Respiratory

System of the
Human Body
 01 Respiratory System
Respiratory 02 Respiratory System Organs

System 03 Breathing
Points to discuss: 04 Regulation of Breathing

05 Respiratory System Disorders

1.0) Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Exchanges gases between the body and outside air., this process is known as
respiration.
Consists of two parts:
1st part: oxygen in the air is drawn into the body and carbon dioxide is
released from the body through the respiratory tract. External Respiration
2nd part: the circulatory system delivers the oxygen to body cells and picks
up carbon dioxide from the cells in return. Internal Respiration
Respiratory System
Functions of the Respiratory System:
Supplies the body with oxyygen and disposes of carbon dioxide.
Filters air.
Contains receptors for smell.
Rids the body of some excess water and heat.
Helps regulate blood ph.
 Respiratory System
Cellular respiration Respiration
Metabolic process by which
cells obtain energy by Supplies the oxygen and takes
“burning” glucose. away the carbon dioxide.
Uses oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide.
2.0) Respiratory System
organs
Respiratory System Organs
The organs of the respiratory system that bring air into the body are
divided among the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.
Upper Respiratory Tract: the nose or nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth,
throat (pharynx), and voice box (larynx).
Lower Respiratory Tract: the windpipe (trachea) and within the
lungs, the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm.
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
It serves as an air passageway.
Its cilia and mucous membrane trap dust,
pollen, bacteria, and foreign matter.
It contains olfactory receptors, which smell
odors.
It aids in phonation and the quality of
voice.
sinuses
It warms and moistens inhaled air.
Hollow areas that are found between the
bones in a human body's head that
regulates the temperature and humidity of
the inhaled air.
Mouth
Opening that is often used for food
consumption and digestion, but also aides in
pulling in oxygen from outside the body.
Pharynx
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part
of the throat behind the mouth and nasal
cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea
(the tubes going down to the stomach and
the lungs).
A long tube that is shared with the digestive
system. Both food and air travel through the
pharynx.
Larynx
Also known as voice box.
Covered by the epiglottis, a flap of connective
tissue that prevents food from entering.
It contains the vocal cords, which allow us to
produce vocal sounds. Air passes through thin
tissues in the larynx, producing sound.
Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea
Also known as windpipe.
It is a long tube that leads down to the
chest.
It is lined with cilia (hair-like projections),
which sweep foreign matter out of the
pathway. It is only about 1 inch in
diameter and 4 ½ inches long.
Lungs
The lungs are two spongy organs
located in the thorax. They consist of
elastic tissue, filled with an interlacing
network of tubes and sacs that carry
air and blood vessels that carry blood.
Contain about 300 million alveoli sacs.
Bronchi
Is a passageway that connects the trachea
and the lungs.
Contain Hyaline cartilage, which prevents
them from collapsing.
It is divided in to two parts: the left and
right bronchus. Splits of into smaller
passageways called bronchioles.
Mucus in the bronchi traps any remaining
particles in air.
Bronchioles
Smaller passageways that connect the
bronchi to the alveolar ducts.
alveoli
Alveoli (singular, alveolus) are grape-like
clusters surrounded by networks of thin-
walled pulmonary capillaries.
The sites of gas exchange.
Diaphragm
Shaped like a parachute.
A muscle beneath the lungs that helps pull
and push air in and out of the lungs.
3.0)Breathing
Breathing
Sometimes called Pulmonary Ventilation. Breathing
is the phy
exchangin sical proc
Has two cyclic phases: g gases w ess of
chemical hilst resp
process t iration is
Inhalation h at ta k e a
level and s place at a
produces cellular
Exhalation energy.

The complex process of respiration includes these four steps:

