UNIT LASER AMPLIFIERS AND Oscictatiens : AMPLIFIERS AND OscittATiens = POPULATION INVERSION ~ Meta Stable State — PUMPING- TYPES - OPTICAL PUMPING M ETHODS ~ Two, THREE AND FOUALEVE PUMPING Schemes - GAIN IN LASER ~ GAIN FACTOR — OPTICAL CAVITIES|RESONATORS — FABRY-PEROT OPTICAL RESONATOR — LOOP GAIN - GAIN AT THRESHOLD - STABILITY - STABILITY BIAGRAMPopulation Lnversion s- Whew the malanieh (3 in then eee ee thermal eq uilibriom Condition, the population is governed the Prete mann ~ civbi- ~ boli 4 according ty the following cystine (EE Wa, My Ny But E76 ON, 7 Ne Te. no. atts in higher Atate Ep is Lass thaw the no + atoms in Lovey Atate. be Absorption Rate 7 Emissiow Rate = ie. NO LASER AcTION —o2ee te b, —0ee—— My Eo, Me 264-00 O— Ny, —e-42e— E,,N, e, Notmal State Inverted State (Ni77 M0) (N2>7N)) The Atate te wohlely the population of atom ina ‘ Atate Larger thaw that in the Lower ener Made Ja Krowe a3 population inversiow Metastable stats -- A Mate in which Ainrgle- photon tunission is imposatble, has Leng bife time i Calida Mefratable Atabr. Atom excited te the mMetadteble Atfate tema excited fer a dong time, whic Li of the order oF ta tole? Aecond. Thin Is 109 tat o6 timer the Lige timer of the pommel rd fed state.Motadtoble Atatess An ato Caw he excited: Ina chightr Lonel by Auppl iy enemy to it. Norn, excited attwus hove Abort thet energy iw a matter of nanoseconds (v16' See) ‘througdy Apontaneous emission. St means that atows olonet Ata Lowy sewer i: at the excited Atate cto be Stimulated. Aso MA ene througly othe pulping agent Cowtimeraty hain the ators to the excited Perel, they Unolergo Apowtanceus, transition and Aapidly activi ty the dnver encryy den. Population inversion Cawuod be erty blithed onclr auely Circumstances, Tr wor te ertablisled the Conrdlition of population luverston, the exciticl atm to “wait” at the Uppo energy dovel ti a dorge numer of atoms accumulate at that Level. In eth words, it U necossmary thet the excited Atete hos a Longer Lifetinia, “A Mitastabl. Atte Lb suv! a Atete. Bet . tiaiev is inporrible "A Atte fw calich Mage s.- patinr omaiialer Ls invponie’s dye : eto Stile dos vrveeintly, Long time ond is Cotta a wuclasil fate. Atoms excitil ato the Sanne tae x0tid for a time, Lolicly ir of tha wrote 0 156 4 152 Acc. This is 10? Xo 106 Dimes the Ue of the eudineny, encenpy Level. life Linres And Acleusre Thuretore tu motrdtable Atete accrmuletion ofa Alorge mumbo excitest Ataus ot thot Lewd The meTableatable state Cow enced she poprletior at a Lower Luk and ertablidle a Corclibints) pepuletim inversion bt tte Lasing mustiowEX Werlel be impossible te Create the Heke of” Peprlation ivversiov withent a wutethtadle Moke, Rebtable Atate Cow be obtained te a yet tt Boer ores Barter Cryst . There Could be no peprtation inversion anct Fence no katir action, if metattabl. ATeLt+ clo mot exiat.mortar the Pumping + For achiaving oma - i i Je we Condition Of populate twveraiow, iv . | wren chy halve embinourhy hs okies UM the a Yt Aowits dt rey wry hovel to tte Upper nergy cle be supplied ty bo Auphonr i “Pars pis ta tle proc 6 Aoppbywg rd ty othe Lae prwdivuy witty a wad Fo drawrder ir int) the Atoke “4 population tavernion!’ Thue ae a wumbr of dachmiyurs dor Jou pio bade a collectvow ef alwwwn ty ow inverba f 4. optient “pumping 2. Eleclrie olirchorae 3, trelastic atow - otiew cplliziny . Diieck Convevsiow LChumical heacliow 4. optical Pambing:- Be optical pumping he Wrrolioww excitecl Av-pp! i dumingus mw Fae Ore uta) Stl Aeupplicet Le Gla foro of Blwut flashes of “light. Maine uted optical 2HELevels of Laws Aetunwi< Thane’ ore chppeasnt Loveb of Laur actror 4. Two towel Losers 2. Three Leomt Larors a, Four Levrel Larors 4. Tivo devel LAWtt Law aetion taker place in Ture dowels &f onvrgry Ey mol Eg, the Lowel Eo being -Réghir, of 0 metastable tote ama Leer lovel €, being at table ground Lenk. Unoever thee cre actually more thar thu energy Level Tie pumbing, action, We munt raise a Large nountor of Spee ne eran excteal Atates. while pumping Abrrpitior ancl AbinnlTid emitiion Ce ae Anturalion ov equilibriouy Atage, the olurriby op peputation becomes Same ie atu kets ef Ey En EPumping Lovet —a_eee— &3 ~ Aadiive eee Upper Losing, level E, & Rempiv ey Laser ane ||» bw Grund ote | fi Greun ee . ee ¢ Be ye; A Type threes Lowel “Pum pie Achente cay oplteal pumping. &) Lasing action Whew te mecivus i Exposed 2 pumping frsqusn Racliallon, a Large numbrr of ations Wil be ex We tp Eq devel. However, olo net Atay ot that Levul fee but ° Aahiel Oweleryo oloumward Traviitions te the mela - ~ Att’ dtate Ey throughs now= Aadiatite Draritions, The otonu Ore Drapbeol ot this Leu as Aberlancous emintion ow tre dent Ep to deol ©) te fortislder, The Pumping Cotineres Ona tra Alsat te thee Wilhe a dorge accumulation ators ot the lel &, Whew torr thane help of the quent level ator Accumdtati at Er the population trverator Condibine & Achived betreew the tuo lencs €) and Er. Now a 7 Chance photay caw tigger AD iutetesl (. CUAL.tebe Laing lol &3 all TS EEL Pro bedingy Levl Ground state © E wy 6 e Fegun Atypical four Lemel pumping Seheore cay Pumping Coy Lansing Lewel acticr E,3 got Meade. Ey > Pumping dnd Eg Metadtirbhl State Ep > Normal excited Late bpahue av Light of pump preyuoaey Vp it inet om cites rr~ fhe dng nrcelivnr, the ots Wt €*% Ha grunt peeled tthe pumping. Awl Eq 2. The octews ot the Ey Leow tor omty obewt 416 9de0, ows qptey obvewp dow to the wretesteble din E3- 2 AS tbertinerus dramsifions frm atte Lent Ea fos Can wet take Place, tle atenes rapper ot the Lied 6, The population ot tae Lewd Es pm 4 The Low Ep b will above the tate Aucly Hhek €,- EN KT. Thrrtre, at wernt terprrtone atime i ae edie aes aes neAs a horuth th. tout Ey ieee emnphy. 5 htrctove, Peputetion laveradmu is ettaimal between the dowels Egand 9. New a two] hy = eamlttod C3 Ey ALimlatiol » QA chain sky tte bower taser demel Ey . 6. Frome tH Lewt Es, tle ations lurvol lorcet tharaiteos to 9 ogalin Avatteble ov -ekeitatyou q Abonla nro avr Ali otor “F Mp Caw Aor Crinrion, Pringing Tha odes buderto Yon = Araclioti ve Eq ond wal he ou. Comburraew heldeen 4- Lund ancl Lent Lares. 