Spanish Adjectives and Adverbs List

absolutely absolutamente more más

active activo most el más
bad malo much mucho
badly mal narrow estrecho
beautiful hermoso nice simpático
best el mejor polite correcto
better mejor poor pobre
bitter amargo pretty lindo, bonito
cheerful alegre punctual puntual
clearly claramente rapidly rápidamente
clever listo rich rico
correctly correctamente sensitive sensible
difficult difícil serious serio
easily fácilmente short corto
easy fácil shy tímido
fat gordo small pequeño
friendly amable soft blando
good bueno sour agrio
good bueno strong fuerte
great grande sweet dulce
greater mayor the best el mejor
hard duro the greatest el mayor
heavy pesado the least el menor
high, tall alto the worst el peor
large grande thin delgado
least el menos ugly feo
less menos weak débil
light ligero well bien
little poco wide ancho
long largo witty gracioso
loving cariñoso worse peor
low, short bajo worst el peor

Spanish Reflexive Verbs

to bathe bañarse to get up levantarse
to be happy alegrarse to go to bed acostarse
to be surprised sorprenderse to have a good time divertirse
to break (arm, leg) quebrarse to hurt oneself lastimarse
to brush (hair, teeth) cepillarse to make up one's mind decidirse
to burn (oneself, one's body) quemarse to put on (clothes) ponerse
to calm down calmarse to put on makeup maquillarse
to cheer up animarse to put on makeup pintarse
to comb (hair) peinarse to say goodbye to despedirse
to cut (hair, nails) cortarse to shave afeitarse
to fall (down) caerse to sit down sentarse
to fall asleep dormirse to stay, remain quedarse
to get a job colocarse to take a shower ducharse
to get angry enojarse to take off (clothes) quitarse
to get bored aburrirse to tear (clothes) to break (arm, leg) romperse
to get dressed vestirse to try on probarse
to get ready arreglarse to wake up despertarse
to get scared asustarse to wash (up) lavarse
to get sick enfermarse to worry preocuparse
to get tired cansarse

Plural in Spanish
When a word is ending in an unstressed vowel add the letter s. like in: la casa - las casas, la picina - las picinas.
When a word is ending in a consonant add the letters es. el señor - los señores, la ciudad - las ciudades.
When a word is ending in s preceded by an unstressed vowel generally the plural stays the same in both singular and plural:
el lunes (Monday) - los lunes (Mondays), la crisis (the crisis), las crisis (the crises).
When a word is ending in z change the ending zes to ces. el pez (fish) - los peces(fish), el juez (the judge) - los jueces (judges), la luz
( the light) - las luces (the lights).
When a word is ending in n in an unstressed syllable add an accent to the appropriate vowel to maintain the correct stress:
el examen (the exam) los exámenes (exams).
When a word is ending with a y the plural will need -es even if the y is a vowel, due to the phonetic nature of the word: el rey (the
king) - los reyes (kings).

Don't get confused to see all these exceptions, 95 % of the Spanish words follow the first rule, which is simply: add -s to a word
ending in a vowel, and -es to a word ending in a consonant.

Summery:
It’s easy to make the plural out of singular, from both masculine and plural, the table below will refresh what you just learned, note
that these rules can be applied on adjectives as well.

Nouns in Spanish
When a noun ends in a vowel, add -s. libro libros
coche coches
radio radios
When a noun ends in any consonant except –z. señor señores
ley leyes
mes meses
When a noun ends in a -z, change the -z to a -c and add -es. luz luces
juez jueces
vez veces

In Spanish there are three categories of verbs:

-ar verbs (like hablar, to speak),

-er verbs (like comer, to eat),
-ir verbs (like vivir, to live),

In regular verbs the ending is identical and you can simply follow a specific rule to conjugate them all, we will take the present
indicative as an example of conjugating regular verbs, since it's the tense used most, for example hablar (to talk), comer (to eat), and
vivir (to live), the present indicative forms are made by removing the infinitive ending of the verb (-ar, -er or -ir) and replacing it with
an ending that indicates who is performing the action of the verb:

Spanish Verbs
Stem +(-o, -as,-a, -amos, -áis, -an ) for verbs ending in -ar.
Stem +(-o, -es,-e, -emos,-éis,-en) for verbs ending in -er.
Stem +(-o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en) for verbs ending in -ir.

The best thing about regular verbs is that you can apply the above rules (endings) to all regular verbs, it's important to know
the stem of the verb so that you can add the endings to it, like the stem of hablar is habl, comer: com, vivir: viv. I speak = yo
+habl+o = yo hablo. You can have a look at the table below and see the endings of each verb, it includes a list of: present participle,
past participle, present indicative, preterit indicative, Imperfect indicative, future indicative, imperative (Commands).

Spanish Regular Verbs

Verb Pr Part Pa Part Present Preterite Imperfect Future Imperative
Reg (- hablando hablado hablo,as,a,amos,an hablé,aste,ó, hablaba,s,-,mos,n hablaré,ás,á, habla, habl
ar) amos,aron emos,án
Reg (-er) comiendo comido como,es,e,emos,en comí,iste,ió, comía,s,-,mos,n comeré,ás,á, come,come
imos,ieron emos,án
Reg (-ir) viviendo vivido vivo,es,e,imos,en viví,iste,ió, vivía,s,-,mos,n viviré,ás,á, vive,vivid
imos,ieron emos,án

The tables below are more detailed, and treat each tense separately; we will start with the present tense:

Spanish Present Tense

Present yo (I) tú(you) Ud./él/ella(he/she) nosotros/as(we) vosotros/as(you) Uds./ellos/ellas(they/you
indicative(Presente formal)
de indicativo):
hablar: -o, -as,-a, hablo hablas habla hablamos habláis hablan
-amos,-áis,-
an
comer: -o, -es,-e, como comes come comemos coméis comen
-emos,-éis,-
en
Vivir: -o, -es,-e, vivo vives vive vivimos vivís viven
-imos,-ís,-en

Now we will have a look at the preterit, which is equal to the past tense, look at the table and examine the changes that occur with
each verbs category:

Spanish Past Tense (preterit)

Preterit indicative yo tú Ud./él/ella nosotros/as vosotros/as Uds./ellos/ellas
(Pretérito de indicativo):
hablar: -é, -aste, -ó, hablé hablaste habló hablamos hablasteis hablaron
-amos,-asteis,-
aron
comer: -í, -iste, -ió, comí comiste comió comimos comisteis comieron
-imos, -isteis,-
ieron
vivir: -í, -íste,-íó, viví viviste vivió vivimos vivisteis vivieron
-imos,-isteis,-
ieron

Another tense which is very easy is the future tense, you don’t have to worry about the stem here, you can take the whole Spanish
verb and add the future endings to it and that would be it:

Future Tense in Spanish

Future indicative yo tú Ud./él/ella Nosotros/as Vosotros/as Uds./ellos/ellas
(Futuro de indicativo)
hablar: -é, -ás, -á hablaré hablarás hablará hablaremos hablaréis hablarán
-emos,-éis,-án
comer: : -é, -ás, -á comeré comerás comerá comeremos comeréis comerán
-emos,-éis,-án
vivir: : -é, -ás, -á viviré vivirás vivirá viviremos viviréis vivirán
-emos,-éis,-án

Now we will see the Imperative in Spanish, which is also very easy, because it has only two different categories of endings, look at
the table below:

Spanish Imperfect
Imperfect indicative yo tú Ud./él/ella Nosotros/as Vosotros/as Uds./ellos/ellas
(Imperfecto de indicativo):
hablar: -aba,-abas,-aba hablaba hablabas hablaba hablábamos hablabais hablaban
-ábamos,-
abais,ablan
comer: -ía,-ías,-ía, comía comías comía comíamos comíais comían
-íamos,-íais,-ían
vivir: -ía,-ías,-ía, vivía vivías vivía vivíamos vivíais vivían
-íamos,-íais,-ían

The present perfect is another Spanish tense which is very important, and used often as well, the good news is that it’s easy to form,
have a look at the table:

Spanish Present Perfect

Present perfect indicative yo tú Ud./él/ella Nosotros/as vosotros/as Uds./ellos/e
(Presente perfecto de indicativo):
hablar: he –ado,has –ado, ha –ado he hablado has hablado ha hablado hemos hablado habéis hablado han hablado
hemos –ado, habéis –ado, han -ado
comer: he –ido,has –ido, ha –ido he comido has comido ha comido hemos comido habéis comido han comido
hemos –ido, habéis –ido, han -ido
vivir: he –ido,has –ido, ha –ido he vivido has vivido ha vivido hemos vivido habéis vivido han vivido
hemos –ido, habéis –ido, han -ido

And finally the imperative or commands in Spanish, a fun to learn mood, and can be very useful, especially if you like giving orders
Spanish Imperative (Commands)
Commands tú Vosotros/as usted ustedes
(Mandatos):
hablar: -a,-ad,-e,-en ¡Habla! ¡Hablad! ¡Hable! ¡Hablen!
No –es,-éis,-e,-en ¡No hables! ¡No habléis! ¡No hable! ¡No hablen!
comer: -e, -ed, -a, -an ¡Come! ¡Comed! ¡Coma! ¡Coman!
No –as,-áis,-a,-an ¡No comas! ¡No comáis! ¡No coma! ¡No coman!
vivir: -e, -ed, -a, -an ¡Vive ¡Vivid! ¡Viva! ¡Vivan!
No –as,-áis,-a,-an ¡No vivas! ¡No viváis! ¡No viva! ¡No vivan!
to others, try to memorize it, it’s tricky, because you will have to do some switching, examine the table below, and write down the
endings that each verbs category take:

I hope you have learned from this page to deal with the Spanish verbs in different tenses, especially: the regular verbs, present tense,
past tense, Spanish future tense, imperfect, Spanish present perfect, and the imperative.