1. Ventilation
2. Pulmonary gas exchange
3. Gas transport
4. Peripheral gas exchange
Breathing: Ventilation
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs. The lungs are the organs in which gas
exchange takes place between blood and air.
· Air enters the respiratory system through the nose.
· Next, the air passes through the pharynx, a long tube that is shared with the
digestive system. A flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes when food is
swallowed to prevent choking.
From the pharynx, air next passes through the larynx, or voice box. The larynx contains
vocal cords, which allow us to produce vocal sounds.
Breathing: Ventilation
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs. The lungs are the organs in which
gas exchange takes place between blood and air.
After the larynx, air moves into the trachea, or windpipe. This is a long tube that
leads down to the chest.
In the chest, the trachea divides as it enters the lungs to form the right and left
bronchi. The bronchi contain cartilage, which prevents them from collapsing. Mucus
in the bronchi traps any remaining particles in air.
Breathing: Ventilation
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs. The lungs are the organs in which gas
exchange takes place between blood and air.
Tiny, hair-like structures called cilia line the bronchi and sweep the particles and mucus
toward the throat so they can be expelled from the body.
Finally, air passes from the bronchi into smaller passages called bronchioles. The
bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Breathing: Pulmonary Gas Exchange
Pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of gases between inhaled air and the blood. It
occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. After you inhale, there is a greater concentration of
oxygen in the alveoli than in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries, so oxygen diffuses
from the alveoli into the blood across the capillaries. Carbon dioxide, in contrast, is more
concentrated in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses in
the opposite direction.
Breathing: Pulmonary Gas Exchange
Breathing: Gas Transport
After the blood in the pulmonary capillaries becomes saturated with
oxygen, it leaves the lungs and travels to the heart. The heart pumps
the oxygen-rich blood into arteries, which carry it throughout the
body. Eventually, the blood travels into capillaries that supply body
tissues. These capillaries are called peripheral capillaries.
Breathing: Peripheral Gas Exchange
The cells of the body have a much lower concentration of oxygen than does
the oxygenated blood in the peripheral capillaries. Therefore, oxygen diffuses
from the peripheral capillaries into body cells. Carbon dioxide is produced by
cells as a byproduct of cellular respiration, so it is more concentrated in the
cells than in the blood of the peripheral capillaries. As a result, carbon dioxide
diffuses in the opposite direction.
Breathing: Back to the Lungs
The carbon dioxide from body cells travels in the blood from the peripheral
capillaries to veins and then to the heart. The heart pumps the blood to
the lungs, where the carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli. Then, the
carbon dioxide passes out of the body through the other structures of the
respiratory system, bringing the process of respiration full circle.
Breathing: Gas Exchange and Homeostasis
Gas exchange is needed to provide cells with the oxygen they need for cellular
respiration. Cells cannot survive for long without oxygen. Gas exchange is also
needed to carry away carbon dioxide waste. Some of the carbon dioxide in the
blood dissolves to form carbonic acid, which keeps blood pH within a normal
range.
Blood pH may become unbalanced if the rate of breathing is too fast or too
slow. When breathing is too fast, blood contains too little carbon dioxide and
becomes too basic. When breathing is too slow, blood contains too much carbon
dioxide and becomes too acidic. Clearly, to maintain proper blood pH, the rate of
breathing must be regulated.
4.0)Regulation of
Breathing
How Breathing Occurs
Inhaling is an active movement that results from the contraction of a muscle called
the diaphragm. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribcage expands and the
contents of the abdomen move downward. This results in a larger chest volume, which
decreases air pressure inside the lungs. With lower air pressure inside than outside
the lungs, air rushes into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, the opposite events
occur. The volume of the chest cavity decreases, air pressure inside the lungs
increases, and air flows out of the lungs, like air rushing out of a balloon.
Control of Breathing
The regular, rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm are controlled by the brain stem. It
sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm through the autonomic nervous system. The brain
stem monitors the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. If the level becomes too high, it
“tells” the diaphragm to contract more often. Breathing speeds up, and the excess carbon
dioxide is released into the air. The opposite events occur when the level of carbon dioxide
in the blood becomes too low. In this way, breathing keeps blood pH within a narrow
range.
5.0)respiratory system
diseases
Respiratory System Disorders
ASTHMA
· A disease in which the air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow,
often with excessive mucus production. This causes difficulty breathing, coughing,
and chest tightness. An asthma attack may be triggered by allergens, strenuous
exercise, stress, or other factors.
Respiratory System Disorders
PNEUMONIA
A disease in which some of the alveoli of the lungs fill with fluid so gas
exchange cannot occur. Symptoms usually include coughing, chest pain, and
difficulty breathing. Pneumonia may be caused by an infection or injury of
the lungs.
Respiratory System Disorders
EMPHYSEMA
A lung disease in which walls of the alveoli break down so less gas can be
exchanged in the lungs. This causes shortness of breath. The damage to the
alveoli is usually caused by smoking and is irreversible.
Causes Respiratory System Diseases
Many respiratory diseases are caused by pathogens. Certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi
are pathogens of the respiratory system. The common cold and flu are caused by viruses.
Air pollution is another significant cause of respiratory disease. The quality of the air you
breathe can affect the health of your lungs. Asthma, heart and lung diseases, allergies,
and several types of cancers are all linked to air quality. Air pollution is not just found
outdoors; indoor air pollution can also be responsible for health problems.
Causes Respiratory System Diseases
Smoking is the most significant cause of respiratory disease as well as cardiovascular
disease and cancer. Exposure to tobacco smoke by smoking or by breathing air that
contains tobacco smoke is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States.
Regular smokers die about 10 years earlier than nonsmokers. The Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) describes tobacco use as "the single most important
preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of
[early] death worldwide."
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