Mechanics of Solids I (MMB 331 )

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS:
PART I (Lecture 4)

Zeleke Migbar Assefa (PhD)

E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Office: 143 (Building 248)
Learning Objectives
• Study different methods for computing deflections of beams.

• Study beam deflections based on double integration method.

• Study beam deflections using Macaulay’s method

2
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF DEFLECTION CURVE
C • Consider a beam section BM, which has been bent to
curved a shape by a positive bending moment as
shown.
dθ • The curved line BPQM represents the deflection
θ-dθ θ B R x M curve of the neutral axis of the beam.
dy P
ds
Q
y • Consider the segment PQ of infinitesimal length ds.
x dx • Let R be the radius of curvature and dθ is the included
angle of the segment distance.
• Thus 1 d
ds  R  d   (1)
dy R ds
dy
θ tan  
dx dx • As ds is infinitesimal length, it can be assumed as the
hypotenuse of a right angle triangle as shown.
dx and dx represent the projection lengths • The slope of the curve at point P with coordinate (x,
y) is given by
of the segment ds along X and Y axes dy
respectively. tan   (2)
dx
3
 dy
tan  
dx
d  sin   d  dy 
   
dx  cos   dx  dx 
 d  2  d   d 
cos 2     sin     
 dx   dx  dx   sec 2  d
cos 2  cos 2  dx
d d 2 y
sec 
2
 2
dx dx

But ;
ds ds
 sec  d 
dx R
4
 dy (2)
tan  
DEFLECTION CURVE … dx
d d 2
y d 
ds
Differentiating Eq. (2) with respect to x, sec 2   2 But
dx dx R
ds 1 d 2 y sec 3  d 2 y ds
sec    2 
2
 2 Knowing  sec  dy
θ
R dx dx R dx dx dx

d y 1  tan  
3

sec   1  tan  
2 2 2 1
dy Knowing 2 2
tan  
dx 2

dx R
The slope (dy/dx) is extremely small, the square will be still small as compared with 1 and thus neglected.

d2y 1 1 M
 From the famous bending equation we have 
dx 2
R R EI
2 NOTE:
d y • This differential Equations takes in to account
EI 2
 M ( x) The effect of bending only.
dx
5
DEFLECTION CURVE …
Differential Equations for Deflection
• This is the basic differential equation of the deflection curve of a beam.

M d2y
1
   2 where EI is called the flexural stiffness of the beam.
 EI dx

• For prismatic beams, one can additionally solve for the bending moment M, shear
force V and the load intensity q (w):
d2y d3y d4y d4y
M  EI 2 V  EI 3  q  EI 4  w  EI 4
dx dx dx dx
where V is the shear force. q (w) is a uniformly distributed load.

6
 C
DEFLECTION CURVE …
d2y dθ

M  EI 2 θ-dθ θ B R x M

dx P
ds
Q
y

d3y x dx

V  EI 3
dx
d4y
 q  EI 4
dx
Above differential equations can be used to find the deflection y along the beam. They
can be written as: M  EIy ' ' V  EIy ' ' '  q  EIy ' ' ' '
where ‘prime’ indicates a derivative with respect to the space parameter x.

Note: Equation mostly used to find the deflection is the one involving the moment.
7
 Some books use this co-ordinate system
2
d y
Sign Convention EI
dx 2
 Mx
d2y
EI 2   M x
We use the above Co-ordinate system dx
Consider a beam (Fig. a) and a cantilever (Fig. b). It is usual to take the origin either at A or B.

i. Origin at A If the origin is taken at A, x is taken positive towards right and y positive upwards.
Then
o Deflection is negative or it is downwards in both cases
o The slope is negative between AC and positive between CB for beam and negative for cantilever
throughout
ii. Origin at B If the origin is taken at B, x is taken positive towards left and y positive upwards. Then
o Deflection is negative or it is downwards in both cases
o The slope is positive between AC and negative between CB for beam and positive for cantilever
throughout
8
DEFLECTION & SLOPE: DOUBLE-INTEGRATION METHOD
• Consider the differential equation involving the moment:
d2y
EI 2  M ( x)
dx
• The first integration yields the slope of the deflection curve along the beam:
dy M  where,
   dx  C1
dx  EI  C1 is a constant of integration.

