GURRENT ELECTRICITY

Electic Cuvent 8 Ihe ate of Flow ok

of chaxges hough
any cHOSS - SecHon is called Electic Cutent
l is a Solan Quonity >SI onit Ampme (A)

FoH
fox Uotfom Flow al. Casoient & ia t
Notemouna
fox non-unifoHm fowS= Jim d chaxqes ane *Ve cutHet
Ato dt

> heymal Veloiky & In the absence "I4 ve chaxge cuxtent

Ethe FHee e-S moues due to is îo opposite dinecticn,
themal Enexgyin metalandomnly
witha vey high Speecd (10m/s).This Speecd s called
theumal Velocity. Thus on Quexage, the noo es mo
io paxticulay dinech usll be equal to that on opposite diec
: Au Thetmal Wlocik

Ohm' s Caw
chm'alaw Stoate, that at constat physical condioo
( temp.paeswne eko), The cuent Elaiag thnogh
a conductaH is diMectly pxopationalto the poBential
diEfeHence aMoSS he conductor.
Ve I
(Scalar Form)
V=TR whene 'R' is phopaHonaly
Also Canstat ¢ is_alled
A
Resistan ceSI onit: )
tang - V=R
A A

Conske

For ohmic Conduc*

 Cuonent Density (J) Cunent densiy a aa point po
Trside a Conductor s delSned ox he amount of cuwtien
defined as
Fowing per unit Anea taken nosial to the cutHent)
I UectoY quantky Cunent
diecfan - Some as
Aos9 I j:A)
SA
For 9=g0° blw I 4A
SI unit A m?

Gonside on Flectsic Field E oa ConductoY al Jenqh

then potenal diffeence accHas it,V= E-,then tom
ohm's lawi
A

E
= TE Jaw
’Vector form afot ohm's Joo

’ Orif Velocity withTis deied

which the
as
fHee
the ouenage
electxon
velocity
movesDift) +owads the tue end a a conductoy
E.
undey the Tnyluence a applied
force a on
Let electic Fild be E ,the
electon f and hence , îts accn
each
Cuill be
F -eF
-eE

a= -eF
m A

t.he es ae mouing Handomly sdo,+he

ln the absence ah
velocity is corsideed to be Zero -
 V= V+ at
m

O-eEt
4T: hime blw two Succeuive
Colision(Relaxaion ime
Vd =-eEt ue Sign.
m Ind cate, thal V i3 opp. to
Relaion blw Quwwment denSity 4dift uelaciy
¢ cunent or dnift uelocey
Io Q conductoof CHoss Secional aHea A,Aet he numbe
EHee e s per unit volume be ' , Conside a poion
in it
Jenath x d Conductoy, he total no.a es (N)Uddt
an be wHitten as -
N=Ac A

chauge pasing thxOugh cross

Seciarn io tioe dt' ?
d9= Nxe
de= nVa dt x A xe
VdenA
dt lnecn ef iow af e is opeto
hat al Curtent
I=VaenA aso

we know
-neVa
-eET
Jnex
m

ne t E whexeoe't) is constant
m
Called conducivi ty
Similly we kngw e= /o
m
ne TG
 Mabiliuy T io delined an he magnikude o dtt
elacitat change per unit Electio field
’Denoted by u)
|=Val
E
m

imitation's ot.OHM'S laus

a)
Vceases to be pHopoional toI , e curent may not
vaMy lineaaly uith potentioal diffennce

b)he Relaion b!w Vand I dependa an the Sign af V.Tn cther

woHdon xeueHsinq the diHecHon of V Keepinq its
magnitude fixed ,does not pOduces cwHent al Same
maanitude as I io the opposite dixecon .This happena
Saa diade9emiconductos)

The Helaion b/w vand I is not unique, ie, thene is

maHe than one vall ot V for Dame GuHet
eq:- Gtas
 ’ Kesistance me popety ah a mateia
by vintue al which ît opposes the flon
csthe Hesistance
t cuent hOUqh t,is kaown
we koow,
I=eVÊ enA

ne'tA V
me lfoxa aiven matexial H
Quaney Yemurns Corstont ond
=m
ne?t
?5 caled esistvi

A
V R R« /e
I A

Asne a lengtth 2' has Resistance R, th wiHe s

Stneched to tice îts iqinal lenqthEind new
Reistancei
A
Sech

Volume wil remain Same

A
2

A
elementa
Ra
Ra
tl
Kxlínde

Jon Yadius R,
Outey Radfus Ri
 Element a Page |11

A
A

A} b-a Elemental dic ’ dR

b

Now, b-a

tune b-a

Xb-a t a

dy = b-aA0
d
dr = dy
b-a
Put in eg n
Roet dR
b-a Yi
dy
m(b-a) TT(b-a) a

Tmp
Tab
(b-a)

Terempeatwe Dependence c esisliviey

>foH Conductovs CMetals ) ? we know net

dependent On
not
Tno metal, n is extent , thus whep uie
tempeatwe to any aPpHeciable
denoperawe the value T decYease due to
Incveaye
Incveas es
wbich ResisHuiky

(ave)(Jarge)
 classmate
Res tiilky Date
Page L12

abseved
alloys n Some aloysIt was
does
thal Tncveasing- Sn temperatue
not puoduces majoY C<ect on Resiuiy eg i
hichome, manganîn. d Constantan

a > tve (Smo!

