m m c t r i c a l o s i t i o n s - w i t n e s sh e f o l l o w i n g i p t mirror image. from Resher -S rdhlberg. March. New York vs. sk; Argentina, 1947. White seemsto make something out of nothing.

i % '|ffi { N t m % %i7 % %.2.% % % % % "'.4 % % % %a% "'& "4,fr"&A ft.&_

Diasrum 196 White mo|es. 1 B_N5! R_Kl In orderto avoidweaknesses. I . . . P-83: 2 B-84 followedbv If D Q R - B l w i t h a b i n d . O f c o u r s e o tI . . P - K 4 ? : 2 B - K 7 w i n n i n ! the exchange.The text is an almostimperceptible error. ifBlack attempts maintainthe The mostcrucialvariationoccurs to s ) r m m e t r y w i t h 1 . . . B N 5 ; 2 B x P ,B x P ; 3 B x N ,B x N ; 4 B x R , BxR; 5 BxB, BxB; 6 KxB, KxB; 7 R-QBI followedby R-Bl with a bind-but a win is sti1lfar from sight. B-N5; 2 P-83,P-B3,there After l .. does seem wayfor not any on White to capitalize his first move. After the text Black drifts into a lost gamewithout making any further errors. 2 QR-81 P_KR3 3 B-K3 The Bishopsrake Black'sQ-side. 3 . . . B-B,il 4 R_87 BxN wrong on principle, but what else can Black do? If This seems 4 . . . Q R - B I ; 5 K R - B 1 ,R x R ; 6 R x R ,R-QB1; 7 RrR, BxR; 8 BxQRP and wins. 5 PxB QR_81

itk

au i
ttt
Diasram I95

position altet 2, . . p_eB4 The nearest that White has cometo holding on to the initiativeis with 3 PXQP, N-KB3; 4 N-KB3 (pxp, QxF leadsto nothine io; White).PxP; 5 QxP. QrPl 6 N BJ, exe; 7 Nxe followet by P-KNJ and B-N2 wirh pressure.Howerer.in Evins_Biseuiei. I n a n g u i aM a r c h N . Y . . I 9 5 5 . l a c kc o n t i n u ew i t h6 . . . r . B d e_"eR4 Uf N-B3, rega.ining to)r rempo-and Whitecoirliget rhe loUgyeO nothingout of the opening. 186

r87

6 KR-BI RxR 7 RxR BxP 8 BxNP B-83 9 8_86 R_Nl Black must lose a Pawn by force, but he can hold out longer after 9. . . R-QBI; 10 RxR, NxR; ll BxKRP, N-N3 thoughWhite shouldstill win eventually. 10 BxQRP R-N8ch 1 1K N 2 R QR8 12 P_QR4 The marclr thisPawnisdecisive. of fn. ,.r, i, t..f,rnique-extremely instructive. 12... N 84 138N6 White carefullyshepherds advance his RP. the of 1 3 . . . B_Q5 14 P-Rs B_86 15 R-R7 N_Q5 16 B_K4 N_N6 t7 P-R6 B-Q5 18 BxB NxB 19 R-Q7 P-B4 20 B-QSch Black Resigns

SummingUp CHAPTER E|GHT:

THrsbook is devotedto the practicalquestionof how the amateur may radically improve his play by applying master pdnciples to his own games. My approachhas beento break chess down into its basic components: Pawn Structure,Space,Force, and Time, The order in which they are taken is arbitrary. Pawn structureis considered because is theleastunderstood themostdifficult first it and to grasp,evenfor good players.A realizationthat the Pawn is the "soul" of chessis prerequisiteto further analysisof the other elements. In chemical terms Pawn Structure and Force are relatively "inert," whereas Space and Time are "volatile." Broadly speaking, in an advantage the inert (or stable)elements manifests itself most in in decisively the endgame;an advantage the volatile(or unstable) is elements most crucial in the openingwhere rapid development and control of the centerare all-important. In the middle gameno has to in one element a tendency predominate. A decision the early equalplayers; hence of victory stages the gameis unlikely between is possibleonly after one has erred. When the minor advantages which accrueare exploitedwith precisionwe speakof "technique." Here the problemis to convertthe volatile into the inert elements. The bulk of the text dealswith practicalillustrationstaken largely lrom my own tournamentgames.

The StableElements
Pawn Structureis akin to bone structure. Sincethe Pawn is the it only unit which cannot be retractedonceit advances, should be can moved sparingly. Hasty weaknesses seldombe repaired. The the ability of the Pawn to queenwhen it reaches eighthrank alters this "proletariat" strategyand elevates the dynamicsof endgame to resal significance. 188 189

is Other things equal. an advantagein Forc_e decisive. The win of even a singlc Pawn in rhe opening usually provldes a wlnnlng game berwee; equal plavers. io bJ ahead'in material is to be the ivealthierthan yoi.,t olipoirent. He cannot afford to expose s(ate by rhe constant swapping of pieces. Hence of his bankruptcy piecesonce you are ahead in material is the Patternlor exchanging translating Force into victory.