• Another integration gives the deflection along the beam:

 M   where,
y      dx dx  C1 x  C2 C2 is a constant of integration.
  EI  
Both C1 and C2 are to be evaluated from appropriate boundary conditions; usually at the supports of the beam.
9
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: UNIFORM LOAD
• Consider simply supported beam AB of length L with
w
uniformly distributed load w
A B
x C • Find deflection and slope of deflection curve at any point
L
C a distance x from the left hand support A, and the
maximum deflection.

A B
F-B-D of the beam. d2y
RA
x C
RB EI 2  M ( x)
wL dx
Reactions at the supports: RA  RB 
2
 wL   x  w
Therefore, bending moment at x : M ( x )  
 2 
 x  wx  
2
;  M ( x )   
2
 Lx  x 2

EIy ' '   Lx  x 2 
d2y  w
Substitute above equation in EI 2  M ( x) gives:
dx 2
10
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: UNIFORM LOAD
w
EIy' '   Lx  x 2 
 w A B
x C
2 L

First and second integrations of equation give :

 w  x x3   w  x x4 
2 3

EIy '    L    C1 EIy    L    C1 x  C2

 2  2 3   2  6 12 
Boundary conditions:  wL3 
At x=0, y=0: gives C2=0, and at x=L, y=0: gives C1   24 
 
 w  x
3
x 4  wL3 1  wx 2 wx 3 wL3 
Combining with deflection equation: EIy    L    x y'   L   
 2  6 12  24 EI  4 6 24 

2 Lx  x  L x 
 w 
which can be rewritten as y 3 4 3

 24 EI 
 5  wL   5  wL 
4 4
ymax         
Maximum deflection occurs at mid-span where x=L/2:  384  EI   384  EI 
11
Example: 1
A beam of uniform rectangular section 200 mm wide and 300 mm deep
is simply supported at its ends. It carries a uniformly distributed load of
9 kN/m run over the entire span of 5 m. If the value of E for the beam
material is 1 x 104N/mm2, find:
(i) the slope at the supports and (ii) maximum deflection

Solution I  bd  200  300  4.5 108 mm 4

3 3
Given:
12 12
Width, b = 200mm
Depth d=300mm
L=5m = 5000mm
w=q=9kN/m=9000N/m
d
E=1x104N/mm2
q=w= 9000 N/m b
12
 1  wx 2 wx 3 wL3 
i) the slope at the supports, x = 0 y'   L   
EI  4 6 24 

9  50003
wL3  y 'sup port  
 y 'sup port  24  1 10 4  4.5 108
24 EI  0.0104 radians
Units
 5  wL 
4
ii) maximum deflection, at x = L/2
ymax    
 384  EI 

 5  9  5000 4 
ymax   
 
8 
 384  1 10  4.5  10 
4

 16.27 mm

13
2. A beam of length 5 m and of uniform rectangular section is simply
supported at its ends. It carries a uniformly distributed load of 9 kN/m
run over the entire length. Calculate the width and depth of the beam if
permissible bending stress is 7 N/mm2 and central deflection is not to
exceed 1cm. Assume E for beam material = 1x 104 N/mm2
 5  wL 
3 4
L=5m = 5000mm bd
I ymax    
w=q=9kN/m=9000N/m 12  384  EI 

 per  7 N / mm 2  
 
 5  9  5000 
4
ymax  1cm  10mm 10mm    3 
 384   bd 
 1  10 4
 
 12  
E = 1x 104 N/mm2   
Let b = width of beam in mm 45  5000 4 12
bd 
3
 878 . 906  10 7
mm 4
d = depth of beam in mm 384  10 4  10
14
 UNITS