Spanish Definite Articles

Unlike English, which has only one definite article, which is “the", Spanish has 4 definite articles:

Spanish Definite Articles

Singular Plural

Masculine el los

Feminine la las

El Hombre (the man), Los Chicos (the boys)

La Mujer (the woman), Las Chicas (the girls)
El libro es rojo (the book is red)
La casa es grande (the house is big)
Los amigos de mi padre (the friends of my father)
Las chicas altas (the tall girls)

Generally you can use the Spanish definite articles the same way you use it in English, however there are some exceptions when
definite articles are used in Spanish but not in English and vice versa, here are some examples:

Spanish is the language of Spain = el español es la lengua de España.

I’m going to school on Monday = Voy a la escuela el lunes.
President Juan Carlos lives in Madrid = el presidente Juan Carlos vive en Madrid.

Napoleon segundo = Napoleon the second

The exceptions are not very common, and they can be learnt with practice, so no worries!

Spanish Indefinite Articles

While we have (a / an / some) in English as indefinite articles, we also have un/ una. unos/ unas in Spanish .
In general, whenever un or una are used in Spanish, you need to use "a" or "an" to say the equivalent in English.

Un libro = a book
Una casa = a house
Unos amigos = some friends
Unas casas = some houses
The table below shows when they should be used according to the gender and number:

Spanish Indefinite Articles

 Singular Plural

Masculine un unos

Feminine una unas

Sometimes Spanish seems to avoid using the indefinite articles in many places while English does like in occupations, affiliation,
religion, before otro (other), after con (with) and sin (without), usually after tener (have)/ llevar (wear)...etc here are some
examples:
Soy professor = I'm a professor
¿Eres musulmán? = Are you a Muslim?
Es artista = he is an artist
Compré otro coche = I bought another car
Escribo con lápiz = I write with a pencil
Trabajo sin descanso = I work without a break
No tengo carro = I don't have a car
Ella lleva camisa gris = She wears a gray shirt
¿Tienes hija? = Do you have a daughter?

If you're a new learner of Spanish, don't worry about these exceptions, first of all because they're not very common compared to the
rule, and also because you will have a spontaneous reaction to when to use the articles and when not to just with the frequent use and
practice of Spanish. Now what you need to worry about is to memorize these easy rules in the summery section.

Summery of Spanish Articles:

Definite Articles:

Spanish Definite Articles

Singular Plural

Masculine el los

Feminine la las

Indefinite Articles:

Spanish Indefinite Articles

Singular Plural

Masculine un unos

Feminine una unas

Adverbs (adverbios)are invariable words that modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs can provide additional
information aboutmanner, quantity, frequency, time, or place. Many adverbs are formed from adjectives, by adding the suffix
-mente to the feminine singular form, the same way we add (-ly) to an adjective in English. Adverbs explain when, how, where, how
often, or to what degree something is done. There is a list of the most common adverbs at the bottom of this page.

Positions of Spanish Adverbs:

- If a Spanish adverb is modifying a verb, we place the adverb after the verb: jugas bien (you play well)
- No adverb can be put between two verbs like in English, it should be placed after the two verbs: vamos a jugar aquí (let's play
here)
- When an adverb is modifying another adverb or an adjective, the adverb will be placed before the adverb/ adjective it modifies:
- escribes muy bien (you write very well) - yo estoy siempre orgulloso de mi país (I'malways proud of my country)
So the easiest part is to change adjectives into adverbs by simply adding ~mente. Here is an example of how to change an adjective to
an adverb:
- Su herida está grave (her wound is serious) becomes - Ella está gravemente herida (She is seriously wounded.)

In a series of adverbs, only the last one takes the -mente suffix, while the other adverbs have the form of feminine adjectives:
El intérprete debe pensar clara, rápida y correctamente. (The interpreter should thinkclearly, quickly and correctly.)

Summery of Spanish Adverbs:

 To form an adverb from an adjective in Spanish we simply add (~mente) to the Spanish adjective, just like how we add (~ly) to the
adjective in English.
Adjective lento (slow) becomes adverb lentamente (slowly): puedes hablar lentamente?(Can you speak slowly?)
There are adverbs that don't have anything to do with adjectives, like aquí (here), bien (well), despacio (slowly)... if you scroll down
you will see a long list of adverbs related & non related to adjectives, they’re used very often, so it would be very helpful to
memorize them! Good luck!

List of Adverbs:

SPANISH ADVERBS
MANNER ADVERBS QUANTITY ADVERBS

(adjective)+mente (adjective)+ly apenas hardly, barely

alto loudly bastante quite, enough
bajo softly casi almost
bien well demasiado too much
mal poorly más more
mejor better menos less
peor worse mucho a lot
muy very
FREQUENCY ADVERBS poco few, little
tanto so/as much/many
a veces sometimes
frecuentemente often TIME ADVERBS
nunca never
raramente rarely actualmente currently
siempre always ahora now
anteayer the day before yesterday
PLACE ADVERBS ayer yesterday
cuando when
abajo below, downstairs después after
acá here, over here entonces next, then
adentro in, inside hoy today
afuera outside luego soon
alguna parte somewhere mañana tomorrow
allá over there mientras while
allí there por fin finally
aquí here pronto soon
arriba above, upstairs tarde late
cerca nearby temprano early
delante ahead todavía still, yet
detrás behind ya already
donde where
encima above, on top POINT OF VIEW ADVERBS
enfrente in front of
fuera outside personalmente personally
todas partes everywhere quizás perhaps
evidentemente obviously
NEGATION ADVERBS
INTERROGATION ADVERBS
jamás never
ni neither ¿adónde? To where?
no no ¿cómo? How?
 nunca nunca ¿cuándo? When?
tampoco neither ¿cuánto? How much/many?
¿dónde? Where?
INCLUSION ADVERBS ¿porque? Why?

además moreover
aún still, yet
tambien also, too

An adjective(adjetivo) in Spanishor in English is a word used to describe a noun (like size, color, shape...). If you already have an
idea about adjectives you can scroll down to the Summery to refresh your memory, otherwise you can start with us from here:
An adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Similar to nouns, an adjective usually end in (~o)
for masculine (plural ~os), and (~a) for feminine (plural ~as):

Spanish Adjectives
singular plural singular plural
masculine blanco blancos alto altos
feminine blanca blancas alta altas

-Un hombre alto (a tall man) -Unos hombres altos ( tall men) -Muchos libros (many books)
-Una casa pequeña (a small house) - Unas chicas peligrosas (some dangerous girls) -Muchas cosas (many things)

There are also some adjectives whose masculine singular ends in a consonant and form the feminine by adding -a:
Un amigo frances (a French friend - male-)
Una amiga francesa (a French friend -female-)

Some other adjectives ending in a consonant take the same form for both masculine and feminine:
un chico joven (a young boy)
una chica joven (a young girl)
unos cantantes populares (some popular singers)
unas canciones populares (some popular songs)
Usually descriptive adjectives follow the nouns they modify:
una ciudad limpia (a clean city).
But the tricky part is that Spanish adjectives are different from English adjectives, in English adjectives are found before the noun they
modify, while in Spanish usually they're foundafter the noun they modify. And also because in Spanish the adjectives agree in
gender and number with the noun they modify.

When they precede the noun, such adjectives change meaning, acquiring a less literal sense:
El mendigo es un hombre pobre. (A beggar is a poor man.)
But: El pobre hombre tiene muchos problemas (The poor guy has many problems)
See how the position can define the meaning intended in the sentence. The first “pobre” means someone who doesn’t have money, but
the second “pobre” means someone who deserve pity, and has nothing to do with money.

In most cases adjectives precede the nouns they modify whenever they:
- Express an essential quality:
la dulce miel (the sweet honey)
las verdes hojas (the green leaves)
- Point out, limit or quantify:
este perro (this dog)
su hija (his/ her daughter)
menos caliente (less hot)
tres manzanas (three apples)

Adjectives can be used as nouns, in that case they take a definite article:
Los pobres tienen muchos problemas. (Poor people have many problems.)

Adjectives are occasionally used adverbially:

Jose vive feliz en su granja. (Jose lives happily in his farm.)
So in short these are some rules to follow about the Spanish Adjectives:
Most Spanish adjectives end in (-o), and in order to make them feminine, change the o to an (-a), to make them plural, add -os (plural
masculine); or -as (plural feminine).
When the adjective ends in (-a) or (-e), no difference will be made between the masculine and feminine form, and the plural is
created by adding (–s).
- pobre ( for both masc & fem singular) - pobres ( for both masc & fem plural)
- egoísta ( for both masc & fem singular) - egoístas ( both genders in plural)
When an adjective ends in any consonant except r, or z, there will be no difference between the masculine and feminine forms,
and the plural can be created by adding -es.
- débil (for both genders in singular) - débiles (for both genders in plural).
When an adjective ends with z, no difference will be made to both genders in singular,but in the plural we have to switch z to c and
then add the usual -es.
- feliz ( for both genders) - felices ( for both genders in plural)
When an adjective ends in r, the feminine is formed by adding an (-a), the masculine plural by adding -es and the feminine plural by
adding -as.
- encantador ( masc singular) - encantadora (fem singular) - encantadores (masc plural) - encantadoras (fem plural)
At the end of this page you will find a list of the most used 101 adjectives.

Summery of Spanish Adjectives:

This is basically what you need to remember about adjectives, and the four forms they take:
Most Spanish adjectives end in o. To make them feminine, change the o to an a. To make them plural, add -os (plural masculine) or
-as (plural feminine).

