SOURCES OF IGNITION

Fires need three things to start – a source of ignition (heat), a source offuel (something that
burns) and oxygen: sources of ignition include heaters, lighting, naked flames, electrical
equipment, smokers' materials (cigarettes, matches etc), and anything else that can get very hot
or cause sparks
FIRE TRIANGLES
The fire triangles or combustion triangles are simple models for understanding the
necessary ingredients for most fires. The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to
ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen).

Basic Principles of Fire Extinguishers

The Fire Triangle
In order for fire to occur three elements must be in place for combustion to occur.
The Fire Triangle Cont.
Three elements needed for combustion are oxygen, fuel and heat.
Removal of any of these elements will extinguish the fire.
Types of Fire
Fire can be classified into five basic categories, relevant to the fuel source.
Types A, B, C, D, and K
Class A Fire
Ordinary combustibles, excluding liquids and gases.
Wood, rubber, plastics, cloth, etc
Water is the effective mean of extinguishment
What You Will Learn
Principles of the Fire Triangle
Types of Fire
Types of Fire Extinguishers
When to Use an Extinguisher
How to Use an Extinguisher
Class B Fire
Fire fueled by combustible liquids or gases
"Smothering" is the effective means of extinguishment
Class C Fire
Fire involving energized electrical equipment
Remember to always disconnect the power when extinguishing.
Use a non-conductive agent such as carbon dioxide.
Class D Fire
Fires involving combustible metals, most commonly magnesium and titanium.
Use a dry chemical powder to extinguish.
Water will potentiate the combustion of these materials.
Class K Fires
Fires involving cooking oils, grease, or animal fats.
Purple K is the common extinguishing agent found in commercial kitchens for these types of
fires.
Types of Fire Extinguishers
Extinguishers will have labels indicating the class of fire to be used on.
Use the right tool for the job at hand.
Using an Extinguisher
Remember PASS
Pull the Pin
Aim at the base of the fire
Squeeze the trigger
Sweep
Active Fire Protection (AFP) Is an integral part of fire protection. AFP is characterized by items
and/or systems, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work,
contrary to passive fire protection

Categories of Active Fire Protection [edit]

Fire suppression [edit]
Fire can be controlled or extinguished, either manually (firefighting) or automatically. Manual
control includes the use of a fire extinguisher or a Standpipe system. Automatic control means
can include a fire sprinkler system, a gaseous clean agent, or firefighting foam system.
Automatic suppression systems would usually be found in large commercial kitchens or other
high-risk areas.
Sprinkler systems [edit]
Fire sprinkler systems are installed in all types of buildings, commercial and residential. They are
usually located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable water source, most commonly city
water. A typical sprinkler system operates when heat at the site of a fire causes a glass
component in the sprinkler head to fail, thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head. This
means that only the sprinkler head at the fire location operates - not all the sprinklers on a floor
or in a building. Sprinkler systems help to reduce the growth of a fire, thereby increasing life
safety and limiting structural damage
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral component of the three components of structural fire
protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through
use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst other examples). PFP systems must comply
with the associated Listing and approval use and compliance in order to provide the effectiveness
expected by building codes.

 Active fire protection, which can include manual or automatic fire detection and fire
suppression.
 Passive Fire Protection, which includes compartmentalization of the overall building through
the use of fire-resistance rated walls and floors. Organization into smaller fire compartments,
consisting of one or more rooms or floors, prevents or slows the spread of fire from the room
of fire origin to other building spaces, limiting building damage and providing more time to
the building occupants for emergency evacuation or to reach an area of refuge.
 Fire prevention includes minimizing ignition sources, as well as educating the occupants and
operators of the facility, ship or structure concerning operation and maintenance of fire-
 related systems for correct function, and emergency procedures including notification for fire
service response and emergency evacuation.
Classes of Fire - A, B, C, D, and K
Fires are classified by the types of fuel they burn.
Class A
Class A Fires consist of ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, trash or anything else that
leaves an ash. Water works best to extinguish a Class A fire.
Class B
Class B Fires are fueled by flammable or combustible liquids, which include oil, gasoline, and
other similar materials. Smothering effects which deplete the oxygen supply work best to
extinguish Class B fires.
Class C
Class C Fires. Energized Electrical Fires are known as Class C fires. Always de-energize the
circuit then use a non-conductive extinguishing agent. Such as Carbon dioxide.
Class D
Class D Fires are combustible metal fires. Magnesium and Titanium are the most common types
of metal fires. Once a metal ignites do not use water in an attempt to extinguish it. Only use a
Dry Powder extinguishing agent. Dry powder agents work by smothering and heat absorption.
Class K
Class K Fires are fires that involve cooking oils, grease or animal fat and can be extinguished
using Purple K, the typical agent found in kitchen or galley extinguishers.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Identify the type of materials in the area

