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Substation Shielding IEEE 998

Lightning protection of substations according to IEEE 998.

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Jose Dariel Arcila
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70 views

Substation Shielding IEEE 998

Lightning protection of substations according to IEEE 998.

Uploaded by

Jose Dariel Arcila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations


José Dariel Arcila
[email protected]
Lightning Stroke phenomena

.
Charge and stroke formation
• Existence of both positive and negative ions.
• The processes occurring within a cloud formation that cause charge
separation are complicated.
• The important fact to the designing engineer is that a charge
separation does occur in thunderstorm clouds
• Charge distribution in a cloud causes an accumulation of charge of
the opposite polarity on the earth’s surface and on objects.
• The electrical gradient that exists in the cloud is much greater than
at the earth.
Charge and stroke formation
Charge and stroke formation
• Strokes within clouds, strokes between separate clouds, strokes to
tall structures, and strokes that terminate on the ground.
• The strokes terminating on the ground are the types of most interest
in designing shielding systems.
• Stepped leaders
• Two step process
• The first step is ionization of the air surrounding the charge center
and the development of stepped leaders.
• The second step in the development of a lightning stroke is the
return stroke.
Charge and stroke formation
Keraunic level
• Keraunic level is defined as the average annual number of
thunderstorm days or hours for a given locality.
• A thunderstorm day is a day (24 hours) during which thunder has
been heard at least once.
Ground flash density
• Is the average number of lightning strokes per unit area per unit
time at a particular location.
• It is usually assumed that the ground flash density to earthis roughly
proportional to the keraunic level at the locality.
Keraunic level (T)- Ground flash density
relationship
Damage due to lightning
• Injury of living beings due to touch and step voltages.
• Physical damage to the structure itself and to its occupants.
• Fire and/or explosion due to the hot lightning plasma or due to the
heating of conductors.
• Electrical failure of equipment.
• Damages to insulators, puncturing of insulation of cable, breakdown
of insulation equipment.
• Loss of services.
Damage due to lightning
Lightning current parameters

Two basic types of flashes exist:


• Downward flashes initiated by a downward leader from cloud to
earth. Mostly downward flashes occur in flat territory and to lower
structures.
• Upward flashes initiated by an upward leader from an earthed
structure to cloud. Mostly upward flashes occur whereas in exposed
and/or higher structures.
• The polarity ratio is a function of the territory. If no local information
is available, a polarity ratio of 10 % positive and 90 % negative
flashes should be used.
Lightning current parameters
• The largest peak current of 340 kA was a positive flash measured
directly in Japan, reported by Goto and Narita.
• The record value for a negative flash measured directly is 200 kA,
reported by Anderson and Eriksson.
• Peak current mean value is often taken to be 31 kA.
• The probability that a certain peak current will be exceeded in any
stroke is:
Lightning current parameters (IEC 62305)
Lightning current parameters (IEC 62305)
Striking distance
• Stroke peak current and the striking distance are correlated.
• Several equations have been proposed.
Design methods
• Empirical methods
• Fixed angle.
• Empirical curves

• The electrogeometric model (EGM)