Spanish Adjectives
singular plural singular plural
masculine blanco blancos alto altos
feminine blanca blancas alta altas

This is a list of some adjectives that you might find useful:

List of Adjectives in Spanish

ambitious ambicioso Chinese chino/ china
American americano/ americana comical, funny cómico
annoying pesado conceited presumido
argumentative discutidor conservative conservador
bad malo/ mala conventional convencional
bad-tempered malhumorado coward cobarde
beautiful hermoso/ hermosa crazy, nuts loco, chiflado
big, large grande cruel cruel
blonde rubio/ rubia difficult, hard difícil
boring aburrido disagreeable antipático
brave valiente dull, boring soso, aburrido
brunette, tanned skin moreno/ morena easy fácil
carefree despreocupado English inglés/ inglésa
careless descuidado, poco cuidadoso fat gordo/ gorda
cautious prudente, cauteloso, cauto; few, a little poco
certain cierto French francés/ francésa
charming encantador frequent frecuente
cheerful alegre, jovial friendly amigable, agradable
pious piadoso mean tacaño
polite cortés, educado modest modesto
poor pobre moody de humor cambiante
possible posible naive ingenuo, inocentón
pretty bonito/ bonita narrow-minded de mentalidad
cerrada, intolerante
professional profesional new nuevo/ nueva
proud orgulloso nice (person) simpático/ simpática
rapid, fast rápido old viejo / vieja
realistic realista open-minded de actitud abierta,
sin prejuicios
recent reciente perfect perfecto
reliable fiable, confiable personal personal
rich rico/ rica fun, amusing divertido
sad triste general general
self-confident seguro de sí mismo generous generoso
selfish egoísta German alemán/ alemána
sensitive sensible good bueno/ buena
shy - introverted tímido, vergonzoso - introvertido handsome guapo/ guapa
silly, dumb tonto/ tonta hard-working trabajador
skinny flaco/ flaca high, tall alto/ alta
slender, slim delgado/ delgada honest honesto
slow lento intelligent inteligente
small chiquita interesting interesante
Spanish español/ española kind amable
strict estricto, severo, riguroso laid-back tranquilo, relajado
strong fuerte lazy perezoso, vago
stubborn terco, testarudo, tozudo little, small pequeño/ pequeña
sympathetic comprensivo low, short bajo/ baja
(understanding)
talkative conversador, hablador loyal fiel
trustworthy digno de confianza weak débil
two-faced, fake falso weird raro, extraño
ugly feo/ fea white blanco
various diverso young joven

In Spanish there are regular, semiregular and irregular verbs. We already know regular verbs. Semiregular verbs are verbs having
slight modifications in their spelling, just so that they can sound phonetically easy to pronounce, like the verb pagar (to pay) yo pago
(I pay), in the past instead of writing yo pagé, we added a (u) after the g so that it would still sound [g] like in pago I bought= yo
pagué, and not like [j] if we wrote pagé. Irregular verbs are verbs which don't follow standard rules of conjugation in the different
verb tenses. The bad news is that they're the most used verbs. So you need to focus on them more, the good news is that you can
become familiar with them easily. We will deal with semiregular and irregular as a one subject, because semiregular verbs are
considered somehow irregular too.
Here we will go through types of irregularity:
-First person singular present with g: decir (to say), I say= digo. caer (to fall), I fall= caigo. hacer (to do), I do= hago. salir (to go out),
I go out= saglo...
-First person present g changes to j: escoger (to choose), I choose= escojo. corrigir (to correct), I correct= corrijo.
-Stem changes in the third person singular present (e -> ie): negar (to deny), he denies= niega. cerrar (to close), he closes= cierra.
pensar (to think), he think=piensa
-Stem changes in the third person singular present (o -> ue): jugar (to play), he plays= juega. mostrar (to show), he shows= muestra.
dormir (to sleep),he sleeps=duerme
-Stem changes in the third person singular present (e -> i): decir (to say), he says= dice. medir (to measure), he measures= mide.
-When we add an e to the last letter of the stem c then (c -> qu): platicar (to chat), I chatted= platiqué. bloacar (to block), I blocked=
bloqué.
-When we add an e to the last letter of the stem z then (z-> c): lanzar (to throw) I threw= lancé.
-When we add an a or o to the last letter of the stem c then (c ->zc): conocer (to know) I know= conozco.

Click Here to see a list of about 200 irregular verbs, and the pattern they follow.
These are some common irregular verbs in Spanish (check the table below to see how they are conjugated): abrir, andar, caer, cerrar,
conocer, creer, dar, decir, dormir, empezar, encontrar, escoger, estoy, hacer, ir, jugar, leer, llegar, mirar, oír, olvidar, pagar, pedir,
pensar, perder, poder, poner, quedar, querer, saber, sacar, salir, seguir, sentir, ser, tener, traer, valer, venir, ver, volver.

Smart List of Irregular Verbs in Spanish

This list contains most of the common modifications that occur to verbs, it may seem confusing, but this is the easiest way to learn
how a verb is modified, especially once you get used to the table.
-Underlined words: refer to the stem of a verb; the root of the verb that you should keep, and modify only what comes after that stem.
-Words in bold: means that the word is conjugated in an irregular way and maybe that was the reason why it was put in this irregular
list.
-Abbreviations: (pr part= present participle), (pa part= past participle), (Imperative has two conjugations in this table the first one is
for tú, the second word is for él).

Spanish Irregular Verbs

 Verb Pr Part * Pa Part * Present Preterite Imperfect Future Imperative *
abrir abriendo abierto abro,es,e,imos,en abrí,iste,ió,imos,ieron abría,s,-,mos,n abriré,ás,á,emos,án abre,abra
andar andando andado ando,as,a,amos,an anduve,iste,o,imos,ieron andaba,s,-,mos,n andaré,ás,á,emos,án anda,andad
caer cayendo caído caigo,caes,-,mos,n caí,ste,cayo,mos,cayeron caía,s,-,mos,n caeré,ás,á,emos,án cae,caiga
cerrar cerrando cerrado cierro,as,a,cerramos,an cerré,aste,ó,amos,aron cerraba,s,-,mos,n cerraré,ás,á,emos,áncierra,cierre
conocer conociendo conocido conozco,es,e,mos,en conocí,iste,ió,imos,ieron conocía,s,-,mos,nconoceré,ás,á,emos, conoce,zca
án
creer creyendo creíndo creo,es,e,emos,en, creí,ste,creyó,mos,creyeron creía,s,-,mos,n creeré,ás,á,emos,án cree,crea
dar dando dado doy,das,a,mos,n di,ste,o,mos,eron daba,s,-,mos,n daré,ás,á,emos,án da,dad
decir diciendo dicho digo,dices,-,decimos,n dije,iste,o,imos,eron decía,s,-,mos,n diré,ás.á,emos,án di,decid
dormir durmiendo dormido duermo,es,e,o-imos,endormí,iste,durmió,imos,u-ieron dormía,s,-,mos,n dormiré,ás,á,emos,á duerme,dormid
n
empezar empezando empezado empiezo,as,a,ezamos,n empecé,empezaste,ó,amos,aron empezaba,s,-,mo empezaré,ás,á,emos empieza,ce
s,n ,án
escoger esogiendo escogido escojo,ges,e,gemos,gen escogí,iste,ió,imos,ieron escogía,s,-,mos,n Escogeré,ás,á,emos, Escoge,escoja
án
encontrar encontrando encontado encuentro,as,a,o-mos,an encontré,aste,ó,amos,aron encontaba,s,-,mo encontré,ás,á,emos, encuentra,e
s,n án
escribir escribiendo escrito escribo,es,e,imos,en escribí,iste,ió,imos,ieron escribía,s,-,mos,nescribiré,ás,á,emos, escribe,escriba
án
estoy estando estado estoy,as,a,amos,an estuve,iste,o,imos,ieron estaba,s,-,amos,a estaré,ás,á,emos,án esta,estad
n
hacer haciendo hecho hago,haces,-,mos,n, hice,iste,hizo,imos,ieron hacía,s,-,mos,n haré,ás,á,emos,án haz,haced
ir yendo ido voy,vas,a,mos,n fui,iste,e,imos,eron iba,s,-,mos,n iré,ás,á,emos,án ve,id
jugar jugando jugado juego,as,a,jugamos,an jugué,aste,ó,amos,aron jugaba,s,-,mos,n jugaré,ás,á,emos,án juega,juegue
leer leyendo leído leo,es,e,emos,en leí,ste,leyó,mos,leyeron leía,s,-,mos,n leeré,ás,á,emos,án lee,lea
llegar llegando llegado llego,as,a,amos,an llegué,llegaste,ó,amos,aron llegaba,s,-,mos,n llegaré,ás,á,emos,án llega,llegue
mirar mirando mirado miro,as,s,amos,an miré,aste,ó,amos,aron miraba,s,-,mos,n miraré,ás,á,emos,án mira,mire
oír oyendo oído oigo,oyes,-,oímos,n oí,ste,oyo,mos,oyeron oía,s,-,mos,n oiré,ás,á,emos,án oye,oíd
olvidar olvidando olvidado olvido,as,a,amos olvidé,aste,ó,amos,aron olvidaba,s,-,mos, olvidaré,ás,á,emos,á olvida,olvide
n n
pedir pidiendo pedido pido,es,e,pedimos,piden pedí,iste,pidió,imos,pidieron pedía,s,-,mos,n pediré,ás,á,emos,án pide,pida
pagar pagando pagado Pago,as,a,amos,an Pagué,aste,ó,amos,aron Pagaba,s,-,mos,n Pagaré,ás,á,emos,án Paga, pague
pensar pensando pensado pienso,as,a,pensamos,an pensé,aste,ó,amos,aron pensaba,s,-,mos, pensaré,ás,á,emos,á piensa,piense
n n
perder perdiendo pedrido pierdo,es,e,perdemos,en perdí,iste,ió,imos,ieron perdía,s,-,mos,n perderé,ás,á,emos,.á pierde,pierda
n
poder podiendo podido puedo,es,e,podemos,en pude,iste,o,imos,ieron podía,s,-,mos,n podré,ás,á,emos,án puede,pueda
poner poniendo puesto pongo,pones,-,mos,en puse,iste,o,imos,ieron ponía,s,-mos,n pondré,ás,á,emos,á pon,poned
n
quedar quedando quedado quedo,as,a,amos,an quedé,aste,ó,amos,aron quedaba,s,-,mos, quedaré,ás,á,emos,á queda,quede
n n
querer queriendo querido quiero,es,e,queremos,en quise,iste,o,imos,ieron quería,s,-,mos,n querré,ás,á,emos,á quiere,quered
n
saber sabiendo sabido sé, sabes,-,mos,en supe,iste,o,imos,ieron sabía,s,-,mos,n sabré,ás,á,emos,án sabe,sabed
sacar sacando sacado saco,as,a,amos,an saque, sacaste,ó,amos,aron sacaba,s,-,mos,n sacaré,ás,á,emos,án saca,saque
salir saliendo salido salgo, sales,e,imos,en salí,iste,ío,imos,ieron salía,s,-,mos,n saldré,ás,á,emos,án sal,salga
seguir siguiendo seguido sigo,ues,ue,seguimos,uen seguí,iste,siguió,imos,siguieron seguía,s,-,mos,n seguiré,ás,á,emos,á sigue,siga
n
sentir sintiendo sentido siento,es,e,sentimos,en sentí,iste,sintió,imos,sintieron sentía,s,-,mos,n sentiré,ás,á,emos,án siente,sienta
ser siendo sido soy,eres,es,somos,son fui,iste,e,imos,eron era,s,-,mos,n seré,ás,á,emos,án sé, sed
tener teniendo tenido tengo,tienes,-,tenemos,n tuve,iste,o,imos,ieron tenía,s,-,mos,n tendré,ás,á,emos,ánten,tened
traer trayendo traído traigo,traes,-,mos,n traje,iste,o,imos,ieron traía,s,-,mos,n traeré,ás,á,emos,án trae,traed
valer valiendo valido valgo,vales,e,emos,en valí,iste,ió,imos,ieron valía,s,-,mos,n valdré,ás,á,emos,án vale/val,valga
 venir viniendo venido vengo,vienes,-,venimos,n vine,iste,o,imos,ieron venía,s,-,mos,n vendré,ás,á,emos,á ven,venga
n
ver viendo visto veo,s,-,mos,n vi,ste,o,mos,eron veía,s,-,mos,n veré,ás,á,emos,án ve,vea
volver volviendo vuelto vuelvo,es,e,volvemos,en volví,iste,ió,imos,ieron volvía,s,-,mos,n volveré,ás,á,emos,á vuelve,vuelva
n