45000  50003  12 Dividing eq. (i) by eq. (ii)

bd 
3
 878 . 906  10 7
mm 4
(i)
1 10 4 10 838.906 10 7
d  364.58mm
qL2 9000  52 24107142.85
M M Nm
8 8
Back substituting d in to eq. (ii)
45000  5
M  1000 Nmm  28125000 Nmm b364.58  24107142.85mm3
2
8
b  181.36mm
From Flexural formula we have:
7 28125000 28125000  12 14
x M   
 d   bd 
3
bd 3
d
y I    
2  12 

28125000  12
bd 2   24107142.85mm 3 (ii)
14
15
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: TERMINAL COUPLE ONLY
• Consider a beam AB of length L with a couple M*
M* M*
A C B acting at the ends
• Find the deflection and slope of the deflection
x
L curve at any point C a distance x from the left hand
support A, and the maximum deflection.
Moment M(x) at any point C at a distance x from A is constant = M*
d2y
Substitute above equation in EI 2  M ( x) gives:
dx
d2y
EI 2  M ( x)  M *
dx
Integrate equation twice gives:

EIy'  M * x  C1
x2
EIy  M  C1 x  C2
*

2
16
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: TERMINAL COUPLE ONLY
EIy'  M * x  C1
M* M*
x 2 A C B
EIy  M  C1 x  C2
*

2 x
L

Moment at any point C at a distance x from A - M(x)=M*

Boundary conditions:
 M *L
At x=0, y=0: gives C2=0, and at x=L, y=0: gives C1 
2

 M*  2
x  Lx 
 M *  L
Deflection: y   Slope: y '    x  
 2 EI   EI  2
Maximum deflection occurs at mid-span where x=L/2 and is given by:

M * L2
ymax 
8EI 17
 CANTILEVER BEAM : UNIFORM LOAD
• Consider the uniformly loaded cantilever
w
beam AB
A B
x C L
• Find the deflection and slope at any point
C on the beam and the deflection at the
METHOD I: Measure x from the fixed end. free end.
MA wL • Taking the origin at the fixed end.
A B F-B-D of the beam.
x C
RA
L/2
Reaction & fixing moment: RA=wL MA=wL2/2
x wL2 wx 2
Bending moment at x: M  x   RA x  M A  wx M  x   wLx  
2 2 2
2
d y wL2 wx 2
Substitute above equation in EI  M ( x) gives: EIy ' '  wLx  
dx 2 2 2

18
 CANTILEVER BEAM :UNIFORM LOAD
w
wL2 wx 2
EIy ' '  wLx   A B
2 2 x C L
First and second integrations of equation give :
wLx 2 wL2 x wx 3 wLx 3 wL2 x 2 wx 4
EIy '     C1 EIy     C1 x  C2
2 2 6 6 4 24
Boundary conditions:
At x=0, y=0: gives C2=0, and at x=0, y’=0: gives C1=0,

1  wLx 3 wL2 x 2 wx 4  1  wLx 2 wL2 x wx 3 

Deflection: y     Slope: y'     
EI  6 4 24  EI  2 2 6 

wL4 wL3
Deflection at free end: yend  Slope at free end: y 'end  
@x=L 8 EI 6 EI
19
 METHOD II: Measure x from the free end towards
CANTILEVER BEAM : the fixed end
UNIFORM LOAD • Consider the uniformly loaded cantilever
beam AB
A B
C x • Find the deflection and slope at any point C
on the beam and the deflection at the free end.
METHOD II: Measure x from the free end towards the fixed end

Note: in this case there is no need to determine the reaction and fixing moment at the fixed end.
2
x wx
Bending moment at x:
M  x    wx  
2 2

d2y gives: wx 2
Substitute above equation in EI 2  M ( x) EIy' '  
dx 2

20
CANTILEVER BEAM : UNIFORM LOAD METHOD II: Measure x from the free end towards
the fixed end

wx 2
EIy' '   A
C x
B

2
wx3 wx 4
Integrate the above equation twice:
EIy'    C1 EIy    C1 x  C2
6 24
Boundary conditions:
wL3 wL4
At x=L, y’=0: gives C1  and at x=L, y=0: gives C2  
6 8

