★ What is Distributed software development ?

Distributed software development involves creating applications that run on multiple interconnected
computers.

➔ Modularity : Break down the system into manageable modules

➔ Loose Coupling : Reduce dependencies between modules
➔ Scalability : Ability to handle increasing workloads
➔ Reliability : System remains operational under varying conditions
➔ Security : Protect data and resources from unauthorized access

★ What is a distributed application / system?

A distributed application is a software application that consists of multiple components running on

different computers connected by a network.

➔ Web applications
➔ Multiplayer online games
➔ Distributed databases
➔ Internet of Things (IoT) applications

Examples of distributed systems include cloud computing platforms, peer-to-peer

networks, and distributed databases.

★ Role of Java in Enterprise Development

Java provides libraries and frameworks (e.g., Apache Kafka) for building distributed systems.

Benefits of building enterprise applications with Java

➔ Platform Independence : Write once, run anywhere

➔ Robustness : Strong memory management, garbage collection
➔ Security : Built in security features
➔ Scalability : Ability to handle large scale applications
➔ Performance : Optimized virtual machine (JVM)

★ Why you should choose java for enterprise applications.

Cross-Platform Compatibility, Simple to Use, Stable Language, Speed and performance, Powerful
Development Tool, Availability of Libraries, Security, Rich API

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★ Java in Enterprise Development

1. Web Applications : Servlets, JSP, Spring Framework

2. Enterprise Integration : JMS, JNDI, EJB
3. Database Connectivity : JDBC, Hibernate
4. Messaging : JMS (Java Message
5. Web Services : SOAP, RESTful services

★ Enterprise Application Architecture

-
Components

➔ Presentation Layer : User interface (

➔ Business Logic Layer : Application logic
➔ Data Access Layer : Database interactions
➔ Integration Layer : Connects with external systems

Java Technologies

➔ Servlets and JSP : Presentation layer

➔ Spring Framework : Business logic and integration
➔ Hibernate : Data access layer
➔ JMS : Messaging between components

Example:
Online Retail System (Web Site)

Components

➔ Presentation Layer : Web interface for customers to browse and purchase

➔ Business Logic Layer : Manages shopping cart, order processing, and inventory
➔ Data Access Layer : Connects to database to store and retrieve product and customer
information.
➔ Integration Layer : Interfaces with payment gateways, shipping services, and external

Java Technologies Used

➔ Servlets and JSP : Presentation layer, handling user interactions and displaying.
➔ Spring Framework : Business logic, providing services such as shopping cart management
and order processing.
➔ Hibernate : Data access layer, interacting with the database to store and retrieve product
and customer data.
➔ JMS : Messaging between components for asynchronous processing and communication
with external systems.

★ What is a database ?
A database is a structured collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.

1. Relational Databases:
These databases organize data into tables with rows and columns,
where each row represents a record and each column represents an attribute.

Examples - MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, and Microsoft SQL Server.

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 2. NoSQL Databases:
These databases are designed to store and manage unstructured, semi-structured, or
structured data.
They are often used for big data and real-time web applications.

Examples - MongoDB, Cassandra and Redis.

★ What is JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) ?

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is an API that enables Java applications to interact with
databases.

JDBC Architecture

➔ Application: The Java application that interacts with the database.

➔ JDBC API: Defines the interfaces and classes for JDBC programming.
➔ Driver Manager: Manages the JDBC drivers and provides methods for establishing
connections.
➔ JDBC Driver: The driver implements the JDBC interfaces to communicate with the
database.

★ JDBC Connection Code

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class MySQLExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/DATABASE";
String username = “USERNAME";
String password = "PASSWORD";
try {
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection (url, username, password);
System.out.println ("Connected to MySQL database!");
conn.close();
}
catch (SQLException e) {
System.out.println("Failed to connect to MySQL database!");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

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★ Try - Catch

In Java, the try and catch blocks are used for exception handling.

Exceptions are events that occur during the execution of a program that disrupt the normal flow of
instructions.

They can occur for various reasons, such as invalid input, file not found, or database connection
issues.

★ DBMS vs RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)

DBMS RDBMS

DBMS stores data as a file. RDBMS stores data in tabular form

Normalization is not present. Normalization is present.

It deals with a small quantity of data. It deals with large amounts of data.

Data redundancy is common in this model. Keys and indexes do not allow Data redundancy.

It supports single users. It supports multiple users.