A Pronoun in Spanish as well as in English is like a shortcut to refer to a noun, a word that stands for or represents a noun or noun
phrase, a pronoun is identified only in the context of the sentence in which they are used. So you must have a prior idea about who "he
or she" "él or ella" is. In English we find "me, her, what, that, his", In Spanish they're used pretty much the same way, the main
difference is that in Spanish most pronouns have a gender, masculine or feminine and rarely neuter to unknown objects or ideas.

Types of pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken
about), indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the
object of a verb is being acted on by verb's subject).

This table below shows examples of all pronouns categories in Spanish:

Spanish Pronouns
Type of Pronouns Use Examples in Spanish (English)
Subject Replaces the subject of a Yo (I), tú (you), él (he), ella (she),nosotros (we), ellos (they), ellas(they)
sentence
Possessive Refers to something Mío (mine), mía (mine), míos(mine), mías (mine), tuyo/a(yours), suyo/a (his, hers,
owned or possessed by theirs),nuestro/a (ours), Vuestro/a(yours)
someone. usually
preceded by el/la/los/las
Reflexive Used when the direct Me (myself), te (yourself), se(himself, herself, themselves), nos(ourselves), os (yourselves)
object and indirect
object of a verb refer to
the same person. Used
more often in Spanish.
Indefinite Used to refer to Algo (something), alguien(anybody), nadie (nobody), todo(all), todas (all), uno (one), unos(some), ninguno (none), muc
nonspecific people or ho(many), poco (little)
things
Relative Introduces a clause that Que (that, which, who, whom),quien (who, whom), el cual(which, that
gives more information which) cuyo (whose),cuyas (whose), donde (where), el que (that, which)
about a noun or pronoun
Interrogative Used in questions Qué (what), quién (what), cuándo(when), cuánto (when)
Demonstrative Replaces a noun while Éste (this one), ésta (this one),ésa (that one), aquéllos (those ones), aquél (that one over there)
also pointing to it

Function as the object of Mi (me), ti(you), él, nosotros, vosotros...(except mi and ti, the rest is the same as in subject pronouns)
Prepositional a verb or preposition,
used after prepositions,
often in order to
emphasize the noun they
replace
Indirect Object They’re words that Me (me), te(you), le (him, her, you (formal), nos (us), vos (you), les (them) Me da gusto ( it gives me pleasure). Te
Pronoun replace the indirect quiero (I love you)
object, which is usually
a person.

Subject pronouns:
Subject pronouns replace the subject of the sentence, they're very easy to use, and this is a complete list of them with their English
equivalent:
Subject Pronoun in Spanish
Singular
yo - I , tú - you (familiar), él - he, ella - she, usted - you (formal),

Plural
nosotros We (masculine or mixed gender), nosotras we (feminine), vosotros you-all (familiar, Spain, masculine or mixed gender)
vosotras you-all (familiar, Spain, feminine), ellos they (masculine or mixed gender), ellas they (feminine)
ustedes you-all (formal in Spain, formal and familiar in Latin America)
Spanish Possessive Pronouns:
Possessive pronouns refer to something owned or possessed by someone. Usually preceded by el/la/los/las, used the same way in both
languages:
Mine= el mío / la mía /los míos / las mías.
Yours (familiar) = el tuyo / la tuya /los tuyos / las tuyas.
Yours (formal), his, hers= el suyo / la suya /los suyos / las suyas.
Ours= el nuestro / la nuestra/ los nuestros / las nuestras.
Yours (familiar) = el vuestro / la vuestra / los vuestros / las vuestras.
Yours (formal), theirs= el suyo / la suya /los suyos / las suyas

Possessive Pronouns in Spanish

Possessive pronouns Masculine Feminine
Mine el (los) mío(s) la(s) mía(s)
Yours (tú) el (los) tuyo(s) la(s) tuya(s)
His/hers/its el (los) suyo(s) la(s) suya(s)
yours (Ud.)
Ours el (los) nuestro(s) la(s) nuestra(s)
Yours (vosotros) el (los) vuestro(s) la(s) vuestra(s)
Theirs el (los) suyo(s) la(s) suya(s)
yours (Uds.)

Below, are examples of pronoun adjectives, compare them to the possessive pronoun shown on the table above,
mi(s)= my, mi coche (my car) mis amigas (my friends), tu(s)= your (singular) tu hermano (your brother) tus amigos, su(s)= his, her,
your (formal), their
su dinero (his money), sus plumas
nuestro(-a, -os, -as)= our, nuestro plato (our plate), nuestras casas, vuestro(-a, -os, -as)= your (fam. pl.), vuestro radio, vuestras
plumas .
Note: don’t confuse between the three forms of possessive:
Possessive adjective (short/unstressed form): mi, tu, su, nuestro/a, vuesto/a , nuestra casa (our house).
Possessive adjective (long/stressed form): mío, tuyo , es un amigo tuyo ( he is a friend of yours).
Possessive pronoun: el mío, el tuyo, es el mío (it’s mine)

Prepositional Pronouns in Spanish

Spanish prepositional pronouns are used after prepositions, often in order to emphasize the noun they replace. There are 11 forms of
prepositional pronouns, The only difference between prepositional pronouns and subject pronouns is the first and second person in the
singular, (mí and ti instead of yo and tú), plus we have a neuter form ello in the prepositional pronoun.

Prepositional Pronouns
Singular Plural
Me mí Us nosotros
You ti You vosotros
Him, it él Them ellos
Her, it ella Them ellas
You Ud. You Uds.
It ello

Examples:

A mi, no me gusta el carne de cerdo = me (to me), I don't like pork

Quiero estudiar con ellos = I want to study with them
Tengo un regalo para ti = I have a gift for you.
But we also have ello which is for neuter, No tengo tiempo para ello = I don't have time for that.
estoy occupado, y por ello no puedo ir al cine= I'm busy, that's why I can't go to the movies.
Exceptions: We use subject pronouns after the
prepositions como (like), entre (between),excepto (except), incluso (including), menos (except), salvo (except), and según(according
to). Example: necesito un amigo como tú = I need a friend like you.
And also when paired with another pronoun: - para él y ella - por tú o yo.

Spanish Reflexive Pronouns:

Reflexive pronouns in Spanish are closely related to direct and indirect pronouns, by following the same rules of word order and using
almost same pronouns.
I wash myself: me baño. What’s your name? (What do you call yourself?) cómo te llamas. So all pronouns ending in -self (-selves) are
considered reflexive pronouns, in Spanish there're (me, te, se, nos, os, se), see table below for more detail.
 Spanish Reflexive Pronouns
Person Spanish English equivalent Example
First-person singular me myself Me baño, I wash myself.
Second-person singular te yourself Te bañas, you wash yourself.
familiar
Second-person singular se yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself Ella se baña, she washes herself.
formal,
third-person singular
First-person plural nos ourselves Nos bañamos, we wash ourselves.
Second-person plural familiar os yourselves Os bañais, you wash yourselves.
Second-person plural formal, se yourselves, themselves Se bañan, they wash themselves.
third-person plural

Indefinite Pronouns in Spanish

Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns that typically refer to no particular person or thing. In Spanish as in English, most of the
words used as indefinite pronouns sometimes they function as other parts of speech, often as adjectives and sometimes as adverbs. In
Spanish, some of the indefinite pronouns exist in both masculine and feminine forms as well as singular and plural forms, so they
must agree with the nouns they refer to.
Here is a list of the most common Spanish indefinite pronouns:

Spanish Indefinite Pronouns

Spanish Examples
alguien (someone, somebody, anyone, Necesito a alguien que pueda hablar inglés. (I need someone who can speak English.)
anybody)
alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas Voy a salir con algunas de las chicas. (I'm going out with one of the girls.) Algunos quieren
(one, some things or people) bailar. (Some want to dance.) ¿Quieres alguno más? (Do you want some more?)
algo (something) busco algo grande y barato. (I’m looking for something big and cheap.) ¿escuchaste algo esta
tarde? (Did you hear something this afternoon?)
cualquiera (anybody, anyone) Cualquiera puede jugar El fútbol. (Anyone can play soccer.)
mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas (much, El sitio web tiene mucho que ofrecer. (The website has much to offer.) Hay muchos. (There
many) are many problems.) Nos queda mucho por hacer. (We have much left to do.)
nada (nothing) No tengo nada para ti. (I have nothing for you.) (When nada follows a verb, the part of the
sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form)
nadie (nobody, no one) No conocemos a nadie. (we know nobody.) Nadie te crees. (No one believes you.) Note that
when nadie follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in
negative form.
ninguno, ninguna (none, nobody, no Ninguna de ellas tiene dinero. (None of them have money) (When ninguno follows a verb, the
one) part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form.
Otro/a, otros/as (another, other one, Me puedes traer otro? (Can you bring me another one?) Los otros estan judando con el perro.
another one, other ones, others) (The others are playing with the dog). (Un otro and una otra are not used for "another one)
Poco/a, pocos/as (little, little bit, few, a Tengo un poco de hambre. (I’m a little bit hungry.) Pocos van a la playa (A few are going to
few) the beach.)
todo, todos, todas (everything, all, Tú comes todo. (You eat everything.) Todos pensan en su futuro. (All are thinking about their
everyone) future)
uno, una, unos/as (one, some) Uno no puede creer sin ver. (One cannot believe without seeing.) Unos libros son aburridos.
(Some books are boring.)
Tanto (as much) Quiero ir contigo, pero no tengo tanto tiempo (I want to go with you but I don’t as much time)

Spanish Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to refer to another expression or concept that preceded it. In English we have (that, which, or who). In
Spanish we find (que, quien, quienes, el que, el cual) Note that these pronouns are not accents like the interrogative ones. So relative
pronouns are pronouns that are used to introduce a clause that provides more information about a noun. Thus in the sentence "The lady
who is talking is my teacher," the relative pronoun is "who"; the clause "who is talking" provides more information about the
sentence's subject, "the lady." In the Spanish equivalent, la mujer que habla es mi profesora, the relative pronoun is que.

Spanish Relative Pronouns

Pronouns Examples
Que (who) Me gusta la canción que estas cantando. (I like the song that you're singing) Que must be used when the
relative pronoun comes immediately after the antecedent, when there is nothing between the two.

Quien, quienes (who, whom) Conoces a Juan, quien habla ocho idiomas. (Do you know John, who speaks 8 languages.) Es la
 profesora de quien te dije. (She is the teacher I told you about.) Don’t confuse between Quien and
Que. Quien is used after a preposition. Or separated by commas from the noun it describes,
el que, la que, Mario es el muchacho con el que vas a estudiar. (Mario is the student with whom you will study) This
lo que, los que, las que pronoun must match the noun it refers to in both number and gender. It is often interchangeable with el
(which, who, whom) cual but is somewhat more informal in usage.
el cual, la cual, Ese era el tema sobre el cual yo estaba hablando (this was the subject Which I was talking about) This
lo cual, los cuales, las cuales pronoun must match the noun it refers to in both number and gender. It is used in formal writing more
(which, who, whom) often than in speech
cuyo, cuya,cuyos, Conozco personalmente a ese autor cuyos libros me brindan tanto placer (I know this author personally,
cuyas (whose) whose books are a lot of fun) This pronoun must match the noun it modifies in both number and gender.
It is used more in writing than in speech. Not used in questions, where de quién is used instead, as
in¿De quién es esta camseta? (Whose shirt is this?)
Donde (where) Voy a España donde se habla español. (I'm going to Spainwhere Spanish is spoken.)

Not also that we can omit relative pronouns in English, but not in Spanish: I like the song (that) you’re singing, (that) is not necessary
in this sentence, but in Spanish it cannot be omitted: me gusta la canción que estas cantando.
Que = that, which, who.
Quien = who, or whom after a preposition.
El que = that, which, who, whom.
El cual = that, which, who, whom.
It seems that they all mean the same thing!! So how do we know which one in specific cases? A general rule is the longer the distance
between the antecedent and the relative pronoun, the longer is the relative pronoun to be used, knowing that the shortest one is (que)
with three characters and longest is el cual (6 characters).
Que: must be used when the relative pronoun comes immediately after the antecedent, when there is nothing between the two.
Me gusta la casa que tienes. (I like the house that you have).
Quien: is used when the antecedent is a person and there is some distance between the antecedent and the relative pronoun (a comma
or a short (one- or two-syllable) preposition):
Roberto es el hombre con quien salgo. (Robert is the person who I’m going out with).

El que and the other forms (la que, los que, las que): are typically used when there is some distance between the relative pronoun and
the antecedent, for example after a comma or a one-word preposition. This includes one-syllable prepositions often used
with que (likeen) and especially those which que might cause confusion if used with que, for example:
El pueblo en el que nací (the village where I was born).
El cual and the accompanying forms la cual, los cuales, and las cuales, are used when there is greater distance between the
antecedent and the relative pronoun. The most typical examples is after compound prepositions such as acerca de (about,
concerning), al lado de (beside), antes de (before), cerca de (near), debajo de (underneath), delante de(in front of), dentro
de (inside), después de (after), detrás de (behind), and por encima de (on top of). As with el que, the numerous forms for el
cual make it useful to distinguish between more than one possible antecedent.
La violencia doméstica es un mal sobre el cual es difícil hablar.

Spanish Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are quién, qué, cuál, and cuánto . A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun, and interrogative means
questioning, so interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to ask the questions like who, what, which, and how much/many. Note that
all of these words have accents.

Spanish Interrogative Pronouns

Quién (who, whom) plural Quiénes. ¿Quién está aquí? Who is here? ¿Quién viene conmigo? Who's coming with me?
¿Quiénes han ganado? Who won?

Quién can also follow apreposition. ¿A quién habláis? To whom are you speaking? ¿De quién es este libro? Whose book is
this?

Qué (what) ¿Qué quiere? What does he want? ¿Qué piensas del libro? What do you think of the
book? ¿Qué es eso? What is this?

Cuál (what, which) pluralcuáles ¿Cuál quieres - la pluma o el lápiz? Which do you want - the pen or the pencil? Hay
muchas ideas. ¿Cuáles prefieres? There are a lot of ideas. Which ones do you prefer?

Cuánto (how much) pluralcuántos (how ¿Tienes dinero? ¿Cuánto? Do you have any money?How much? ¿Cuántos están en el
many). coche? How many are in the car?

Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns

Spanish has three demonstrative pronouns where English only has two. In English, we say "this" or "that" depending upon whether the
object is close to us or not. In Spanish, we also say "this" and "that," but there is another extra word used to mean "that one over
there." This form is used when the object is more than just a short distance away, for example, on the other side of the room. Here are
the three forms for "this" "that" and "that one over there".
este (this) - ese (that) -aquel (that one over there).
Remember, the demonstrative pronouns are the same as the demonstrative adjectives, except that the pronouns have a written accent.

Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns

this (este: adjective) (éste: pronoun) ése (that one - masculine)
that (ese: adjective) (ése: pronoun) ésos (those ones - masculine)
that one over there (aquel: adjective) (aquél: pronoun) ésa (that one - feminine)
ésas (those ones - feminine)
éste (this one - masculine) aquél (that one over there - masc.)
éstos (these ones - masculine) aquéllos (those ones over there - masc.)
ésta (this one - feminine) aquélla (that one over there - fem.)
éstas (these ones - feminine) aquéllas (those ones over there - fem.)

Each demonstrative pronoun also has a neuter form. They do not change for number or gender, they do not have a written accent, and
they are used to refer to abstract ideas, or to an unknown object.
esto (this matter, this thing)
eso (that matter, that thing)
aquello (that matter/thing over there)

Spanish Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object, which is usually aperson.
The Spanish indirect object pronouns are as follows:

1st person me me nos us

2nd person te you os you

3rd person le him, her, you, it les them, you

Like direct object pronouns, Spanish indirect object pronouns are placed in front of the verb.
I'm telling you about him. - te hablo de él.
She sings to them - Les canta.
We lend you people our car. - os prestamos nuestro coche.
He asked us - Él nos preguntó.
Pronouns can get attached to the end in the case of infinitives, present participles, and affirmative commands:
Le voy a preguntar (or) Voy a preguntarle - I'm going to tell him.
Les quiero enviar una tarjeta (or) Quiero enviarles una tarjeta - I want to send them a letter.

Summery:

This is mainly what you need to remember about Pronouns in general:

Spanish Pronouns
Type of Pronouns Use Examples in Spanish (English)
Subject Replaces the subject of a Yo (I), tú (you), él (he), ella (she),nosotros (we), ellos (they), ellas(they)
sentence
Possessive Refers to something Mío (mine), mía (mine), míos(mine), mías (mine), tuyo/a(yours), suyo/a (his, hers, theirs),nuestro/a (ours), Vuestro/
owned or possessed by
someone. usually
preceded by el/la/los/las
Reflexive Used when the direct Me (myself), te (yourself), se(himself, herself, themselves), nos(ourselves), os (yourselves)
object and indirect object
of a verb refer to the same
person. Used more often
in Spanish.
Indefinite Used to refer to Algo (something), alguien(anybody), nadie (nobody), todo(all), todas (all), uno (one), unos(some), ninguno (none),
nonspecific people or
things
Relative Introduces a clause that Que (that, which, who, whom),quien (who, whom), el cual(which, that which) cuyo (whose),cuyas (whose), donde (
gives more information
about a noun or pronoun
Interrogative Used in questions Qué (what), quién (what), cuándo(when), cuánto (when)
Demonstrative Replaces a noun while Éste (this one), ésta (this one),ésa (that one), aquéllos (those ones), aquél (that one over there)
also pointing to it

Function as the object of aMi (me), ti(you), él, nosotros, vosotros...(except mi and ti, the rest is the same as in subject pronouns)
Prepositional verb or preposition, used
after prepositions, often in
order to emphasize the
noun they replace
Indirect Object They’re words that Me (me), te(you), le (him, her, you (formal), nos (us), vos (you), les (them) Me da gusto ( it gives me pleasure). Te
Pronoun replace the indirect
object, which is usually a
person.
Prepositions are a vital part of a language and it's hard to build a sentence without them. In Spanish prepositions are easy to
understand, since they are used the same way as in English, the only tricky part is how to use them, especially because one preposition
in Spanish can mean many prepositions in English. Like the preposition "en" which means not only (in, on) but also (at, about, by, on
top of, upon, inside of...) let’s first understand what a preposition is.
A preposition is a type of little word that is placed in front of an object usually a noun in order to indicate a relationship between that
noun and the verb, adjective, or noun that follows and used to form a clause; the clause in turn functions as an adjective or adverb. The
object also can be a pronoun or verb that functions as a noun. You will understand prepositions better when you go through the types
and examples.