Class A: SOLIDS such as paper, wood, plastic etc

Class B: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS such as paraffin, petrol, oil etc
Class C: FLAMMABLE GASES such as propane, butane, methane etc
Class D: METALS such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium etc
Class E: Fires involving ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
Class F: Cooking OIL & FAT etc
Types of fire extinguisher

Water Fire Extinguishers:

The cheapest and most widely used fire extinguishers. Used for Class A fires. Not suitable
for Class B (Liquid) fires, or where electricity is involved.
 Foam Fire Extinguishers:
More expensive than water, but more versatile. Used for Classes A & B fires. Foam spray
extinguishers are not recommended for fires involving electricity, but are safer than water if
inadvertently sprayed onto live electrical apparatus.

Dry Powder Fire Extinguishers:

Often termed the ‘multi-purpose’ extinguisher, as it can be used on classes A, B & C fires.
Best for running liquid fires (Class B). Will efficiently extinguish class c gas fires, but
beware, it can be dangerous to extinguish a gas fire without first isolating the gas supply.
Special powders are available for class d metal fires.

CO2 Fire Extinguishers:

Carbon Dioxide is ideal for fires involving electrical apparatus, and will also extinguish class
B liquid fires, but has NO POST FIRE SECURITY and the fire could re-ignite.

FIRE STOPPERS
Fire stopping works to slow the spread of fire and smoke through a building with the use
of fire and smoke barriers to compartmentalize and contain the fire to a specific area. Those
barriers can be fire rated walls, ceilings, and floors (for example) and they must be maintained to
ensure the integrity of a building during afire.
"F" Rating -The "F" Rating defines the amount of time before flame pokes through openings to
the unexposed side of the test assembly. Most Contractors are familiar with the Fire Rating of a
wall, floor or door being stated as "1 hour" or "2 hour".
"T" Rating -The "T" Rating defines the amount of time for the surface of the penetrating item on
the non-fire side of the test assembly to rise 250F plus ambient temperature.
"L" Rating -The "L"Rating measures the amount of air that moves through an opening in cubic
feet per minute per square foot of opening area, at ambient temperatures and 400F. The two
temperature levels simulate cold and hot smoke moving in a building. Many fire stop systems
have L Ratings of less than one.
"W" Rating - The "W" Rating measures resistance of a fire stop product to standing water in
buildings. Developed to address concerns by building owners about the ability of a fire stop
system to resist the passage of water through floor assemblies, the W rating development offers a
new quantifiable characteristic for a fire stop system. The test protocol simulates water on a fire
stop system for 72 hours, under a 3' head of water.
HYDRANT
A hydrant is an outlet from a fluid main often consisting of an upright pipe with a valve attached
from which fluid (e.g. water or fuel) can be tapped

Examples
Depending on the fluid involved, the term may refer to:

 Fire hydrant
 Oil depot
 Flushing hydrant
A fire hydrant is a connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water supply. It is a
component of active fire protection.

Non-pressurized (dry) hydrants [edit]

A dry hydrant which allows water to be pumped by a fire engine from the lake
In rural areas where municipal water systems are not available, dry hydrants are used to supply
water for fighting fires. A dry hydrant is analogous to a standpipe. A dry hydrant is usually an
unpressurized, permanently installed pipe that has one end below the water level of a lake or
pond. This end usually has a strainer to prevent debris from entering the pipe. The other end is
above ground and has a hard sleeve connector. When needed, a pumper fire engine will pump
from the lake or pond by drafting water. This is done by vacuuming the air out of the dry
hydrant, hard sleeve, and the fire engine pump with a primer. Because lower pressure now exists
at the pump intake, atmospheric pressure on the water and the weight of the water forces water
into part of the dry hydrant above water, into the hard sleeve, and finally into the pump. This
water can then be pumped by the engine's centrifugal pump.