Iot Semiconductors - At xoam temptatune Semiconcu

Contain negliible fuee e On
Tncreosing
tempexane no a e Tncreases Yapidly ie n
and teis Hiy decrea,es

Combinalion ResistONK *

i) Se-fes Combination - Conside tuo ResistoxS R and

Re aHe obnected îo Sesies The cwcHent though
aothe he sesistaxs wiL be the Same But h
Sum oh PatenHa diffeyence acHosS R 4 Rowill
aive he. PotenHa dHop acCHOSS he cormbinatan
Ra

V
tho tewo Hesistos ane teplacec b
Single esiStoy ol HesisBance eque
to that ay the CombinaHon Rea) thens
LRe = TR + IR
 ee
Re
(o) R
R
B A
V
R A
B
Det D
A
62
tkesistance
blw find
A
Re Re122
Re
to
Re 4 ! Pdiuided îs hat I
T
tsum the by
aiven 5 RitRe aHO
SS
sgme Cuent
tthe But the beu9L Hesisto the
gh Uoltage tparaluel,
he Connected bothe
CombìnaHon in R2
Resisto
R tuo Conside Panallelae
13 Pace
 electHode A‘cessnate
facta onwhich IY Depend i) AHea ob
ostonce blu lectde dT YT Dete
Foge_ | |
Coneno Electolyte c Y‘
Temperaue TT Y

els.EME.and Lntenae Resistance

Cellsi An electolylic ceLl te a cevì ce with which t
maintains asteady cuHHento an electic ciHcut
Note - e does not phoduces dny chaxqe/ eectgn.

>I+ fs nota foxce)

CmfElectemclive foxce) & The ootenia diffexer aHOSA..
’ duan tom
cHeot ?s
the electHodes al a cellwbeo 0o
it, is caled EMFCE) a he cell Unit = Volt()J
(E= V.-V-)
which
Latenal Resistance §- The electxalyte huouah
pHesence
CucHent Aouus has a fioite wesistance(due to
caled Tatexnal esistance (Y) changLY
gischangi
TR = E-T

(ells In Seies ¢ Panallel.

Conside tuo cells o EME EL andE and
k
eistance Ae and Cannected in Sevie.
Totenal
I
I
-AI
Yeq
A T

Patenial diff. acHoSs AB

Ey-Ireq (EL+C.)-I(
=E-T On compaHison,
Ves VA -Ve
ahaSs Bc
Potential diff. Yeg =YLtY
AC -
Patenal diEf acnosS
 Hwe connect neqative electHode a the inst to the
posiive olectode. oy, Second t
then

Vac = Vec + Vac

Ecq - IYeq = -FatIx))

on Compainy.

1n

Yeq -(t+2+1)n
G+t-3

n PaHallel ConsideH two celes of EME EL nd &

and Tntenal eistance at the cell Y gnd
Hespehvely I
A

Since Cunent (T) SdifFeent

in both the celes
Net cwwHent = } cwcHent huough cel

Ceq -V =
Yeq

Yeq
 cassmate
Date_
Page I |9

Oon Compaing the cquaion, we gel,

eg

22 loV eV ane in paalel

6 43V in Seies
Enet = 6V-3V

Kinchho7ts Rules
kinchhahs Eot Jow Junc fion lau kiuchhas
Cumcnt lau) CKCL)
At any Juncion ,the Sum ol the cuwent
eotexing the iuncone is equal to the Sum ct
CwMents Javing the Tuncton
hanges

kiachhott's lay / Loop Jayischhal}'seliagc lao

any
Ihe alqebic Surm af change, in potenHal inanoUnd
tte looo
Enegy
closed loop nuolving Hessta) and cells
isZeO Sav=o]
Some Convenos Resistox 342 Path i T opp aREe
 classMAte
Date
Page

AAAA
Considexing loop A0coA Zavzc)

Gi= 6V

-ior Consideing Joop ABCEA (EAv.:

-10
QoV-Ioi -to(iy ti2) = O
Q iov

A
20V - Q0i1 -toi-0

Consicdexing loop cOFFC

(2 +i =1)x?

1a =1- 2i1

Loop T
Mai

(4
Eind cucent TadoapT
In each Heis tor

In loopT
J)o.asA
 la=30
-30 80-2o
lo = 21
in T: + ¢ Ithis
3
Put
I3=0.625A
95)x2
themSubtact and 4{) ©con in this
I At
=25A
7I-1,
) ean adding
-5V-2(I-I1T)
=OT2)+2(11t
BEDB Loop Dn
-I)+ 2(I-I1 ++I-1ov
ACDA doop Jn
AAY,)
E
1
I)I
0 -4Ii
(T -2 loV
ABCA doop Ln
7
3.4Eampe ERT
121 Page
Date
classmate
 Electfcal Enengy. Pouet
Enexqy ? The wonk done by he cell (ox on
>tlecttical
the cuHent in the
Sounce) in maintaining Consumed
clectic citct îs caued Electical Energy
by the cExcutA.

Giaqet unit kilouwatt hous (klh)

36 X16J

> Elecic Powey - T is delined as the xate o coinge

k by cel (or ony Souxce ) Denated by(P)
time
+
P=y?
t R.

I3V

Re -t Rei
aw Hesistan Ret
2

(I) (T)
2
P= Poi
Re

P>PiSP3