List of Spanish Prepositions

a (to, at) en vez de (instead of)
al (upon) en (in, at)
al lado de (beside) encima de (above, on top)
ante (before) enfrente de (in front of)
antes de (before) entre (between, among)
bajo (under) fuera de (outside)
cerca de (near) hacia (towards)
como (like) hasta (until)
con (with) lejos de (far from)
contra (against) menos (except)
de (from, of, about) para (for)
debajo de (under, beneath) por (for, on account of)
delante de (in front of) salvo (except)
dentro de (inside) según (according to)
desde (since) sin (without)
después de (after) sobre (about, above/on)
detrás de (behind) tras (after)

These are some common prepositions used in a sentence to understand their meaning and the position they take better:

Examples of Spanish Prepositions

a (to, at) : voy a Marruecos y las Islas canarias (I’m going to Morocco & Canaries Islands)
a personal: espero a mi hermano (I’m waiting for my brother) busca a alguien (I’m looking for someone)
al (upon) : Al llegar a mi casa, voy a dormir (Upon arriving home, I'll go to sleep)
al lado de (beside, by): Vivo al lado del río (I live by the lake)
antes de (before): bebo agua antes de dormir (I drink water before sleeping)
bajo (under): juega bajo la lluvia(he plays under the rain), busque bajo la mesa!(lookunder the table)
cerca de (near) : trabajo cerca del banco (I work near the bank)
como (like, as): dormir como un tronco (to sleep like a log), como postre tomo...( as a dessert I will take...)
con (with) : salgo con Maria (I’m going out with Maria), huevos con queso (eggs withcheese)
contra (against): estoy contra la Guerra (I’m against war)
de (from, of, about): compré una mesa de mármol (I bought table made of marble)
debajo de (under, beneath): los hombres por debajo de los 30 años (men under 30 years old)
delante de (in front of): Delante de Dios (in front of God). Creo que Atlantis estádelante de Gibraltar.
dentro de (inside): tengo sentimientos dentro de mí (I have feelings inside me)
desde (since): trabajo en la biblioteca desde 1998 (I work in the library since 1998)
después de (after): la vida después de la muerte (the life after death)
detrás de (behind): el campo de fútbol está detrás de la escuela (the football field is located behind the school)
en vez de (instead of): en vez de enfadarte, deberías perdonarlos (instead of getting mad, you should forgive them)
en (in, at) : estoy en cama ahora(I´m in bed now). Vivo en argentina (I live en argentina).
encima de (above, on top): las cartas están encima de la mesa (the letters are on the top of the table)
enfrente de (in front of): el hombre enfrente de mí es un héroe (the man in front of me is a hero)
entre (between, among): vive en la frontera entre los EE.UU y mexico (he lives at the border between the U.S & Mexico)
fuera de (outside): comes fuera de casa mucho( you eat outside the house a lot)
hacia (towards): busco la carretera hacia Madrid (I'm looking for the road towardsMadrid)
hasta (until): ayer trabajé hasta las diez (I worked until 10 o’clock yesterday)
lejos de (far from): ¿está muy lejos de aquí? (is it far from here?)
para*(for): trabajo para Global7 (I work for Global7). para prendir un idioma es necesario praticar (to learn a language...)
por * (for, on account of): por eso no quiero hablar con él ( for this reason I don't want to talk to him)
según (according to): según la previsión del tiempo, brillará el sol todo el día (according to the forecast,...)
sin (without): ¡eh! ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! (hey, it´s be a while, literally: long timewithout seeing you)
sobre (about, on):colecciono todo sobre las monedas (I collect everything about coins),sobre la mesa(on the table)

Some prepositions rules:

Preposition + noun: Sin corazón (without heart). Sobre la mesa (on the table).
Preposition + pronoun: cómo yo (like me). para mí (for me).
Preposition + infinitive: para variar (just for a change). para empezar (first...)
Verb + preposition: trabajé hasta las ocho (I worked until 10). trabajo para la embajada (I work for the embassy)
Sometimes it's hard to pick which preposition to use in certain cases, that's why we're going to go through examples of prepositions
that you may have hard time to chose, like (por and para), they both mean the same thing in English, but still in Spanish each one of
them is used in a certain situation.
A: -connects a verb of motion + infinitive: voy a bailar (I'm gonig to dance) -joins any verb (except tener) + a person: busco a mi hijo
(I'm looking for my son).
De: descriptively links two nouns: el héroe de la historia (the hero of the story) expresses possession: el perro de perdo (Pedro’s dog).
En (in, on): Estoy en Madrid. (I'm in Madrid). empeczo en 30 minutos. (I'll start in 30 minutes). la tarjeta en la mesa (the letter on the
table).
Para vs Por: por is more common than para, so to make it easy, try to learn the rules of para and for the rest you can just use por. In
most cases para refers to a goal or destination.
Para: (in order to + infinitivo): Para aprender, hay que practicar (in order to learn, we must practice). (For: for the benefit of, to be
given to): eso es para tí (this is for you). (For: by (deadline): Hay que hacerlo para el jueves (it must be done by thursday). (for:
towards, in the direction of): voy para la escuela (I'm going to school). (For: to be used for): una tazapara café. (For: in one's opinion,
compared to others): Para mí, no me gusta el jamón (I don´t like pork) (for: like to work for): Trabajo para Lingualogy Inc.
Por: (by, via, by means of):Viajé por tren.(I traveled by train) (through, along): Voy a NYpor Washington DC ( I go to NY through
DC). (Because of, due to): no lo hice por dinero (I didn´t do it for money). (During, in (time of day). estudio por la mañana. (For: in
exchange for): Pagué 40 dólares por el libro. (For: for a period of time: estudié por 6 horas. (For: for the sake of, on behalf of) Lo hizo
solo por ella (I only did it for her).
Por is also used in idiomatic expressions; here are the most common ones:

Spanish Idioms
¡por supuesto! Of course! por lo mismo For that very reason
¿por qué? Why? For what reason? por lo que a mí me toca As far as I'm concerned
día por día Day by day por lo tanto Therefore
estar por To be in the mood to por lo visto Apparently
palabra por palabra Word for word por medio de By means of
por adelantado In advance por mi parte For my part
por ahora For now por motivo de On account of
por allí Around there, that way por ningún lado Nowhere
por amor de Dios For the love of God por orden In order
por aquí Around here, this way por otra parte On the other hand
por casualidad By chance por poco Almost
por ciento Percent por primera/última vez For the first/last time
por cierto Certainly por separado Separately
por completo Completely por si acaso Just in case
por correo By mail/post por su propio mano By one's own hand
por dentro Inside por suerte Fortunately
por desgracia Unfortunately por supuesto Of course
por Dios For heaven's sake por teléfono On the phone, by phone
por ejemplo For example por todas partes Everywhere
por eso Therefore, that's why por todos lados On all sides
por favor Please por último Finally
por fin Finally por un lado, por otro On one hand, on the other
por la mañana, tarde In the morning, afternoon una vez por todas Once and for all
por la noche At night por lo menos At least
por las buenas o por las Whether you like it or not
malas
por lo común Usually
por lo demás Furthermore
por lo general Generally, in general

Preposition para:
estar para To be about to
para entonces By that time
¿para qué? Why? For what purpose? What for?
para siempre Forever
para variar Just for a change

Some Compound prepositions:

a causa de (because of, due to) después de (alter)

a excepción de (with exception of) detrás de (behind, in back of)
a fuerza de (by dint of) en frente de (in front of)
a menos de (without (with infinitive) en vez de (instead of)
a pesar de (in spite of) en virtud de (by virtue of)
acerca de (concerning) frente a (before, in front of)
además de (moreover) fuera de (outside of)
adversamente a (adverse to) junto a (next to, beside)
al través de (across from) lejos de (far from)
alrededor de (around) por causa de (by cause of, because)
antes de (before) por parte de (on account of)
cerca de (close to) por razón de (by reason of)
contrario a (contrary to) relativamente a (relative to)
correspondiente a (corresponding to) respeto a (with respect to)
debajo de (under, beneath) sin embargo de (however)
delante de (in front of) tocante a (about, concerning)
dentro de (in, inside of)

Summery:

A preposition is a type of little word that is placed in front of an object usually a noun inorder to indicate a relationship between
that noun and the verb, adjective, or noun that follows and used to form a clause; the clause in turn functions as an adjective or
adverb. The object also can be a pronoun or verb that functions as a noun, this is a table showing the most common prepositions with
their translation into English.

a (to, at) en vez de (instead of)

al (upon) en (in, at)
al lado de (beside) encima de (above, on top)
ante (before) enfrente de (in front of)
antes de (before) entre (between, among)
bajo (under) fuera de (outside)
cerca de (near) hacia (towards)
como (like) hasta (until)
con (with) lejos de (far from)
contra (against) menos (except)
de (from, of, about) para (for)
debajo de (under, beneath) por (for, on account of)
delante de (in front of) salvo (except)
dentro de (inside) según (according to)
desde (since) sin (without)
después de (after) sobre (about, above/on)
detrás de (behind) tras (after)

Spanish tenses are more diverse then in English, also a finite verb agrees in person and number with its subject (the doer of the
action), even when the subject is understood without being expressed by a noun or pronoun. There are three persons which exist in all
tenses in Spanish: First person is the speaker, second person is the one spoken to, and third person is the one spoken about.
First person singular: (Yo) soy marinero (I'm a sailor). First person plural: (Nosotros) somos marineros (We are sailors)
Second person familiar, singular: (Tú) eres abogado (you're a lawyer). Second person familiar, plural: (Vosotros) sois Americanas.
(You girls are Americans.)
Second person polite, singular: Ud. es muy generoso (You are very generous), Second person polite, plural: Uds. son muy generosos.
(You all are very generous.)
Third person singular: (Él) es abogado. (He is a lawyer). Third person plural: (Ellos) son abogados. (They are lawyers.)
Note: The usted/ ustedes (the polite "you") form of address is second person but uses third person verb forms.

