5.

Swelling and Shrinkage should be

CHAPTER 7: TIMBER ROOF RAFTER TYPE ROOF FRAMES
Minimum.
• Common Rafters - rafters extended at
FRAMING right angles from the plate or girts to the
6. It should be Lightweight and East
to Strip.
ridge.
TYPES OF ROOFING • Hip rafters - rafters laid diagonally from
OBJECTIVES THAT MUST BE CONSIDERED
• Shed or Lean-To Roof - simplest form of the corner of a plate or girts to the ridge.
IN ASSEMBLING FORMWORKS: (SEQ)
roof consisting of one single slope. • Valley rafters - rafters placed 1. Quality
• Gable or Pitch Roof - common type and diagonally from the plate or girts at the 2. Safety
economical form of roof made of triangular intersection of gable extension with the main 3. Economy
sections consisting of two stapes meeting at roof.
the center of the ridge forming a gable. • Octagonal Rafters - rafters placed on
MAIN STAGES IN THE PROCESS OF
• Saw Tooth Roof - the development of the an octagonal shaped plate at the central
USING FORMWORKS (ACS)
shed made into a series of lean-to roof apex or ridge pole.
1. Assembly and Erection
covering one building. This is commonly used • Jack Rafters - rafter which does not
2. Concrete placement
in factories where extra light is required extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
3. Stripping and Dismantling
through the window on the vertical side. JACK RAFTERS
• Double Gable Roof - a modification of a ➢ Hip Jacks
➢ Valley Jacks TYPES OF FORMWORK MATERIALS
gable or a hip and valley roof.
➢ Cripple Jacks (TAPS)
• Hip Roof - a common form used in modern
houses having straight sides all sloping TIMBER FORMWORK -Most common
toward the center of the building terminating material used for bracing and can be easily
PARTS OF ROOF TRUSS FRAMES
at the ridge. cut.
• Girts - structural member that supports
• Hip and Valley Roof - a combination of a STEEL FORMWORK/FORMS are
the rafters or trusses of the building.
hip and an intersecting gable roof forming a stronger, durable and have longer life than
• Collar Beam - The ties between rafters timber formwork and they are reusable.
T or L shaped building. on opposite sides of the roof. Steel forms can be installed and
• Pyramid Roof - modification of the hip roof • Purlins - structural member placed on top dismantled faster and easier.
wherein the four straight sides are sloping of a rafter or top chord of a truss that
towards the center terminating at a point. PLASTIC FORMWORK are lightweight,
supports the roof sheating. reusable, chemical resistant, and can be
• Gambrel Roof - modification of the gable TYPES OF TRUSS ROOF FRAMES easily cut. But in other cases this forms are
roof each side having two slopes.
A. Light Trusses (PHSRS) expensive, easily damage by heat, and
• Ogee Roof - a pyramid form having steep 1. Pitched Truss load carrying capacity is low
sides sloping to the center. 2. Howe Truss ALUMINUM FORMWORK is strong and
• Mansard Roof - the sides of the roof slope 3. Scissors Truss light, and consequently fewer supports and
steeply from each side of the building 4. Raised Chord Truss ties are required.
towards the center forming a flat deck on top. 5. Sawtooth Truss
• French or Concave Mansard Roof - B. Heavy Trusses (FWF)
modification of the Mansard Roof where the TIME OF REMOVAL OF CONCRETE
1. Flat Howe
sides are concave. 2. Warren Trusses FORMWORK
• Conical Roof or Sphire - a steep roof of 3. Flat Pratt Trusses
circular section that tapers uniformly from TIMBER FRAMING FASTENERS
the circular base to a central point. Nails, Wood Screw, Lag Screw, Drift Bolts
• Dome - hemispherical form of roof usually
used on observations.
• Butterfly Roof - two shed roof where the CHAPTER 8:
slope meet at the center of the building.