8 - dort @Bv the three-dewel humping Scheme, the Tivwunet lev of doa Dramritiow is Aimulloneed “hy the qreuncl Lens Thou tore, te achieve lou Curve vsion Mere tye ott °} te . GS. Tow dp be Pumped Lp te Upper Aarivg- dowel, Atel Hut No? Md. 2 As Humumbey Ef ates in Gs 6 very dora, : if Dd vequired io eroler te promote NL otis omsl catablishy the Vepuinel population tnversisn, @ Fo Care of 3- lowe pumping Sele wre, » v ence Akimutated enesrlerr Commences} the Pepetetron laversion Aeverts to aovmal population Corrclitien Laring Ceares As dom ads the excites Cowl’ A= Tonk @ or tte othatont, ta four -Luwk Pumping Scheme, tl tyminel dont of Laver sransition b vi emply ont Population inversion Comcilion & €atablilud even Ya Auralley winrber of ots Ornive at the Gpper dasing Lovell @ Rr Can of 4- Leet, the Corrclition ef “ tnversiow Can be ohel Wotheut tnterrepturs ont Lagu outpul L ebdaud - Thun, the Aerer Cptrwds tin cenrtinet atone .¢, boats were eet i ie estab oes ad y Wave(dw) mrode.© © ) eo» Goole nv Lown { Tovenbelel_ ter oseittation) Gain im a Lay A MEDAL of rows Welt @ medion’ amndolifies sphetions by Atimartateat emission. Ag she Light bounces back awd portly In ahe optical dumpliHitotior os well Reamater, bb Ww ash Att Vortor Losses. The Lesies peowrs mainly ols seo Ta snanniasion OF her ing ond the output wiltroy and oie to 40% active medium: MIdre® We can cldtemine the tered the change inter Q bene undrrgew a ae witli toate I ae 7 Lek us assume thet a Mo athe Lam nace y tT, eg qitts the Apace betooww Twe the mirrors M, and M2 - j + pwhieds rave hepleetivity rey re <—L ——> Acporattrel hy a oUiatance L. Let the ivitenaity of the Light bea iT. at mine? M,- Then, ia Davelliog, prow frre M, te mbvr M2, the T, to TOL) while u giver Hp Whine we eT ce G-v)L No ecaeecreeeeee @ hor yy Coefficient twa 4 2 ‘poss coe fpteunt Api a Complete ppund Dip tte qinot initinaidy Ut He GO) 2L Tev = Vite Te ¢ SiiePisiee o>)he D0 SL oT or gaer G edtanred olurtay, jmvd. Dib Yu a “Leo Ae eT (4) 2L G=% + __— @ Hus i tg > veprererts the Losses ot mauterd “> lene duu te Scattering, de} ractor gurl obes bt oceuting iw wuoslivne. The Lewes are balanced +4 gai, thew @ Ieu-T. : ue asgpiree that %e ero a) 2d7-4L < eeepc (4) Whe Toning Legoritians om bette Ailes, We get 2crae rly Ht os HY op ehh 1 V7 % 57 dann dn JE Troe 2b in Thin is Ware od the Cmelilinv osing. $4 shows hort dhe iilial gain ywat’ exceed ah Ati 9 the Lerses in the Cavity. Tis Cerditimn is used to datawine dhs tHhuaheld i value of fuumtog ery | daring ack Aa the wprun-ping- power & Alew ly Cacreasee, thu valus o Tit, Cotter thredlold Yalus iv ent ta eeed aaae Atats oscittating. The bo thresbell value Yr i grea by > Thresheld Cmrditicr fay Lamu Wer gars less — | Threshold ganis » > Tee Quality Fecton > Sine the mivou of & Law (In Cavite? Austin, foo Aw opts Pune cavity, “there are alivays Lovser arroctated curity 0nv4 Mode The ntain Lypes of Lows Mechaniyms Ot the Finite Act Leetivetica of mirror, Acattering urd absvrption ly the wrcdiver fitlin athe Acsonattor cavity ond othe oiffractree Apill - over whew the fils Unoluryors AtHediior tor the miners. This olissipatiow iv nergy ja ee ee clugftrneel ou _ We x Yur Atorsal tw the woods Q = wey clisipetic por Aecond in thak mods dusted iw tars vere Waele 2ITV,) Corveaporrdl ta