Spanish Tenses
Conjugations Types Simple Tenses Compound Tenses Moods
-First Conjugation -Present Tense (presente): -Present Perfect(préterito -Indicative (indicativo): To express a fact:
-ar: hablar (to speak) hablo (I speak) perfecto): Estoy en el restaurante. (I’m in the restaurant.
he comido (I have eaten)
-Second Conjugation -Future Tense (futuro): -Subjunctive (subjuntivo): To express a wish
-er: comer (to eat) hablará (he will speak) -Future Perfect (futuro perfecto): attitude, or a doubt:
habrá comido (he will have eaten) Quiero que Ud. venga. (I want you to come.)
-Third Conjugation -Imperfect Tense (pretérito imperfecto): Siento que no venga Ud. (Sorry you're not com
-ir: vivir (to live) hablaba (he used to speak) -Pluperfect or Past Dudo que venga Ud. (I doubt that you'll come
Perfect (pretérito
-Preterit/ Past Tense: pluscuamperfecto): -Conditional (potencial or condicional):
habló (he spoke) había hablado (I had spoken) Expressing the idea of (would):
Juan no lo haría así. (Juan wouldn't do it that w
-Preterit Perfect orPast
Anterior (pretérito anterior): hubo -Imperative (imperativo): Expressing a direc
comido (he had eaten) ¡Venga Ud! (Come!)

Spanish Present Tense

The present tense (presente) of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or -ir) and adding personal endings
to the verb stem, it's the most used tense, and it functions quite similarly to the present tense in English.

Present Tense in Spanish

Present (regular)
hablo,as,a,amos,an
como,es,e,emos,en
vivo,es,e,imos,en
Present (Irregular)
conozco,es,e,mos,en
doy,das,a,mos,n
digo,dices,-,decimos,n
empiezo,as,a,ezamos,n
encuentro,as,a,o-mos,an
estoy,as,a,amos,an
hago,haces,-,mos,n,
voy,vas,a,mos,n

The present tense is used to describe something that is happening right now: (yo hablo) I speak. To refer to habitual actions:corro 5
km todos los días (I run 5 km every day). It’s also used to describe something happening in the near future: empiezo la semana que
viene (I start next week). Also note that the present tense is sometimes used in literature to replace the preterit, also called the vivid
present used in a narrative, to tell of the past (we will see that later).

Spanish Future Tense

The future tense (futuro) of regular verbs is formed by adding personal endings to the infinitive of the Spanish verb, which makes it
one of the easiest tenses to conjugate. The endings are the same for all three conjugations.

Future Tense in Spanish

Future (Regular)
hablaré,ás,á,emos,án
comeré,ás,á,emos,án
viviré,ás,á,emos,án
Future Irregular
diré,ás.á,emos,án
encontré,ás,á,emos,án
haré,ás,á,emos,án
podré,ás,á,emos,án
pondré,ás,á,emos,án
querré,ás,á,emos,án
sabré,ás,á,emos,án
saldré,ás,á,emos,án
tendré,ás,á,emos,án
vendré,ás,á,emos,án

The future tense is often used in discussing things that will happen & expressing future time: Iré a la oficina mañana (I will go to the
office tomorrow). The future tense can express also uncertainty or probability in the present: Tendrá hambre (he must be hungry).

Spanish Imperfect Tense

The imperfect tense (pretérito imperfecto) of regular verbs in Spanish is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or -ir) and
adding personal endings to the verb stem. The good news is that there is one set of endings for the first (-ar) conjugation and a second
set of endings for both verbs with (-er) and third (-ir). And not many irregularities, In English it’s usually the equivalent of "was
...-ing" or sometimes "used to".

Imperfect Tense in Spanish

Imperfect regular
hablaba,s,-,mos,n
comía,s,-,mos,n
vivía,s,-,mos,n
Imperfect Irregular
iba,s,-,íbamos,n
era,s,--,éramos,n
veía,s,-,mos,n

The imperfect tense is used to describe a situation in the past, or an action, which occurred repeatedly: corría 5 km cada día (I used
to run 5 km everyday).
It is also used to refer to an action in the past that occurred over an extended period of time.Yo bebía frecuentemente té (I used to
drink tea frequently).
The imperfect is used to express time or age in the past: era las nueve de la noche (it was 9 pm), tenía 3 años cuando su padre murió
(he was 3 when his father died).
It is also used to describe a scene in the past: el palacio era maravilloso (the palace was gorgeous).

Spanish Preterit (Past Tense)

The preterite tense or past tense (pretérito indefinido) of regular verbs is formed in Spanish by removing the infinitive ending (-ar,
-er or -ir) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. As with the imperfect tense, there is one set of endings for the first (-ar)
conjugation and a second set of endings for both verbs with (-er) and third (-ir) Conjugations.

Spanish Past Tense

Preterit (Regular)
hablé,aste,ó,amos,aron
comí,iste,ió,imos,ieron
viví,iste,ió,imos,ieron
Preterite (Irregular)
anduve,iste,o,imos,ieron
di,ste,o,mos,eron
dije,iste,o,imos,eron
dormí,iste,durmió,imos,u-ieron
empecé,empezaste,ó,amos,aron
estuve,iste,o,imos,ieron
hice,iste,hizo,imos,ieron
fui,iste,e,imos,eron
oí,ste,oyo,mos,oyeron
pude,iste,o,imos,ieron
puse,iste,o,imos,ieron
quise,iste,o,imos,ieron
supe,iste,o,imos,ieron
tuve,iste,o,imos,ieron
traje,iste,o,imos,ieron
vine,iste,o,imos,ieron
vi,ste,o,mos,eron

The preterit tense is used for the past actions that are seen as completed, with a definite beginning or ending in the past or has a verb
which refers to an action that has a clear end: yo hablé con él (I spoke with him). Maria salío con él anoche (Maria went out with him
last night). Fui ayer a la oficina (I went to the office yesterday).
It is also used to indicate an event or action that took place while another action (usually in the imperfect tense) was still ongoing:
Cantaba cuando llegué. (He was singing when I got there). Also we use the preterit when we use a word referring tothe time of the
past: (ayer, anoche, el lunes, el año pasado).
Spanish Imperfect vs Preterit:
Since it’s easy to confuse between the Imperfect and Preterit, and also because they’re not interchangeable, we will learn here what’s
the unique differences that each of them has:
Preterit Imperfect
-To refer to something that happened once or more but with -Habitual events (used to, would): corría 5 km cada día (I used to run
a specific end: fue ayer al gimnasio (dos veces) (I went to the 5 km everyday).
gym (two times) yesterday). -Duration, ongoing/incomplete events (was …ing) el comía mucho
-To indicate a short event took place while another action (he was eating a lot).
(usually in the imperfect tense) was still ongoing: comía -Past action in progress: el teléfono sonó mientras él dormía (the
cuando llamé por teléfono (he was eating when I called). phone rang while he was sleeping)
-Also used when we refer to the time of the past: -Used when we refer to a general time reference: siempre, con
(ayer, anoche, el lunes, el año pasado). frecuencia
The preterit tense is used more often than the imperfect tense; there are some exceptions though with the verbs: querer, pueder, tener,
saber, creer, and esperar. We will see examples of some of them and how their meaning change by changing the tense:

Verbs Imperfect Preterit

Conocer conocía: to have known someone conoció: to have met someone
Saber sabía: to have known something supo: to have found out something
Querer quería: wanted quiso: tried
No Querer no quería: didn't want no quiso: refused
Poder podía: was able to pudó: managed to
No Poder no podía: wasn't able to no pudó: failed to

Spanish Perfect Tense

The compound tenses (tiempos compuestos) are formed in Spanish with the auxiliary verb "haber" and the past participle of the main
verb. The past participle in compound tenses is invariable in form and keeps the same endings in both singular & plural.
-The present perfect (pretérito perfecto) uses the present tense of the auxiliary verb haber: (he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han) +
(stem+ado or ido). -ado for -ar ending verbs, -ido for -er and -ir ending verbs. he hablado, has comido, he vivido. It's used almost the
same way English does. To express that something has happened at a certain point just before now, at an undetermined time in the
past. It cannot be used with specific times, dates, days, or years, only if it indicates a repeated action during that same period of time.
Ya he estado aquí (I have already been here).
He, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + (one of the examples in the table).

Spanish Past Participle (regular)

hablando
comiendo
viviendo
Past participle (irregular)
abierto hecho sido
dicho ido visto
escrito puesto vuelto

-The future perfect (futuro perfecto) uses the future tense of the auxiliary verb haber, not used that often to indicate an action that will
have taken place before another action in the future. (habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán) + (stem +ado or ido), -ado for
-ar ending verbs, -ido for -er and -ir ending verbs.
habrás comido (you will have eaten). habrán visto (they will have seen).
Future tense of haber (habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán) + (one of the examples in the table).