CONSTRUCTION OF
TYPES OF ROOF FRAMES FORMS
FORMS - a temporary boarding sheating
• Rafter Type - series of sloped structural
or pans used to produce the desired shape
members that extend from the ridge or hip
and size of concretes. Forms are essential
to the wall plate, downslope perimeter or
requirement in concrete construction.
eave, and that are designed to support the
Structural members of a building are built-
roof deck and its associated load.
up into its specified dimensions by the use
• Truss Type - a built-up frame commonly
of forms that serves as posts sharpened at CAUSES OF FAILURE OF FORMWORKS
employed on a long span roof unsupported
one end driven into the round to serve as Pre-mature Stripping of Formworks
by intermediate columns or partitions. Truss is
boundaries or support of the batter boards Overloading
a design of a series of triangles used to
QUALITIES AND REQUIREMENTS OF Failure to follow codes and standards
distribute load, stiffen the structure and
flexibility for the interior spacing as well as GOOD FORMWORKS Accident caused by inadequate bracings
strength and rigidity. 1. It should be Tight. during the concrete pouring period
2. It should be Strong.
Inadequate strength of form materials
3. It can/should be Cheap, Reusable.
Mis-alignment
4. It should be In accordance to the
sizes of the Members.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (IMFTW) assistance of chains or wire ropes etc., the
Inspection must be done before the working platform is suspended from roofs. It
concrete pouring can be lifted or lowered to the desired level
Material used for the construction of 5. CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDING - In
formworks must passed the standards and cantilever scaffolding, the standards are
specifications supported by a chain of needles and these
Formworks must be properly fixed, firm, needles are pulled out via holes in the wall.
and rigid. This is known as “single frame”
scaffolding-type. In another type, needles
The construction site specially in
are supported inside the floors via the
excavation must be properly protected.
openings and this is called independent or
Warning signages must be properly
double frame scaffolding type. When
indicated on strategic locations.
constructing cantilever scaffolding, good
care should be taken.
STAGING Normally, under below mentioned
conditions, cantilever scaffolding is used.
SCAFFOLDING – temporary structure of • When the upper part of the wall is under
wooden poles and planks providing construction
platform for working men to stand on while • When ground is close to the wall and is
erecting or repairing the building. It is further free from traffic
defined as a temporary framework for • When the ground is not capable of
other purposes. supporting standards
STAGING- more substantial framework 6. SINGLE SCAFFOLDING - Single
progressively built-up as tall buildings rise scaffolding is usually used for brick
up. The term staging is applied because it is masonry and so it is also known as brick
built-up in stages one story at a time. layer’s scaffolding. Single scaffolding
comprises of standards, putlogs, ledgers
STAGING FOR REINFORCED etc., which corresponds to the wall at a
distance of around 1.2 m. Distance amongst
CONCRETE BEAM AND FLOOR the standards is around 2 to 2.5 m. Ledgers
SLAB Staging can be: WPSH join the standards at an upright gap of 1.2 to
1. Wooden Ballies 1.5 m. Putlogs are extracted from the gap
2. Pipes/Props/Jacks remaining in the wall to one end of the
3. H frames ledgers. Putlogs are positioned at a gap of 1.2
4. Space frames using Coupler/ to 1.5 m.
Cup-Lock system 7. DOUBLE SCAFFOLDING - Double
Scaffolding is normally used for stone
masonry job, therefore, it is also known as
SCAFFOLDING mason’s scaffolding. It is also known as the
independent scaffolding. Typically, in stone
1. TRESTLE SCAFFOLDING - The working walls, it is tough to make holes in the wall for
platform is supported on movable ladders supporting putlogs; thus, two scaffolding
or tripods in trestle scaffolding. It is used up rows are made to make it robust. Basically,
to a height of 5m and is normally used for the first row is about 20 to 30 cm away from
work inside the room like repairs, paintings the wall, and another one is 1m away from
and likewise. the first row. Then after putlogs are
2. STEEL SCAFFOLDING - Steel positioned that are supported by both the
scaffolding is made from steel tubes that frames. In order to make it sturdier, cross
are set jointly by steel fittings or couplers. braces and rakers are supplied.
It is simple to erect and to dismantle. It has 8. KWIKSTAGE SCAFFOLDING - The
better robustness, greater durability and Kwikstage system is manufactured from
superior fire resistance. Though it is not hard wearing galvanised steel. Kwikstage
affordable cost wise, it provides greater scaffolding system is effortless to
safety for workers. That’s the precise reason assemble and erect and simple to take
it is used so widely these days. down. For builders working on big or small
3. PATENTED SCAFFOLDING - Patented projects, this scaffolding system is very
scaffoldings are also made from steel; helpful. Wherever regular scaffold is used,
however, they are fitted with special Kwikstage scaffolding can also be used as
couplings and frames etc. These are an alternative. Using a strong and safe
readymade scaffoldings that are obtainable interlocking system, the patented Kwikstage
on the market. Working platform is set on the modular system can be built to any height.
brackets that are adjustable to the required
level in this type of scaffolding.
4. SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING -
Suspended scaffolding is mainly used for
paintings, repair works, etc. Here, with the