Simple Conduction

Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 to solve a simple conduction problem.

The Simple Conduction Example is constrained as shown in the

following figure. Thermal conductivity (k) of the material is 10
W/m*C and the block is assumed to be infinitely long.

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1.Give example a Title

2.Open preprocessor menu
ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor
/PREP7

3.Create geometry
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas
> Rectangle > By 2 Corners > X=0, Y=0,
Width=1, Height=1
BLC4,0,0,1,1
4.Define the Type of Element
Preprocessor > Element Type >
Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select
Thermal Mass Solid, Quad 4Node 55
ET,1,PLANE55

For this example, we will use PLANE55

(Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This element
has 4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at
each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2
dimensional steady-state or transient thermal
analysis.
5. Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models >
Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic > KXX = 10
(Thermal conductivity)
MP,KXX,1,10

6. Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize >
Areas > All Areas > 0.05
AESIZE,ALL,0.05

7. Mesh
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free >
Pick All
AMESH,ALL
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
1. Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Steady-State

ANTYPE,0

2. Apply Constraints

For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow,
Convection, Heat Flux, Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, all 4 sides of the
block have fixed temperatures.

o Solution > Define Loads > Apply

Note that all of the -Structural- options cannot be selected. This is due to the type
of element (PLANE55) selected.
o Thermal > Temperature > On Nodes

o Click the Box option (shown below) and draw a box around the nodes on the top
line.

The following window will appear:

 o Fill the window in as shown to constrain the side to a
constant temperature of 500
o Using the same method, constrain the remaining 3 sides to a
constant value of 100

Orange triangles in the graphics window indicate the

temperature contraints.

3. Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. Results Using ANSYS

Plot Temperature

General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu
... > DOF solution, Temperature TEMP
Note that due to the manner in which the boundary contitions were applied, the top
corners are held at a temperature of 100. Recall that the nodes on the top of the plate were
constrained first, followed by the side and bottom constraints. The top corner nodes were
therefore first constrained at 500C, then 'overwritten' when the side constraints were
applied. Decreasing the mesh size can minimize this effect, however, one must be aware
of the limitations in the results at the corners.
 Melting Using Element Death

Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to
outline the steps required to use element death to model melting of a material.
Element death is the "turning off" of elements according to some desired criterion.
The elements are still technically there, they just have zero stiffness and thus have
no affect on the model.

This tutorial doesn't take into account heat of fusion or changes in thermal
properties over temperature ranges, rather it is concerned with the element death
procedure. More accurate models using element death can then be created as
required. Element birth is also possible, but will not be discussed here. For further
information, see Chapter 10 of the Advanced Guide in the ANSYS help file
regarding element birth and death.

The model will be an infinitely long rectangular block of material 3cm X 3cm as
shown below. It will be subject to convection heating which will cause the block to
"melt".
Preprocessing: Defining the Problem
1. Give example a Title

Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...

/title, Element Death

2. Open preprocessor menu

ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor

/PREP7

3. Create Rectangle

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners

Fill in the window with the following dimensions:

WP X = 0
WP Y = 0
Width = 0.03
Height = 0.03

BLC4,0,0,0.03,0.03

4. Define the Type of Element

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...

For this example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This
element has 4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can
only be used for 2 dimensional steady-state or transient thermal analysis.

5. Define Element Material Properties

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity >
Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following properties:

i. Thermal Conductivity KXX: 1.8

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Specific Heat
In the window that appears, enter the following properties:

ii. Specific Heat C: 2040

 Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Density
In the window that appears, enter the following properties:

iii. Density DENS: 920

6. Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas...

For this example we will use an element edge length of 0.0005m.

7. Mesh the frame

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All'

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

1. Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Transient

The window shown below will pop up. We will use the defaults, so click OK.

ANTYPE,4

2. Turn on Newton-Raphson solver

Due to a glitch in the ANSYS software, there is no apparent way to do this with
the graphical user interface. Therefore, you must type NROPT,FULL into the
 commmand line. This step is necessary as element killing can only be done when
the N-R solver has been used.

3. Set Solution Controls

Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Controls

The following window will pop up.

A) Set Time at end of loadstep to 60 and Automatic time stepping to

OFF.
B) Set Number of substeps to 20.
C) Set the Frequency to Write every substep.

Click on the NonLinear tab at the top and fill it in as shown

 D) Set Line search to ON .
E) Set the Maximum number of iterations to 100.

For a complete description of what these options do, refer to the help file.
Basically, the time at the end of the load step is how long the transient analysis
will run and the number of substeps defines how the load is broken up. By writing
the data at every step, you can create animations over time and the other options
help the problem converge quickly.

4. Apply Initial Conditions

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Initial Condit'n > Define > Pick All

Fill in the IC window as follows to set the initial temperature of the material to
268 K:

5. Apply Boundary Conditions

For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow,
Convection, Heat Flux, Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, all external
surfaces of the material will be subject to convection with a coefficient of 10 W/m^2*K
and a surrounding temperature of 368 K.

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines > Pick All

Fill in the pop-up window as follows, with a film coefficient of 10 and a bulk
temperature of 368.

The model should now look as follows:

 6. Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS

SOLVE

Postprocessing: Prepare for Element Death

1. Read Results

General Postproc > Read Results > Last Set

SET,LAST

2. Create Element Table

Element death can be used in various ways. For instance, the user can manually kill, or
turn off, elements to create the desired effect. Here, we will use data from the analysis to
kill the necessary elements to model melting. Assume the material melts at 273 K. We
must create an element table containing the temperature of all the elements.

o From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table...
o Click on 'Add...'

o Fill the window in as shown below, with a title Melty and select DOF solution >
Temperature TEMP and click OK.
 We can now select elements from this table in the temperature range we desire.

3. Select Elements to Kill

Assume that the melting temperature is 273 K, thus any element with a temperature of
273 or greater must be killed to simulate melting.

Utility Menu > Select > Entities

Use the scroll down menus to select Elements > By Results > From Full and click
OK.
 Ensure the element table Melty is selected and enter a VMIN value of 273 as
shown.

Solution Phase: Killing Elements

1. Restart the Analysis

Solution > Analysis Type > Restart > OK

You will likely have two messages pop up at this point. Click OK to restart the analysis,
and close the warning message. The reason for the warning is ANSYS defaults to a multi-
frame restart, which this analysis doesn't call for, thus it is just warning the user.

2. Kill Elements

The easiest way to do this is to type ekill,all into the command line. Since all elements
above melting temperature had been selected, this will kill only those elements.

The other option is to use Solution > Load Step Opts > Other > Birth & Death > Kill
Elements and graphically pick all the melted elements. This is much too time consuming
in this case.

Postprocessing: Viewing Results

1. Select Live Elements

Utility Menu > Select > Entities

Fill in the window as shown with Elements > Live Elem's > Unselect and click
Sele All.
With the window still open, select Elements > Live Elem's > From Full and
click OK.
2. View Results

General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > DOF solution >
Temperature TEMP

The final melted shape should look as follows:

This procedure can be programmed in a loop, using command line code, to more
accurately model element death over time. Rather than running the analysis for a time of
60 and killing any elements above melting temperature at the end, a check can be done
after each substep to see if any elements are above the specified temperature and be killed
at that point. That way, the prescribed convection can then act on the elements below
those killed, more accurately modelling the heating process.