fact, the error do not survivevery long on the chessboard: merciless the contradicts hypocrite. culminatingin checkmate,
JiJt Jitt')tr'tJi')iJtJi

Elements The Unstable

meanssuperiormobility, i.e. more elbow A spaceadvantage to tianeuverpieies,fluid lines o[ communication. room in which bear the lerms of deleat. In order to obtain Crampedpositions grave concessions youropponent to oftenwill beforced make freedom of a in Pawn3tructuieor Force. Thenit becomes question enforcing "winning a won game'" difficult task of that somewhat in An advantage Time confersthe initiative. Pieceswhich are are centralizedand well-developed ready to strike deeplyinto the heart of enemyterrain. So crucial is tempo that if a player were granted right to move twicein a row just onceeverygameat the -his option-w-hilethe sameright were deniedhis opponent-he world champion. could-become
JiJ^.Ji+*,gfJ*liJi*

form an organicuhole by showingthe chapters The preceding which guidemy phy as well as valid applicatioiof ihe principles borh in theoryand practice.Theseare that ol ihe other masteis : empirical principles derived directly lrom source-e\perience l-hope that this book will not only be read.but rnrrt., su-"t. chessexalso refJrred to many times in the courseof your orvn"secrets." [f someone had sct these all oerience.lt contains my orincioles down for me in biackandwhiteat theoulsetof my chess h" would have savedme perhapsa year of groping in the iut".r, dark. challenge' intellectual is The chessboard a placeofjoy, stimulation, it who bestowed upon the world to.slay No one knowsthe divinity has the boredomand exhilarate spirit' Yet chess travelledwithout passport,a universalheritagewhich is the property of all nations' And thereis beautythere. .

the the In ChapterOne we reviewed turmoil between Romantics, Tecbniciansand Tacticians. We saw Classicisti,Hypermoderns, as r*iyi betwe"nart and science doesMahomet'scoffin that chess betweenheaven and earth. The game is a competitivestruggle framework. To Laskerit two minds within a mechanistic between a battle of the human personalityin which the roundedman was the and not necessarily betterplayerwas bound to triumph. To which would Norbert Wiener a machinec6uld be constructed "it hence might chessplayer. probably a "slupid" or "careless" defeat ueryweil b" as good .- . . as the vastmajorityof the humanrace." is fhe Americai schoolof chess bound to be pragmaticbecause it reflectsthe culture. The Sovietstyle is dynamic,basedmore on has hinted that counterattackthan attack. A noted psychologist a socialstlucturewhereindividualinitiative this styleof play mirrors to is reduced a minimum. obnoxious Pragmatismas a method or a way of life becomes and worship at the fount of success make onlv ihen its adherents "best because it that a course of action is the smug deduction they are besl hete work because The principlesadvocated works." -there can be no question subjecLirityThey are the distilled of of heritage a hundredyearsof chessevolution. Hypocrisyand 190
l9l

F. RETNFELD, & CuenNlv, I. Chess Strutegt) and ldcli.-t. David McKay Co., Philadelphia, 19,16. Rtrr,R. Mqsters of tlrc Chessboard. Whittlesey House, New York REl1R. Modern Ideas in Chess. David McKay Co., Philadelphia. SrrrrurNrl, k. The Art of Sacrif ce in Chess. David McKay Co., Philadelphia. ZNosKo-BoRovsKY,E. The Middle Gane in Chess. David McKay Co., Philadelphia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
of A. ALEKr-rrNE, My Best Games Chess. In 2 volumes.Harcourt, Brace& Co., New York. L CHERNEV, Winning ChessTtaps. ChessRedew, New York, 1946. Routledge in of DUMoNT,J. The Basis Combination Chess. George Ltd., London,i946. & Sons, EuwD, M. Meet the Masters. Sfi Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., London,1945. EuwE, M. Strateg! and Tactics in Ciess. David McKay Co., 1937. Philadelphia, Scribner&Sons,NewYork,1956. L. Ev,tNs, TrophyChess.Charles Endings. David McKay Co., Philadelphia, Fnn, R. Baslc Chess 194t. Openings.David McKay, Co., ldeasBehindthe Chess Ftur, R. T'he 1943. Philadelphia, Horowitz & Harkness Masterpieces. Chess KMocH,H. Rubinstein's New York, 1941. KdNIG,I. Chess from Morphl to Botdnnik. G. Bell & Sons,Ltd., London,1951. KoRN, W. Modern Chess Openings. Ninth Edition. Pitman PublishingCorporation,Nelv York, 1957. L.rsxrn, En. Manual of Chess. David McKay Co., Philadelphia, 1947. NrMzovrrcH, A. My System. David McKay Co., Philadelphia, . 1947 RtIurero, F. Keres' Best Gomesof Chess. David McKay Co., 1942. Philadelphia, F. RTTNFELD, Practical End-GamePlay. David McKay Co., 1949. Philadelphia, F. RETNFELD, The Immortal Games of Capablanca. Pitman PublishingCorporation,Nerv York, 1942.
j