Data elements need to be accessed individually. Multiple data elements can be accessed at the
same time.

No relationship between data. Data is stored in the form of tables which are
related to each other.

★ What is a web based Application?

Web based applications are software programs accessed through web browsers, providing
functionality and services over the internet.

Examples - email clients, social media platforms, online shopping portals, and productivity tools.

★ Client side vs. Server side Development

1. Client-side development: Programming executed on the user's device (browser), using HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript to create interactive interfaces.

2. Server-side development: Programming executed on the web server, managing data, business
logic, and communication with databases.

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 Client-side Server-side

It runs on the user’s computer It runs on the web server

It does not provide security for data. It provides more security for data.

Source code is visible to the user. Source code is not visible to the user

HTML, CSS, and javascript are used. PHP, Python, Java, Ruby are used.

No need for interaction with the server. It is all about interacting with the servers.

★ What is State in Web Applications?

State refers to the current condition or data of a web application, including user inputs, session
details, and application state

e.g., logged in status, shopping cart contents

★ Types of State Management

1. Client Side State Management:

Involves storing and managing state data on the client's browser.

Techniques include - cookies, local storage, session storage, and client side
frameworks/libraries (e.g., Redux for React).

2. Server Side State Management:

Involves storing state data on the server, often in databases or server memory.

Techniques include - sessions, databases, and server side frameworks/libraries (e.g.,

Express.js for Node.js).

★ Types of client server architecture

➔ 1-tier architecture
➔ 2-tier architecture
➔ 3-tier architecture

presentation layer - for user interaction ( Front-end / UI Layer)

Business Logic Layer / application layer - for processing and logic. ( Middle layer )
database layer - for data storage. ( Back-end )

➔ N-tier architecture ( N-tier architecture is multilayered client-server )

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★ What are Dynamic Web Models ?

Dynamic web models are architectures and patterns that enable dynamic content generation, user
interactions, and real-time updates in web applications.

Dynamic Website is a website containing data that can be mutable or changeable.

It uses client-side or server scripting to generate mutable content. Like a static website, it also
contains HTML data.

These models enhance user experience, data presentation, and responsiveness

by leveraging technologies like,

AJAX, WebSocket, and server side rendering.

1. AJAX ( Asynchronous JavaScript and XML )

Allows asynchronous data retrieval and updating parts of a web page without full
page reloads.

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) enables web pages to update parts of the
content asynchronously by fetching data from the server without reloading the entire
page.

2. WebSockets

WebSockets enable real-time, two-way communication between the client and

server, allowing instant data exchange and event-driven interactions.

3. Single Page Applications (SPAs)

Loads a single HTML page and dynamically updates content using JavaScript
frameworks / libraries (e.g., React, Angular, Vue.js).

★ Advantages of dynamic Web Models

1. It provides real-time data.

2. It’s easy to modify or update data.
3. It provides a user-friendly interactive interface for users.
4. provide interactive user interface
5. It provides a better user experience.

★ Disadvantages of dynamic web Models:

1. These types of websites are complex.

2. These are more expensive to develop.
3. high production costs.
4. Slow to load content.
5. Low speed compared to a static website
6. Hosting of these websites is also costlier.
7. Clients will require a skilled programmer to build a dynamic website.
8. Hosting a website is costly as compared to a dynamic website.

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★ MVC Architecture ( Model-View-Controller )

This pattern is the basis of interaction management in many web-based systems.

MVC (Model-View-Controller) is a pattern in software design commonly used to implement user

interfaces, data, and controlling logic.

★ What is XML ?

XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is a text based markup language derived from
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).

➔ XML was designed to store and transport data.

➔ XML was designed to be both human and machine readable.
➔ A language for describing data
➔ A tool for building new data description languages
➔ Open to define in any way you want
➔ A markup language. That means that “marks” or tags are used to identify the data elements.
Data and tags are generally stored as plain text.

Difference between HTML and XML

HTML XML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language.

HTML is static in nature. XML is dynamic in nature.

HTML is not Case sensitive. XML is Case sensitive.

HTML tags are predefined tags. XML tags are user-defined tags.

HTML is used to display the data. XML is used to store data.

It has an extension of .html and .htm It has an extension of .xml

What is XML Used For?