• Alternative models of lightning interception.
• Leader propagation models
• Active lightning terminals
Fixed angle method
Empirical curves
The Electrogeometric Model
• A geometrical representation of a facility, that, together with suitable
analytical expressions correlating its dimensions to the current of the
lightning stroke, is capable of predicting if the first return stroke of a
lightning flash will terminate on the shielding system, the earth, or
the element of the facility being protected
• 1950’s - First shielding design of 345 kV lines. Outages due to
lightning were much higher than expected, it led to extensive
amount of research.
• 1960’s - Computer program for calculation of transmission line
lightning performance that uses the Monte Carlo method. This
method showed good correlation with actual line performance
• 1973 - Whitehead & Gilman Most significant research. Only for
transmission lines.
Mousas EGM
• In 1976, Mousa extended the application of the EGM (which was
developed for transmission lines) to substation facilities.
• The stroke is assumed to arrive in a vertical direction.
• The differing striking distances to masts, wires, and the ground
plane are taken into consideration.
• A value of 24 kA is used as the median stroke current.
Rolling Sphere Method
• A simplified technique for applying the electrogeometric theory to
the shielding of substations. The technique involves rolling an
imaginary sphere of prescribed radius over the surface of a
substation. The sphere rolls up and over (and is supported by)
lightning masts, shield wires, fences, and other grounded metal
objects intended for lightning shielding. A piece of equipment is
protected from a direct stroke if it remains below the curved surface
of the sphere by virtue of the sphere being elevated by shield wires
or other devices. Equipment that touches the sphere or penetrates
its surface is not protected.
• Developed by Ralph H. Lee in 1977 for shielding buildings and
industrial plants.
• Extended by J.T. Orrell for use in substation design.
Mousas EGM

k = 1 for strokes to wires or the ground plane, and a value of k = 1.2 for
strokes to a lightning mast.
Other considerations
• For substations that have two or more voltage levels, the
electrogeometric method is applied in the same manner, except that
the striking distance would increase or decrease appropriate to the
change in voltage.
• For medium voltage substations, it might be appropriate to select
some minimum stroke current. According to IEC 62305 standard, a
99.5% of all strokes will exceed 3 kA. A minimum stroke current of
about 2 kA could be taken, this limit will make the shielding system
more economical.
Lightning protection system
Terminals and cables
Grounding for Lightning
• Grounding resistance differs from surge impedance.
• Surge impedance includes capacitance and inductance.
• Soil ionization.
Grounding for Lightning
Grounding for Lightning
Grounding for Lightning
5

4.5

3.5

3
Zi/R

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

L2/(m/)
Lightning Protection of Substations
Substation parameters
• Nominal Voltage
• BIL
• Phase conductor diameter
• Bus height
Basic Insulation Level
• The BIL or basic lightning impulse insulation level is the electrical
strength of insulation expressed in terms of the crest value of the
standard lightning impulse.
• The BIL is tied to a specific waveshape in addition being tied to
standard atmospheric conditions.
• The statistical BIL is applicable only to self-restoring insulations.
• Conventional BIL is applicable to non-self-restoring insulations.
• Insulation coordination study.
• IEC 60071
• IEEE 1313
Corona radius and surge impedance
Critical current
Lightning risk in substations and
probabilistic approach
• Probability of failure due to lightning depends on the ground flash
density.
• Standard IEEE 998 does not consider the probability of occurrence of
certain peak currents.
Probability peak current exceeding I(kA)
Example of the design

• 115 kV / 34,5 kV substation.


• 60 MVA 115 kV/34,kV transformer
• Double bus – single breaker 115 kV
• Four 115 kV line bays
• Four 115 kV transformer bays
• 115 kV Bus coupler
• Single bus 34,5 kV (Indoor)
Example of the design

• 115 kV / 34,5 kV substation.


• 60 MVA 115 kV/34,kV transformer
• Double bus – single breaker 115 kV
• Four 115 kV line bays
• Four 115 kV transformer bays
• 115 kV Bus coupler
• Single bus 34,5 kV (Indoor)
Example of the design
Example of the design
Substation parameters
• Nominal Voltage: 115 kV
• BIL: 550 kV
• Phase conductor diameter: 0,01348 m
• Average bus height: 10,6 m
Calculation critical current and rolling
sphere radius
• Corona radius.

Vc = 550 kV h = 10,6 m
E0 = 1500 kV/m Rc = 0,063 m

• Surge impedance.

r = 0,01348 m Zs = 392.65 Ohm


Calculation critical current and rolling
sphere radius
• Critical current.
Is = 3,08 kA
• Sphere radius.
k = 1 for strokes to wires or the ground plane
S = 16,63 m
Sketchup model
Sketchup model
Sparkta simulation
Protection surface
vital energy, total connection

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