Other types[edit]

 Water wells are also sometimes classified as fire hydrants if they can supply enough water
volume and pressure.
 Standpipes are connections for firehoses within a building and serve the same purpose as fire
hydrants in larger structures. Standpipes may be "dry" or "wet" (permanently filled with
water).
fire hydrant have pillar fire hydrant,dry barrel fire hydrantand underground fire hydrant,the pillar
fire hydrant is same as dry barrel fire hydrant,is lower body and middle body mounted under
ground and connecting with water supply pipe line, and upper body stand above the ground in
the street, with two or three outlet which to be use to connecting with the hose to supply water
when fireman fire fighting the fire.

An oil depot (sometimes called a tank farm, installation or oil terminal) is an industrial facility
for the storage of oil and/or petrochemical products and from which theseproducts are usually
transported to end users or further storage facilities. An oil depot typically has tankage, either
above ground or underground, and gantries (framework) for the discharge of products into road
tankers or other vehicles (such as barges) or pipelines.
A flushing hydrant is a hydrant that is used for flushing a water line of silt, rust, debris,
or stagnant water. Many water utilities use standard fire hydrants for flushing their lines.
Specialized flushing hydrants are often smaller and less expensive than a fire hydrant to reduce
cost where fire fighting use is not needed or practical. Flushing hydrants typically only have one
outlet, in contrast to fire hydrants, which normally have two or three. Flushing hydrants are
commonly installed at the end of dead-end water lines.

A hose is a flexible hollow tube designed to carry fluids from one location to another. Hoses are
also sometimes called pipes (the word pipe usually refers to a rigid tube, whereas a hose is
usually a flexible one), or more generally tubing.
Hose design is based on a combination of application and performance. Common factors are
size, pressure rating, weight, length, straight hose or coil hose, and chemical compatibility.
Hoses are made from one or a combination of many different materials. Applications mostly
use nylon, polyurethane, polyethylene, PVC, or synthetic or natural rubbers, based on the
environment and pressure rating needed. In recent years, hoses can also be manufactured from
special grades of polyethylene (LDPE and especiallyLLDPE). Other hose materials
include PTFE (Teflon), stainless steel and other metals.

FIRE MONITOR
A deluge gun, fire monitor, master stream, water cannon, or deck gun is an aimable controllable
high-capacity water jet used for manual firefighting or automatic fire protection systems. Deluge
guns are often designed to accommodate foam which has been injected in the upstream piping.
FIRE WATCHER
A person keeping watch for fires, especially forest fires or those caused by bombs.

STANDPIPE
A standpipe is a type of rigid water piping which is built into multi-story buildings in a vertical
position or bridges in a horizontal position, to which fire can be connected, allowing manual
application of water to the fire. Within the context of a building or bridge, a standpipe serves the
same purpose as a fire.
FIRE STATION
A fire station (also called a fire house, fire hall, or firemen's hall) is a structure or other area set
aside for storage of firefighting apparatus such asfire engines and related vehicles, personal
protective equipment, fire hoses and other specialized equipment. It may also have dormitory
living facilities and work areas for the use of fire fighters. Living areas are sometimes arranged
above the garage bays where personnel without specific station duties during the night shift are
allowed to sleep unless a dispatch is called. In that situation, firefighters may have special means
to allow entry to the ground floor quickly when a call for help is received, such as sliding down a
brass pole called a fireman's pole. This arrangement also allows for a raised area to hang hoses to
dry to prevent damage. In a single story station, a tower-like structure is sometimes used for hose
hanging.
FIRE ALARAMS
A siren is a loud noise making device. Civil defense sirens are mounted in fixed locations and
used to warn of natural disasters or attacks. Sirens are used on emergency service vehicles such
as ambulances, police cars and fire trucks. There are two general types: pneumatic and
electronic.
Pneumatic[edit]

A motor siren (a German E57) Sound sample (help·info)