XML is one of the most widely used formats for sharing structured information today

➔ Between programs
➔ Between people
➔ Between computers and people
➔ Both locally and across networks

★ The main components of an XML document are,

1. Elements
2. Content
3. Attributes
4. Comments

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★ XML Syntax,

1. The XML Prolog

The XML document can optionally have an XML declaration. It is called the XML prolog.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

➔ The XML declaration is case sensitive and must begin with "<?xml>" where "xml" is written in
lowercase.
➔ If a document contains XML declaration, then it strictly needs to be the first statement of the
XML document.
➔ The XML declaration strictly needs to be the first statement in the XML document.
➔ An HTTP protocol can override the value of encoding that you put in the XML declaration.

2. Tags and Elements

An XML file is structured by several XML elements, also called XML nodes or XML tags.The
names of XML elements are enclosed in triangular brackets < > as shown below

<element>....</element>

3. Root Element
An XML document can have only one root element.

<root>
<x>...</x>
<y>...</y>
</root>

4. All XML Elements Must Have a Closing Tag

In XML, it is illegal to omit the closing tag. All elements must have a closing tag except
prolog. XML prolog does not have a closing tag! This is not an error. The prolog is not a part
of the XML document.

<message>This is correct</message>

5. XML Tags are Case Sensitive

XML tags are case sensitive. The tag <Letter> is different from the tag <letter>.

6. XML Elements Must be Properly Nested

"Properly nested" simply means that since the <i> element is opened inside the <b>
element, it must be closed inside the <b> element.

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>

7. XML Attribute Values Must Always be Quoted

XML elements can have attributes in name/value pairs just like in HTML. In XML, the
attribute values must always be quoted

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 <note date="12/11/2007">
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>

8. Entity References

Some characters have a special meaning in XML. If you place a character like "<" inside an
XML element, it will generate an error because the parser interprets it as the start of a new
element.

To avoid this error, replace the "<" character with an entity reference

9. XML Attributes vs Elements

A given attribute can occur only once within a tag;

Its value is always a string On the other hand tags defining elements/sub elements can
repeat any number of times and their values may be string data or sub elements Same data
may be encoded using attributes or elements or a combination of the two

10. Comments in XML

The syntax for writing comments in XML is similar to that of HTML.

< ! --This is a comment – >

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 11. XML Naming Rules
XML elements must follow these naming rules:

1. Element names are case sensitive

2. Element names must start with a letter or underscore
3. Element names cannot start with the letters xml (or XML, or Xml, etc)
4. Element names can contain letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, and periods
5. Element names cannot contain spaces

★ XML Document Example

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★ Advantages of Using XML in Enterprise Applications

➔ Data Interchange and Interoperability

➔ Platform Independence
➔ Extensibility and Flexibility
➔ Structured Data Representation

★ XML Processing Technologies

➔ Document Object Model (DOM)

DOM is an in memory representation of an XML document as a tree structure.

It allows programs to dynamically access, modify, and manipulate XML data.

Example: In Java, DOM parsers like JAXP provide APIs to traverse and manipulate XML
documents using DOM.

➔ Simple API for XML (SAX)

➔ XML Query Languages (XPath, XQuery)
➔ XML Transformation Technologies (XSLT)

★ Web Servers

Web servers are primarily used to process and manage HTTP/HTTPS requests and responses from
the client system.

Web servers are software programs responsible for serving static content to web browsers over the
HTTP protocol.

Functionality: They handle requests from clients (browsers) and respond with static HTML, CSS,
JavaScript files, images, etc.
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 Examples: Apache HTTP Server, Nginx, Microsoft IIS

★ Application Servers

Application servers are software frameworks or platforms designed to execute dynamic content and
business logic for web applications.

They support the execution of server side code (e.g.,Java, PHP, .NET) and provide services such as
database access, transaction management, and session handling.

Examples: Tomcat, JBoss ( WildFly ), IBM WebSphere, Oracle WebLogic.

★ Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software suite that provides essential tools for
writing, testing, and debugging code.

➔ Visual Studio Code

➔ NetBeans
➔ IntelliJ IDEA
➔ Eclipse

★ What is a Servlet ?
Servlet is a technology which is used to create a web application.

Servlet is an API that provides many interfaces and classes including documentation.

Servlet is a web component that is deployed on the server to create a dynamic web page.

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★ What is a web application ?

A web application is an application accessible from the web.

A web application is composed of web components like Servlet, JSP, Filter, etc. and other elements
such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

★ Servlets Architecture
The following diagram shows the position of Servlets in a Web Application.