193

INDEX OF OPPONENTS
(Numbersrcfer to diagrams) ADAMS ALEKHINE AMATEUR ANDERSSEN ASH BARDA BERLINER BILLS BISGUIER BOTVINNIK BOULACHAMS BREYER BRONSTEIN BURGER BYRNE, D. BYRNE, R. CARLYLE COLLINS vs. Evans,49, 66, 68 vs. R6ti, 12, 13 vs. Morphy, 5 vs. Dufresne,2; Kiesedtzky, I vs. Evans, 133 113 vs. EYans, vs. Evans,89, 152 vs. Evans, 165 Ys.Evans, ll, 30, 39, 60; Kashdan,80; Kramer, 9, 10; Sherwin,84 vs. Smyslov,53 Ys.Evans,38 vs. Nyhokn, 15 Ys,EYans,141 Ys.Evans,81, 184 42 vs. Evans,110; Reshevsky, vs. Evans,29, 173 vs. Evans,127,178 vs. Evans,118,l2l Ys.EYans,168 vs. Evans,51 vs. Evans,67 Ys,Evans,115 2 vs. Anderssen, vs. Evans,166 vs. Evans,32 vs. Evans,79 Ys.Evans, 185 vs. Evans,44 vs. Evans,117 vs. Evans, 132 Ys.Evans,140 vs. Evans,58

cRoss J. cRoss,
DAKE DONOVAN DUFRESNE DUNST EUWE FINE FINK FINKELSTEIN FLEISCHER FLORES FLORIDO FRANK

194

vs, Evans,1?5 GASSEN vs. Evans,46 GOLDWATER vs. Steinitz,6 GOLMAYO vs. Evans,7l GOMPERT vs. Evans,70 HALPER vs, Evans,86 HANAUER Ys.Evans,161,183 HANS vs. Evans, 163 HARROLD vs. Evans, 139 HARTLEB vs. Evans,9'7,120,156,160,162 HEARST vs. Evans,119 HEATH Ys.Evans, 150 HEINKENHEIMO vs. Evans,l?2 HESSE Jr, vs. Evans, rrz HOWARD vs. Evans,50 HOROWITZ vs. Evans,181 HUDSON vs. Evans, 157 JACKSON vs. Evans,43 JACOBS vs. Evans,149 JIMENEZ vs. Evans,57 JOYNER vs. Evans,116 KAGETSU Ys.Evans,74 KALME vs. Bisguier,S0; Evans,22, 171 KASHDAN vs. Evans,83 KATZ vs. EYans,61 KAUFMAN vs, Evans,159 KELLNER YS.Evans,59 KESTEN vs. Arderssen,I KIESERITZKY vs. Evans,106 KONIG vs. Bisguier,9, 10; Evans,95, 96, 142 KRAMER vs. EYans,56, 147 KRAUSS vs. MacDonnell, 4 LABOURDONNAIS vs, Evans, 167 LAMBERT v s . b , v a n s ,l J , 6 z t r t t LARSEN vs. Rubinstein,187 LASKER vs, Evans, 170 LECoRNU vs. tvans, l4o LEVIN 125 PRA\aDA vs. Evansand Spielberger, LOKVENCZ AND YS.Evans,194 LOMBARDY vs. Evans,88 LYMAN Ys.Evans,179 MACCIONI 195

_i

vs. LaBourdonnais, 4 vs. Evans,180 vs. Evans,143 vs. Evans,138,145 vs. Evans.136 vs, Evans 182 vs. Evans,64 vs. Amateur, 5 vs. Evans,98 vs. Evans, 123 vs, Evans, 124 vs. Breyer, 15 vs, Evans,75, 76 vs. Smith, 3 vs. Evans, 122 vs, Evans,154, 176 vs. Evans,153 vs. Evars, 73 vs. Evans,40 vs. Evans, 126 QUESADA REHBERG vs. Evans,164 RESHEVSKY vs. Evans,l74;D. Byne,42, Stihlberg, t96 RETI vs. Alekhine, 12, 13; Yates,8 ROSS vs. Evans,45 ROSSOLIMO vs. Evans,14, 24 ROTHMAN vs. Evans,114 RUBINSTEIN vs, Lasker, 187 SANDRIN vs. Evans, 151 25, SANTASIERE vs. Evans,90 SHAFFER vs. Evans,155 SHERWIN vs. Bisguier,84; Evans,193 SMITH vs. Philidor, 3 SMYSLOV vs. Botvinnik, 53; Evans,52 SPIELBERGER AND EVANS vs. Lokvenczand Prayda, 125 STAHLBERG vs. Reshevskv, 196 STEINER vs. Evans,41, g7, 135, 144 STEINITZ vs. Golmavo, 6 SUSSMAN vs. Evans, 85 ULVESTAD vs. Eyans, 169 YATES vs. Rti, 8 196

MACDONNELL MARRO MAYER MCCORMICK MECHANIC MEDNIS MENGARINI MORPHY NAJDORF NASH NIELSEN NYHOLM OPSAHL PHILIDOR PHILLIPS PILNICK PLATER POMAR POSCHEL