the oscilla epeny > a meee. Y, WA) Aepresents the muy Atoud w rhe narod at time ct, the spr the olpixitiar of & © et Abet tho & we, we wn aQ ot Cregetine Aig Taken Co of the te Daly Qa lew w ergy - ba pein eppecion By He I dn) =- we me) At dwt) . war ——@ We) & ee equstinn ©, We ye”@ Wahine C4 Constant of Lulighectorr . Bet At t20 WitieWco) thew : rif leg, WCo) = - Wrote green a = _ Wo ene wie) z- Bett C ae lege we ———@ pr quinn © aud @, we get dey. WE) <- . t+ Lege Woo) d We) - dag Wee) c- Wey ® ‘I a deg, WEL 2 We ‘de ima 2 Boe Wr Na) aes cet Woo) a Na)= Woo € et —B) Thar Correapend a to an exbonentich olecay 4 try Wit) me d i Decay Lime:- The oletay tinge te ray be cleeined od athe Ume intrval flr watchs Hor teres Asdesces ty & Aims of Uh inchiok Value. The clicay me iA alto “Called partie cavity Ji Lines . Thind ore t= at we. 4 Woo) freon qtutinrg, We haw» Condi optiont Recohaters tA Mumple optical veroretor Fmirrets hoplect dhe Light again and again 2° provide ow opttcat feedback ond the Ap Toa ten act as aw eSerlatisy. Burs Thue are oltHerent compiprotcon of Aa cavitiu,a few of thew Commonly Used OL" 4. Fabry - Pret or Plane poral reser aT Sphuricat or Concentric Acaowetoy a 3. Cmtocal hermalor 4. Ummitenrfocal omel Hewidpluricnt herwator 4. Fabrp- fanst oy Plane- pana Resonetor s+ at constr of Ture plane wilarers facing eacts our. (Riz B=) el R p Fue - Pla parallel da vity Lermuctiy The Lungth of the cavity L must be dm i 0 mimo of day. tae ovata . Unbeyel den(4) (ww Ws positive ityev) ieee ces&® Spluucel or Conumtryic Resonatey i- it Conaitr of Two Abhirical miners with yet Dadi &. The Wires We Aeboratid le ditance A. The Centres ef Cuetec oF the miners C, Ond Co Coincide. ® Con ocak Recondter ;. St consti * tuo Aphuuical Wwarere Mj and Ma ep Aame Aacliut ef Cwrvatine (8), Acboraticl by a olistanee 1, The distance L is Auedv Hhit Ata tod 2) and $5 ef the wirrer comdle- Hance tHe Comte of Cunvalurs eof miner M; Hes e Hie fT aL R= Raz b= 24 Ghete f) Fypnsi- Confocal Resonator Me Abating, parallal to principal ab aut inet OM eitler sddes miner, ib daviatid Lowads tte tours)@® Covrbiratrionr ef Plane ane Sphurical beplactorn;- | Yt Comatets of a combinatior ef a -plans an Aphifeat Acfectors cad Homi eorfocal Resonators; 96 the Ae} ‘ etree Acfleetavs Is equal Xo focal Latte of Apludeat Ma My mMuUrsot. Egene be: “Howl emfocat Resonator (t=4) (b) Homidphuicat Resonatora Bg Acharatonr betweew ce mirrors Lr equal sto the Aadied *f mM, Mo ( 7 |Stable crrol Undtahle Resonator s- Al the tronaters ured fa Lorer Caw be grouped into tw Catrgerirs . They Could be Atable airel ot Unstable . Sr Atable Resoratoy, tte braw of Aight Morietly Avmaing Within the Ca vity A rwmater Can be dumed as dMable irhew og (- £)U-z) et Lthur R, and Ro Cre Aadii of curvatures of the miners, dud L > Lingtty of Covity @ Ce ey Pees av NLA Concextiie 8 cI) Fone: The Atiebcliby cliagrany ‘ SpUcal Mesonlens a) Fobsy - Pret Resonatey: RizRy =” (4,4) Wi) Ceneenhuie or Sphrial Resonalivs; Ry= Rie in (1-0 tit) Condocet Res omalivs’ y= Ry = 1 c,0) ily tere hotereler configuration Hut Lis bo tr Ahaded Regine Corresbord to a Ateble Conpipnatonrs Ps