★ The Java Servlet Life cycle

includes three stages right from its start to the end until the Garbage Collector clears it. These three
stages are described below.

1. Initialization Phase
The servlet is initialized by calling the init() method.
2. Service Phase
The servlet calls service() method to process a client's request.
3. Destruction Phase
The servlet is terminated by calling the destroy() method.
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 Following is the sample source code structure of a servlet example to show Hello World

★ Java Servlet example

GET and POST Requests

In the index.html file, create two HTML forms.

GET: Data visible in URL, size limitations, suitable for non-sensitive data.
POST: Data sent in request body, not visible in URL, suitable for sensitive data.

<fieldset> and <legend> Again, these tags group related elements in a form and provide a caption
for the group, indicating this form uses the POST method.

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Create a “login” Servlet Page. The Servlet Page name needs to be added to the appropriate HTML
form's action attribute.

Update doGet and doPost Methods in Created Servlet Page File

➔ The doGet() Method

A GET request results from a normal request for a URL or from an HTML form that
has no METHOD specified and it should be handled by the doGet() method.

➔ The doPost() Method

A POST request results from an HTML form that specifically lists POST as the
METHOD and it should be handled by doPost() method.

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getParameter() − You call the request.getParameter() method to get the value of a form
parameter.

Run your Project and Click the Submit Button.

View the result

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 Run your Project and Click the Login Button.

View the result

★ What is JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) ?

JDBC is an API(Application programming interface) used in Java programming to interact with

databases.

We can use JDBC API to handle database using Java program and can perform the following
activities:
1. Connect to the database
2. Execute queries and update statements to the database
3. Retrieve the result received from the database.

★ Servlet with JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

Create a Login Page. Ex. login.html

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Create a MySQL Database and Table

Database Name: java_test

Table Name: users

Create a “DBConnection” Java class to connect MySQL databases.

The dbCon method is responsible for establishing a connection with the MySQL database
and returning the connection.

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Create a “Validate” Java class to validate users.

The LoginValidate function obtains the password and username as parameters, then verifies
them in the Users table.

The method, Returns true if the username and password are in the table; returns false
otherwise.

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“Login” Servlet Page

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 The doPost method get the username and password from the login.html form and sends them to the
login validate method.

If the login validate method returns true this will redirect to the welcome page otherwise it print Login
Failed.

★ Sessions and Cookies in Servlet

Session

A session is a period of logical connection or interaction between a web client (like a

browser) and a web server.

Session is used to save user information on the server.

Sessions are used to store user-specific data across multiple requests, allowing web
applications to maintain stateful interactions with clients.

Sessions can be used for authentication and authorization purposes.

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 Cookie

Cookies are the textual information that is stored in key-value pair format to the client’s
browser during multiple requests.

A cookie is a small piece of information that is persisted between the multiple client requests.

Cookies are commonly used to store user preferences, session identifiers, authentication
tokens, and other client-specific information.

Cookies have limitations such as size restrictions and security concerns, so sensitive
information should not be stored directly in cookies.

★ How to using Cookies and Sessions

Update the Login Page with Cookies and Sessions

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➔ Create a session object if it is already not created.
HttpSession session = request.getSession();

➔ store the user information into the session object - setAttribute(String name, Object value)
session.setAttribute("username", uname);

➔ Creating a Cookie object - Cookie cookie = new Cookie("key","value");

Cookie ck = new Cookie("cname", uname);

➔ Setting the maximum age − You use setMaxAge to specify how long (in seconds) the cookie
should be valid.
ck.setMaxAge(60 * 60);

➔ Sending the Cookie into the HTTP response headers

response.addCookie(ck);

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Update the Welcome Page
Process requests method used for both HTTP GET and POST methods.

The page loads the current HttpSession associated with this request, and if there is no
current session or the session username is null, it will redirect to the login page.

Also, it retrieves the value of the "cname" cookie from the cookies and prints its value on the
webpage.

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 Create a Logout Page

Once the user requests to logout, we need to destroy that session. To do this, we need to use
invalidate() method in the HttpSession Interface.

After the session is destroyed, the page will redirect to the login.html page.

RequestDispatcher is an interface provided by the Servlet API. It allows servlets to forward

requests or include responses to other servlets essentially, it helps in dispatching the client's request
from one servlet to another or including content from another resource into the response.