Deflection: 1  wx 4 wL3 x wL4 

y     
EI  24 6 8 
Slope:
y' 
w 3
6 EI
L  x3 
wL3
Deflection at free end:
yend  
wL 4
Slope at free end: y 'end 
8 EI 6 EI 21
Example
A horizontal cantilever of 3m long carries a UDL over the entire length. If the slope at
the free end is 1o, find the deflection at the free end. 180
degrees  radians


wL3  wL3 
The slope at the free end is given by: y 'end    
6 EI 180 EI 30

wL4  wL3 L 
yend      
8 EI  EI 8
Deflection at the free end is given by:
 300
   3.927cm
30 8
 yend  3.927 

22
 LIGHT CANTILEVER BEAM : POINT LOAD
• Consider a point load F acting on a light
a F cantilever beam AB at point D a
A B distance, x=a, from the fixed end.
x D
C L • Find the deflection and slope at any
point C on the beam and the deflection
Case I: point C is between A and D
at the free end.
MA=Fa M(x) F
A B F-B-D of the beam.
x C D
RA=F

Clearly the vertical reaction at A is equal to F and the fixing moment is equal to F.a.
Moment at C: M(x) = Fx – Fa = F(x-a)
Substitute above equation in d2y
EI 2  M ( x) gives: EIy' '  F ( x  a)
dx
23
LIGHT CANTILEVER BEAM :POINT LOAD
a F
Case I: point C is between A and D
A B
EIy ' '  F ( x  a) x C L D

First and second integrations of equation give :

 x2   x3 x2 
EIy '  F   ax   C1 EIy  F   a   C1 x  C2
 2   6 2
Boundary conditions:
At x=0, y=0: gives C2=0, and at x=0, y’=0: gives C1=0,
F x 3
x 2
 F  x2 
Deflection: y   a ; 0  x  a Slope: y'    ax ; 0  x  a
EI  6 2  EI  2 

Deflection at the load ( x=a): y   Fa

3
Fa 2
Slope at the load ( x=a): y ' D  tan  D   
3EI 2 EI
2
Fa
For small deflections, tanθ=θ and therefore:  D  
2 EI
24
 Fa 3
LIGHT CANTILEVER BEAM :POINT LOAD y
3EI
Case II: point C is between point load and the free end F
a
D
A B
x C
L

Clearly, since there is no load, the slope of the beam to the end remains with the same value
as that at the load. Therefore the deflection at a point x>a is given by :
Fa 2
D  
 Fa 3
Fa 2
 2 EI
y x  y D   D  x  a   
  
( x  a) ; a  x  L a
 3EI 2 EI  D
F
A x B
L C

Fa 2  a ( x  a) 
yx     ; a  x  L
EI  3 2  yD yx
y x  yD

Deflection at the end is given Fa 2  a xa

by substituting x=L: yend   L   D
2 EI  3 y x  y D   D x  a 

25
LIGHT CANTILEVER BEAM :POINT LOAD
Case III: point load F acts at the end of the beam
F

A x B
C L

For the deflection at any value of x from the fixed end use the following equation derived for Case I:

F x 3
x 2
 F  x3 x2 
y  a ; 0  x  a That gives: y   L 
 with a = L EI  6 2
EI  6 2 

Deflection at the end: FL3

yend 
3EI

26
Example:
A horizontal cantilever of uniform section of length L carries two point
loads, F at the free end and 2F at a distance of a from the free end. Find the
maximum deflection due to this loading. The cantilever is made from steel
tube of circular section having 10 cm external diameter and 0.6 cm
thickness. The length of the steel tube is 1.5 meters and the distance a is
given as 0.6 meter as shown in the figure below. Determine the value of F
in kN so that the maximum bending stress is 140 N/mm2. Assume the value
of modulus of elasticity E as 200 x103 N/mm2.
0.6cm 2F F
a