The pneumatic siren, which is a free aerophone, consists of a rotating disk with holes in it (called
a chopper, siren disk or rotor), such that the material between the holes interrupts a flow of air
from fixed holes on the outside of the unit (called a stator). As the holes in the rotating disk
alternately prevent and allow air to flow it results in alternating compressed and rarefied air
pressure, i.e. sound. Such sirens can consume large amounts of energy. To reduce the energy
consumption without losing sound volume, some designs of pneumatic sirens are boosted by
forcing compressed air from a tank that can be refilled by a low powered compressor through the
siren disk.
In United States English language usage, vehicular pneumatic sirens are sometimes referred to
as mechanical or coaster sirens, to differentiate them from electronic devices. Mechanical sirens
driven by an electric motor are often called "electromechanical". One example is the Q2B siren
sold by Federal Signal Corporation. Because of its high current draw (280 amps when power is
applied)[citation needed] its application is normally limited to fire apparatus, though it has seen
increasing use on type IV ambulances and rescue-squad vehicles. Its distinct tone of urgency,
high sound pressure level (123 dB at 10 feet) and square sound waves account for its
effectiveness.
In Germany and some other European countries, the pneumatic two-tone (hi-lo) siren consists of
two sets of air horns, one high pitched and the other low pitched. An air compressor blows the air
into one set of horns, and then it automatically switches to the other set. As this back and forth
switching occurs, the sound changes tones. Its sound power varies, but could get as high as
approximately 125 dB, depending on the compressor and the horns. Comparing with the
mechanical sirens, it uses much less electricity but needs more maintenance.
In a pneumatic siren, the stator is the part which cuts off and reopens air as rotating blades of a
chopper move past the port holes of the stator, generating sound. The pitch of the siren's sound is
a function of the speed of the rotor and the number of holes in the stator. A siren with only one
row of ports is called a single tone siren. A siren with two rows of ports is known as a dual tone
siren.
By placing a second stator over the main stator and attaching a solenoid to it, one can repeatedly
close and open all of the stator ports thus creating a tone called a pulse. If this is done while the
siren is wailing (rather than sounding a steady tone) then it is called a pulse wail. By doing this
separately over each row of ports on a dual tone siren, one can alternately sound each of the two
tones back and forth, creating a tone known as Hi/Lo. If this is done while the siren is wailing, it
is called a Hi/Lo wail. This equipment can also do pulse or pulse wail. The ports can be opened
and closed to send Morse code. A siren which can do both pulse and Morse code is known as a
code siren.
Electronic[edit]
Electronic sirens incorporate circuits such as oscillators, modulators, and amplifiers to synthesize
a selected siren tone (wail, yelp, pierce/priority/phaser, hi-lo, scan, airhorn, manual, and a few
more) which is played through external speakers. It is not unusual, especially in the case of
modern fire engines, to see an emergency vehicle equipped with both types of sirens. Often,
police sirens also use the interval of a tritone to help draw attention. The first electronic siren that
mimicked the sound of a mechanical siren was invented in 1965 by Motorola employees Ronald
H. Chapman and Charles W. Stephens.[12]
Other types[edit]
Steam whistles were also used as a warning device if a supply of steam was present, such as a
sawmill or factory. These were common before fire sirens became widely available. Fire horns,
large compressed air horns, also were and still are used as an alternative to a fire siren. Many fire
horn systems were wired to fire pull boxes that were located around a town, and thus would
"blast out" a code in respect to that boxes location. For example, pull box number 233, when
pulled, would trigger the fire horn to sound two blasts, followed by a pause, followed by three
blasts, followed by a pause, followed by three more blasts. In the days before telephones, this
was the only way firefighters would know the location of a fire. The coded blasts were usually
repeated several times. This technology was also applied to many steam whistles as well. Some
fire sirens are fitted with brakes and dampers, enabling them to sound out codes as well. These
units tended to be unreliable, and are now uncommon.

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE
WHY - Why is maintenance necessary?

Failure prevention

Finding problems earlier will prevent failures and ensure safe use.

Scheduled maintenance
 Detecting various problems due to service condition and/or aged deterioration will help
maintain the equipment in best condition for use. Also the result of inspection can be
used to develop a scheduled maintenance program.

Multifunctional fire trucks including ladder trucks are required to deliver advanced performance
in achieving quick firefighting and rescue. These fire trucks have complicated wiring and piping
for hydraulic, electrical and foam liquid systems. To maintain the performance of these systems,
the fire trucks must be subjected to annual maintenance by Morita's specialists in addition to
daily and monthly inspections by customer.
CHECK - What does the periodic maintenance check?

Please give us information about what you are concerned, problems you encountered and your
requests before maintenance. By fully considering the information provided by customer,
Morita's specialists will smoothly carry out inspection based on their expertise.

Major inspection targets (for ladder trucks)

 • Hydraulic oil pump
 • Outriggers and jacks
 • Ladder
 • Ladder control pedestal
 • Raising device
 • Oblique adjust device
 • Extension device
 • Lifter
 • Safety devices
 • Manual device
 • Basket condition
 The maintenance includes checking of operating state of the on-board equipment and fine
adjustment of the control devices.
* Grease lubrication of appropriate points is optionally available.
Page Top
REPORT - You will get a maintenance report.