★ Difference Between Session and Cookies

Cookie Session

Cookies are client-side files on a local computer Sessions are server-side files that contain user
that hold user information. data.

Cookies end on the lifetime set by the user. When the user quits the browser or logs out of the
program, the session is over.

It can only store a certain amount of info. It can hold an indefinite quantity of data.

Cookies are not secured. Sessions are more secure compared to cookies.

Cookies stored data in text files. Session save data in encrypted form.

Cookies stored on limited data. Session stored unlimited data.

★ Servlet API Overview

The Servlet API provides classes and interfaces for developing Servlets.Servlet API has 2 packages
namely,
1. javax.servlet
2. javax.servlet.http

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★ Advantages of Using Servlets

1. Platform Independence: Servlets run on any server supporting Java.

2. Robustness: Built in exception handling and error management.
3. Scalability: Handle multiple requests concurrently.
4. Session Management: Maintain stateful communication with clients.
5. Database Connectivity: Seamlessly integrate with databases via JDBC.
6. Security: Implement authentication, authorization, and data encryption.

★ What is Session management ?

Session management refers to the process of controlling and maintaining user sessions in web
applications.

★ What is State Management ?

State management in web applications refers to the process of preserving and managing data and
application state across multiple user interactions.

It involves storing and retrieving user specific information, session data, and application state
variables.

Types of State Management:

1. Client Side State Management

➔ Data stored on the client side (browser) using cookies, local storage, or session
storage.
➔ Suitable for small amounts of data and maintaining user preferences.

2. Server Side State Management

➔ Data stored on the server side, typically in session objects or databases.

➔ Used for managing user sessions, application state, and complex data interactions.

★ Advantages of Client Side State Management

➔ Reduced server load: Offloads data storage and management tasks to the client side.
➔ Faster access: Client side data retrieval is often faster than server side requests.
➔ Improved user experience: Enables personalized interactions and offline capabilities.

★ Advantages of Server Side State Management

➔ Enhanced security: Data stored on the server is more secure than client Side storage.
➔ Scalability: Server side solutions can handle large amounts of data and concurrent users.
➔ Centralized management: Simplifies data access, retrieval, and manipulation on the server.

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★ Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a stage in the evolution of application development and/or

integration.

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a method of software development that uses software

components called services to create business applications.

It defines a way to make software components reusable using the interfaces.

Some SOA product has been built by Oracle (SOA Suite), IBM(Websphere), Microsoft(BizTalk)

★ What are the two major roles within SOA?

1. Service consumer
2. Service provider

ESB (Enterprise Service Bus)

The idea of an ESB is that many components can connect in a standardized way and then
communicate over the bus with any other component.

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★ Advantages of SOA

➔ Service reusability: In SOA, applications are made from existing services. Thus, services can be
reused to make many applications.
➔ Easy maintenance: As services are independent of each other they can be updated and modified
easily without affecting other services.
➔ Platform independent: SOA allows making a complex application by combining services picked
from different sources, independent of the platform.
➔ Availability: SOA facilities are easily available to anyone on request.
➔ Reliability: SOA applications are more reliable because it is easy to debug small services rather
than huge codes
➔ Scalability: Services can run on different servers within an environment, this increases scalability

★ Disadvantages of SOA

➔ High investment: A huge initial investment is required for SOA.

➔ Complex service management: When services interact they exchange messages to tasks. the
number of messages may go in millions. It becomes a cumbersome task to handle a large number
of messages.
➔ Increase the Network Traffic

★ JAXB (Java Architecture for XML Binding)

JAXB stands for Java Architecture for XML Binding.

It provides a mechanism to marshal (write) java objects into XML and unmarshal (read) XML into
objects.

It is used to convert java objects into xml.

★ Java Annotation

Java Annotation is a tag that represents the metadata. i.e. attached with class, interface, methods or
fields to indicate some additional

@XmlRootElement : The name of the root XML element is derived from the class name,
and we can also specify the name of the root element of the XML using its name attribute.

@XmlType : define the order in which the fields are written in the XML file

@XmlElement : define the actual XML element name that will be used

@XmlAttribute : define the id field is mapped as an attribute instead of an element

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 @XmlTransient : annotate fields that we don’t want to be included in XML

★ Read and Write XML File Using JAXB

Create a new class named "Student."

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Create another new class named " SLIATE."