10cm A B
L

27
 Solution
FL3
Deflection at the free end due to the load F alone y
3EI
 2 F L  a 3 2 F L  a 2 
Deflection at the free end due to the load 2F alone 
y     a 
 3EI 2 EI 

Total deflection at the free end is given by:  FL3 2 F L  a 3 2 F L  a 2 

ytotal     a 
 3EI 3EI 2 EI 

F
3EI
 
3L3 L  a   a 3

Maximum Bending moments is given by: Moment of inertia is given by:

28
 Flexural Formula is given by:   My M  3.3F Nm
I I  196.5cm 4  196.5 10 4 mm 4
Note that Moment is Nm and y is in cm
Don’t forget converting moment in N-mm and y in mm ytotal  
F
3EI

3L3 L  a   a 3 
3.3F 1000
 50  140  F  1667.3N  1.667kN
196.5 10 4

Maximum deflection is given by:

ytotal 
1667.3
3  200  10  196.5  10
3 4

3  1.5  10   900  0.6  10 
3 3 3 3

1667.3
ytotal   3  225  900  216  10 5
 85.94mm  8.6cm  8.6cm 
3  200  10  196.5  10
3 4

29
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:
POINT LOAD • Consider a simply supported light beam
AB of length L with a point load F acting
a F b at a point D.
A B
• Find the deflection and slope of the
x C D L deflection curve at any point C a distance
F x from the left support.
A B F-B-D of the beam.
x C D
RA=bF/L RB=aF/L

Clearly the reactions at the supports are: RA = bF/L and RB = aF/L

Consider AD for which 0 ≤ x ≤ a, the moment at section C anywhere on AD:
M (x)  R A x
Consider DB for which a ≤ x ≤ L, the moment at section C anywhere on DB:
M ( x )  R A x  F x  a 
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SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: POINT LOAD
0  x  a a  x  L
M (x)  R A x M ( x )  R A x  F x  a 
Substitute above equation in
gives:
EIy ' '  RA x EIy ' '  RA x  F ( x  a )
First and second integrations of equation give :
x2 x2  x2 
EIy '  RA  C1 EIy '  RA  F   ax   C3
2 2  2 

x3 x3  x3 x2 
EIy  RA  C1 x  C2 EIy  RA  F   a   C3 x  C4
6 6 6 2

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 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:POINT LOAD
a  x  L
0  x  a
x2 x2  x2  (2)
EIy'  RA  C1 (1) EIy'  RA  F   ax   C3
2 2  2 

x3 x3  x3 x2 
EIy  RA  C1 x  C2 (3) EIy  RA  F   a   C3 x  C4 (4)
6 6 6 2
There are 4 constants C1, C2, C3, and C4, there is need for 4 conditions:
At A, x=0, y=0 and equation (3) gives C2=0:
Fa 2
At D, x=a, dy/dx must be the same by equation (1) or (2): C1  C3 
2

Fa 3
At D, x=a, y must be the same by equation (3) or (4): C1a  3  C3a  C4

L3  L3 L2 
At B, x=L, y=0 and equation (4) gives: 0  RA  F   a   C3 L  C4
6 6 2
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 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:POINT LOAD
There are 4 constants C1, C2, K1, and K2, there is need for 4 conditions:

At A, x=0, y=0 and equation (3) gives C2=0: Fa 2

At D, x=a, dy/dx must be the same by equation (1) or (2): C1  C3 
2
At D, x=a, y must be the same by equation (3) or (4): Fa 3
C1a   C3 a  C 4
3
L3  L3 L2 
At B, x=L, y=0 and equation (4) gives: 0  RA  F   a   C3 L  C4
6 6 2

• 3 Equation & 3 Unknowns: Now solve the above equations for the three remaining constants
C1, C3, and C4.
• This method is very tedious especially when two or more point loads are acting on the beam
and is not used - so, just note and forget it !
• There is a much better way introduced in the next lecture.
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End of Lecture

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