After maintenance, we will prepare a maintenance report showing the result of inspection and
submit the report to customer. The report includes our maintenance program proposal. We will
also submit a detailed report containing pictures taken during the maintenance at a later date as
required.

Main Contents of the Report

 • Inspection result for each inspection item
 • Measurement data
 • Findings about detected problems
 • Recommended maintenance program
 • Advice on how to use and safety
REPAIR - You can have your fire trucks repaired.

Based on the findings and recommendations

provided after maintenance, you can have your fire trucks repaired. You may either call our
technicians to your place for repair work or have your trucks repaired in our plant depending on
the required repair jobs and your convenience. Please consult us.
OVERHAUL - You can have your fire trucks overhauled.

Morita will carry out overhaul maintenance including thorough disassembly & maintenance and
re-painting/re-plating of rigging of ladder trucks and other vehicles to recover functionality and
safe performance.
FOAM GENERATORS
Firefighting foam is a foam used for fire suppression. Its role is to cool the fire and to coat the
fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of thecombustion. Fire-fighting
foam was invented by the Russian engineer and chemist Aleksandr Loran in 1902.[1]
The surfactants used must produce foam in concentration of less than 1%. Other components of
fire-retardant foams are organic solvents (e.g., trimethyl-trimethylene glycol and hexylene
glycol), foam stabilizers (e.g., lauryl alcohol), and corrosion inhibitors
Class A foams[edit]

A fire truck demonstrating Class A foam in a CAFS system

Class A foams were developed in mid-1980s for fighting wildfires. Class A foams lower the
surface tension of the water, which assists in the wetting and saturation of Class A fuels with
water. This aids fire suppression and can prevent reignition.[2] Favorable experiences led to its
acceptance for fighting other types of class A fires, including structure fires.[3]

Class B foams[edit]
Class B foams are designed for class B fires — flammable liquids. The use of class A foam on a
class B fire may yield unexpected results, as class A foams are not designed to contain the
explosive vapors produced by flammable liquids. Class B foams have two major subtypes.
Synthetic foams[edit]
Synthetic foams are based on synthetic surfactants. They provide better flow and -spreading over
the surface of hydrocarbon-based liquids- faster knockdown of flames. They have limited post-
fire security and are toxic groundwater contaminants.

 Aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) are water-based and frequently contain hydrocarbon-
based surfactant such as Sodium alkyl sulfate, and fluorosurfactant, such
as fluorotelomers, perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA), or perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS).
 Alcohol-resistant aqueous film-forming foams (AR-AFFF) are foams resistant to the action
of alcohols and can form a protective film.
Protein foams[edit]
Protein foams contain natural proteins as the foaming agents. Unlike synthetic foams, protein
foams are bio-degradable. They flow and spread slower, but provide a foam blanket that is more
heat-resistant and more durable.
Protein foams include regular protein foam(P), fluoroprotein foam(FP), film-forming
fluoroprotein(FFFP),[4][full citation needed] alcohol-resistant fluoroprotein foam (AR-FP), and alcohol-
resistant film-forming fluoroprotein (AR-FFFP).
Protein foam from non-animal sources is preferred, because of the possible threats of biological
contaminants like prions.

Applications[edit]
Every type of foam has its application. High-expansion foams are used when an enclosed space,
such as a basement or hangar, must be quickly filled. Low-expansion foams are used on burning
spills. AFFF is best for spills of jet fuels, FFFP is better for cases where the burning fuel can
form deeper pools, and AR-AFFF is suitable for burning alcohols. The most flexibility is
achieved by AR-AFFF or AR-FFFP. AR-AFFF must be used in areas where gasolines are
blended with oxygenates, since the alcohols prevent the formation of the film between the FFFP
foam and the gasoline, breaking down the foam, rendering the FFFP foam virtually useless.

FIRE ESCAPE PLANNING

A fire-escape plan may save your life
A home fire-escape plan may save your family's life.

Developing a fire-escape plan

 Install smoke detectors on each floor of your home. Test them regularly.
 Draw a floor plan of your home showing all possible exits from each room. Plan a main
exit route and an alternate exit route from each room.
 Ensure that everyone understands that if they hear the smoke detector or hear someone
shout "fire," they should evacuate immediately.
 Decide on a meeting place. Someone should phone the fire department (9-1-1).
 Meet the firefighters when they arrive, so they know that you are safe.
 Make certain that everyone in your home knows not to re-enter a burning building.
 Firefighters are properly equipped and trained to perform rescue operations-you are not.
Practice your escape plan. Regular practice is the best way to help prevent panic when an actual
emergency occurs. Be sure that every member of the family knows what to do.