Import following packages to your main Class

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Create a Method for Write a XML File
(JAXB Marshalling Example: Converting Object into XML)

Create a Method for Read the XML File

JAXB UnMarshalling Example: Converting XML into Object

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Invoke Write and Read Methods

Output - 1

Output - 2

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★ JDBC Extra code example

Create a Method for Insert Data to the MySQL table

Create a Method for Select Data to from MySQL table

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Create a Method for Update Data

Create a Method for Delete Data

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★ What is DTD (Document Type Definition) ?

A DTD defines the structure and the legal elements and attributes of an XML document.

An application can use a DTD to verify that XML data is valid.

XML document with an internal DTD

The DTD above is interpreted like this:

➔ !DOCTYPE note defines that the root element of this document is note
➔ !ELEMENT note defines that the note element must contain four elements:
"to,from,heading,body"
➔ !ELEMENT to defines the to element to be of type "#PCDATA"
➔ !ELEMENT from defines the from element to be of type "#PCDATA"
➔ !ELEMENT heading defines the heading element to be of type "#PCDATA"
➔ !ELEMENT body defines the body element to be of type "#PCDATA"

Tip: #PCDATA means parseable character data.

XML document with a reference to an external DTD

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 And here is the file "note.dtd", which contains the DTD:

★ What is Hibernate ?

Hibernate is a Java framework that simplifies the development of Java applications to interact with
the database.

Hibernate is a popular open-source Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) framework for Java

applications.

It simplifies the development of database-driven applications by providing a mapping between Java

objects and database tables, allowing developers to work with objects rather than SQL queries
directly.

Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)

ORM is a programming technique that maps object-oriented models to relational database

tables.

Hibernate automates the mapping process, eliminating the need for developers to write
manual SQL queries for database operations.

Advantages of Hibernate Framework

1. Open Source and Lightweight

2. Fast Performance
3. Automatic Table Creation
4. Database Independent Query
5. Simplifies Complex Join
6. Provides Query Statistics and Database Status

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explain a given hibernated class code.

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table(name = "students")
public class Student {
@Id
private int id;
private String name;
private int age;

// Getters and Setters

public int getId() {
return id;
}

public void setId (int id) {

this.id = id;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

public int getAge() {

return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {

this.age = age;
}
}

Explanation:

➔ @Entity: Marks this class as a Hibernate entity.

➔ @Table (name = "students"): Specifies the database table name this entity maps to.
➔ @Id: Indicates that the id field is the primary key.
➔ Fields (id, name, age): These fields will be mapped to the corresponding columns in the
database table.
➔ Getters and Setters: Methods to access and modify the fields.

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★ Write a few getters and setters for a class ?

public class Person {

private String name;
private int age;

// Getter for name

public String getName() {
return name;
}

// Setter for name

public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

// Getter for age

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

// Setter for age

public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}

★ Write a method for a requirement.

public class Person {

private String name;
private int age;

// Existing getters and setters...

// Method to calculate the year of birth
public int calculateYearOfBirth() {
int currentYear = java.time.Year.now().getValue();
return currentYear - age;
}
}

★ Enterprise Java Beans (EJB)

Enterprise Java Beans (EJB) is one of the several Java APIs for standard manufacture of enterprise
software.

EJB is a server-side software element that summarizes the business logic of an application.

Disadvantages of EJB
1. Requires application server
2. Requires only Java clients. For other language clients, you need to go for web service.
3. Complex to understand and develop EJB applications.

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★ Session Bean

Session bean encapsulates business logic only, it can be invoked by local, remote and web service
clients.

It can be used for calculations, database access etc.

The life cycle of session bean is maintained by the application server (EJB Container).

Types of Session Bean

1. Stateless Session Bean: It doesn't maintain the state of a client between multiple
method calls.

2. Stateful Session Bean: It maintains state of a client across multiple requests.

3. Singleton Session Bean: One instance per application, it is shared between clients
and supports concurrent access.

★ Difference between Servlet and Enterprise Java Bean (EJB)

Servlet Enterprise Java Bean (EJB)

Handling web-based applications Managing complex business logic and transactions

Managed by servlet container (e.g., Tomcat) Managed by EJB container

Java classes that handle HTTP Server-side components encapsulating business

requests/responses logic

No built-in management, needs manual handling Built-in support for declarative and programmatic
management

Using Basic security features (RBAC) Using Advanced security features, including JAAS

Lifecycle Methods - init(), service(), destroy() @PostConstruct, @PreDestroy,

various callback methods

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