Additional information:
 A properly installed and maintained smoke detector usually provides enough warning to
enable you to leave your home safely.
 Before opening any door, feel it. Do not open a hot door. Use an alternate exit instead. If
you can't climb out of a window, shout from it.
 Smoke and heat rise; breathable cool air stays low down. Practice your escape plan by
crawling on your hands and knees.
 If you live in an apartment building, your escape plan should take the building-
management procedures into account.
 If there is anyone in your home who needs help to evacuate, assign someone to assist.
  Make sure your babysitter understands your fire-escape plan.
In Case of Fire in Your Home Make a family fire-escape plan and keep your escape routes free
of obstructions. Practice this plan often, and keep these pointers in mind; they will tell you
pointers from those who know what it takes to get out alive:

 Stay calm.
 Sound a warning.
 If you awaken to a smoke-filled room, crawl below the smoke to safety.
 Check the doors to see if they are warm. A warm door may mean that there is a fire on
the other side. Use an alternate exit, if possible.
 Get everyone out; wrap children in blankets if necessary-don't take time to get dressed.
 Close the doors behind you as you evacuate. This will slow down the fire.
 If it is safe to do so, turn off all appliances as you leave.
 If your hair or clothing should catch on fire, smother the flames with a towel, blanket or
other thick material, or stop, drop and roll out the flames. Get medical attention as soon
as possible.
 Call the Fire Department from a safe location. Do not delay.

Fire Won't Wait - Plan Your EscapeIf fire broke out tonight while you were sleeping,
would you get out alive? You must develop a home fire escape plan now and practice
it regularly. Make sure you know two ways out of each room. If you encounter thick
smoke, drop to the floor and crawl on your hands and knees to safety. Call the Fire
Services from a neighbour's home. Remember, fire won't wait - so plan your
escape.Fire Escape Planning Saves Lives:

 Develop and practice a fire escape plan. Be sure to include all hallways and stairs in your
escape plan.
 Know (2) two ways out of every room
 Know (2) ways how to escape from all levels of your home.
 Make sure all doors and windows can be unlocked or opened
  IN CASE OF FIRE - GET OUT AND STAY OUT - NEVER GO BACK INTO A
BURNING BUILDING
 Crawl low near the floor to the nearest exit maintaining contact with the wall
 Test the door by feeling it with the back of your hand - if it is hot, DO NOT OPEN, and
use second way out
 If door and knob are cool, stay low with your shoulder against the door, open slowly. Be
ready to close door if smoke and heat rush in.
 If trapped put as many closed doors as possible between you and the fire; and seal all
cracks in doors and windows with towels or bedding.
 If clothing catches on fire, STOP where you are: DROP gently to the ground and cover
your face with your hands and ROLL back and forth to put out the flames.
 Cool burns in cold water.
FIRE DRILL
A fire drill is a method of practicing how a building would be evacuated in the event of a fire or
other emergency. Usually, the building's existing fire alarm system is activated and the building
is evacuated as if the emergency had occurred. Generally, the time it takes to evacuate is
measured to ensure that it occurs within a reasonable length of time, and problems with the
emergency system or evacuation procedures are identified to be remedied.
FIRST AID BURNS
First Degree Burns - affect the outer layer of skin such as sunburn or contact with hot objects.
The skin will be red and sore.

Second Degree Bums - affect the entire outer layer of skin and may penetrate deeper. The skin
usually blisters. These burns are caused by a bad sunburn, contact with hot liquids, or burns from
gasoline for example. Don't break blisters or use ointments, antiseptics, etc. Seek professional
medical help.

Third Degree Burns - penetrate both layers of skin and are very serious! Contact with flames,
burning clothing, or electricity can cause third degree burns. Never use cold water, ointments,
antiseptics, etc. Get medical help at once!

Here are a few tips to prevent burn accidents:

1. Keep sparks and open flames away from combustible and flammable materials
2. Practice good housekeeping - dispose of scrap materials promptly and properly
3. Always keep chemicals in their original containers with labels, and use chemicals safely,
check the MSDS and use caution when pouring hot liquids - even that morning cup of
coffee
4. Observe all electrical codes - lock-out/tag-out energy sources before working on
machinery or equipment. Cover live electrical panels and post warning signs
5. Wear the right personal protective equipment for the job
6. Burns occur off the job, too. Keep children away from matches, portable heaters, ranges
and fireplaces. Store flammables and combustibles properly.