Past Participle regular Past participle irregular

hablando abierto
comiendo dicho
viviendo escrito
hecho
ido
puesto
sido
visto
vuelto

-The pluperfect or past perfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto) uses the imperfect tense of haber. It's used to refer to an action in the
past which happened before another action in the past: cuando llegué a la casa, mi familia ya había dormido (when I got home, my
family was already sleeping).
había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + (one of the examples in the table)

Past Participle regular Past participle irregular

hablando abierto
comiendo dicho
viviendo escrito
 hecho
ido
puesto
sido
visto
vuelto

Examples: había comido (I had eaten). habíamos dicho (we had said). habían visto (they had seen)

-The preterit perfect or past interior (pretérito anterior) is formed with the preterit of haber + past participle, and it has the same
meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is usually used only after conjunctions of time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como
(as soon as); cuando (when); después (de) que (after); and hasta que (until). apenas (scarcely) or luego que (as soon as), so it's strictly
a literary tense; in conversation: Después que hube escrito la tarjeta, salí por la oficina de correos. (After I had written the letter, I
went out to the post office).
The preterit of haber (hube, hubiste, hubo, hubimos, hubisteis, hubieron) + (one of the examples in the table)
Past Participle regular
Past participle irregular
abierto hablando
dicho comiendo
escrito viviendo
hecho
ido
puesto
sido
visto
vuelto

Examples: hube comido (I had eaten), hubiste dicho (you had said), hubieron puesto (they had put).
-The perfect infinitive (infinitivo compuesto) is composed of the infinitive of haber and the past participle of the verb: haber comido
(to have eaten). haber visto (to have seen), haber comido (to have eaten). It indicates interiority to a given moment:de haber sabido, lo
habría hecho (having known, I would have done it).
-The perfect participle (gerundio compuesto) is composed of the present participle of haber and the past participle of the verb:
habiendo comido (having eaten).
It refers to an action, which ended before the one of the principal verb: Habiendo visto eso, salió llorando (Having said that, she left
crying).
Hopefully you learned something about Spanish tenses, like the present tense, past tense in Spanish, future tense, Spanish imperfect,
present perfect tense. If you have any question, my e-mail is below. Good luck!!
Spanish ConditionalMood

The conditional mood (modo potencial) is used to expresses afuture uncertainty; usually a “but” or “if”expressing the reason for the
uncertainty; it also expresses the idea of would, and it is one of the simplest Spanish moods. It’s formed by combining theInfinitive+
…-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían. This set of endings is compatible with all kind of verbs (-ar, -er, -ir).
Note that like the future tense, some verbs may take an irregular stem before the endings, like the verb (decir which becomes dir + the
endings above).

Spanish Conditional
Conditional: Regular verbs
hablaría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
comería,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
viviría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
Conditional: Irregular verbs
diría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
encontría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
haría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
podría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
pondría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
querría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
sabría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
saldría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
tendría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían
vendría,ías,ía,íamos,íáin, ían

Some examples of the Spanish conditional:

Lo haría esta noche, pero no tendré tiempo. (I would do it tonight, but I won't have time.)
Lo habría hecho anoche, pero no tenía tiempo. (I would have done it last night, but I didn't have time.)
Te dije que vendría. (I told you I would come.)
-It’s commonly used to refer to what one expects or says will happen: past tense + conditional:
Te dije que vendría (I told you he would come). Yo pensaba que vendría (I thought he would come).
-It can also be used to express doubt in the past: Sería las diez (It was probably 10 o'clock).
-Also note that the verb querer is used in the conditional to express a polite request:Quería saber (I would like to know)
-The verb gustarse is used to express a polite desire or wish: Me gustaría salir contigo (I would like to go out with you).
me gustaría salir, pero estoy resfriado (I wish I can go out, but I have a cold).
-Also used with si (if) clauses. Si tuviera una galleta, la comería (if I had a cake, I would eat it)

Spanish Conditional Perfect

The conditional perfect (potencial perfecto) is a compound tense using the conditional of the auxiliary verb haber and the past
participle of the main verb:
habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían + (past participle, examples on the table below)

Spanish Conditional Perfect

Past Participle (regular)
hablando
comiendo
viviendo
Past participle (irregular)
abierto
dicho
escrito
hecho
ido
puesto
sido
visto
vuelto

habrías comido (you would have eaten), habría dicho (he/she would have said), habríanpuesto (they would have put).
The conditional perfect refers to events which would have been completed had the situation been different, Note that this tense is
generally used with the forms "hubieras/hubiese":
- Si no hubiera nevado habríamos terminado de decorar la casa (If it hadn’t snowed, wewould have finished decorating the house).
- Si no hubiera estado tan enfermo , habría terminado el trabajo (If I had not been so sick, I would have finished the job).

Note: The conditional is often treated as though it was a tense rather than a mood; strictly conversational, however, the conditional is
a mood which has two tenses: a simple tense used when referring to present possibilities and a compound tense used when referring
topossibilities in the past.

Spanish Imperative

The imperative or positive familiar Cammands (mandatos) are used when you are telling (not just asking!) somebody to do
something or giving him an order. They’re expressed by means of the imperative mood. The Spanish imperative exists for 5 different
grammatical persons: tú, Ud., nosotros, vosotros, and Uds. Most often we find the formal form Ud. (You polite) Ud: ¡hable usted
más despacio! por favor.(speak slowly, please!). Tú: ¡espera a tu madre! (wait for your mother). nosotros: ¡Hablemos de otras
cosas! (Let’s talk about other things!). vosotros (only in Spain): ¡dormid vosotros! (Go to sleep, you all!). Uds: ¡hablen ustedes más
despacio! por favor. (you poeple) speak slowly, please!)
Now we will see how to form an imperative sentence with these five grammatical persons:
-To use the imperative for Ud, add an a to the stem of verbs ending with (-er, and -ir), and an e to the stem of verbs ending with (-ar).
examples ¡hable usted! (talk!), ¡viva usted! (live!) ¡coma usted¡ (eat!), but remember there are some irregularities, you will see them
in the table below.
-The second person singular (tú) forms are identical to the third person singular of the present tense: El profesor habla. (The
professor is talking.) ¡Habla tú! (Talk!)
-The first person plural (nosotros) is formed, by changing the letter before -mos to either eor a depending on if the original verb is
ending with (-ar, -er, or -ir): -ar: e ¡hablemos¡ ! estudiemos. -er: a like in (¡comamos!) -ir: a like in (¡abramos!)
-The second person plural (vosotros) forms are based on the infinitive, with a -d substituted for the final -r: ¡Dormid vosotros! (Go to
sleep, all of you!)
-The third person plural (ustedes) for -ar: e ¡hablen ustedes! For –er, -ir: a ¡vivan ustedes! ¡coman ustedes!
In general these are the variations, which occur to the ending of verbs including theNegative familiar commands, both singular and
plural, are expressed by the present subjunctive:
Regular -ar ending verbs: Take the present tense of the verb and change the (a) at the beginning of the suffix to (e).(for all the 5
grammatical persons)
Regular -er ending verbs: Change the (e) at the beginning of the suffix after the stem to (a).( for all the 5 grammatical persons)
Regular -ir ending verbs: For tú, Ud., and Uds., change the (e) at the beginning of the suffix after the stem to (a).
Nosotros: Change the (i) at the beginning of the suffix to (a). Vosotros: Change (í) to (ái).
-The present subjunctive is used for formal commands, both positive and negative: Duerma Ud. (Please go to sleep). It is also used for
indirect commands (introduced by the conjunction que): Está cansado; que se acueste. (He's tired; let him go to bed.)
-For impersonal commands given in a general sense (directions on a bottle or an examination paper, for instance) the impersonal
pronoun se is attached to the subjunctive:
Agítese antes de usar. (Shake before using.). Escríbase en español. (Write in Spanish.)
Hortatory commands can be expressed either with the subjunctive or with the phrasevamos a and an infinitive:
Durmamos. (Let's go to sleep.). Vamos a dormir. (Let's go to sleep.)
Object pronouns are attached to affirmative commands, but they precede negative and indirect commands:
Tráigamelo Ud.. (Bring it to me.) No me lo traiga Ud. (Don't bring it to me.) Que lo traiga Juan. (Let Juan bring it.)
This table shows how commands change, note the negative form:

Spanish Imperative
Commands tú Vosotros/as usted ustedes
(Mandatos):
hablar: -a,-ad,-e,-en ¡Habla! ¡Hablad! ¡Hable! ¡Hablen!
No –es,-éis,-e,-en ¡No hables! ¡No habléis! ¡No hable! ¡No hablen!
comer: -e, -ed, -a, -an ¡Come! ¡Comed! ¡Coma! ¡Coman!
No –as,-áis,-a,-an ¡No comas! ¡No comáis! ¡No coma! ¡No coman!
vivir: -e, -ed, -a, -an ¡Vive ¡Vivid! ¡Viva! ¡Vivan!
No –as,-áis,-a,-an ¡No vivas! ¡No viváis! ¡No viva! ¡No vivan!

These are irregular verbs in the imperative form, which can be used in commands in Spanish:

Spanish Commands
Verb Imperative tú / él
abrir abre,abra poder puede,pueda
andar anda,andad poner pon,poned
caer cae,caiga quedar queda,quede
cerrar cierra,cierre querer quiere,quered
conocer conoce,zca saber sabe,sabed
creer cree,crea sacar saca,saque
dar da,dad salir sal,salga
decir di,decid seguir sigue,siga
dormir duerme,dormid sentir siente,sienta
empezar empieza,ce ser sé, sed
escoger escoge,escoja tener ten,tened
encontrar encuentra,e traer trae,traed
escribir escribe,escriba valer vale /val,valga
estoy esta,estad venir ven,venga
hacer haz,haced ver ve,vea
ir ve,id jugar juega,juegue
llegar llega,llegue leer lee,lea
mirar mira,mire pensar piensa,piense
oír oye,oíd perder pierde,pierda
olvidar olvida,olvide pedir pide,pida
pagar paga, pague
volver vuelve,vuelva

One of the most confusing aspects of Spanish for beginners is the subjunctivemood. You might already be familiar with the most
common verb mood "the indicative" mood which is considered a normal verb form, indicating both action and state of being. You
also might know "the imperative" mood used to give commands. Now you're going to learn about the subjunctive mood, which is
very essential to Spanish, and even many simple types of statements cannot be made properly without it.

In general, the subjunctive is a verb mood that is used to express an action or state of beingin the context of the speaker's reaction to it.
Mostly (although not always), the subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses introduced by que (which, that, who) when the
main clause expresses a wish, a strong emotional attitude, or an uncertainty. Frequently, the sentences that contain a subjunctive verb
are used to express doubt, uncertainty, denial,desire/wish, commands, reactions or a strong emotional attitude to the clause
containing the subjunctive verb. Compare the following two sentences: Indicative: María duerme. (María is sleeping) Subjunctive:
wish= Espero que María duerma. (I hope that María is sleeping), desire= Te ruego que duermas (I beg you to go to bed). Doubt=
Dudo que duerma (I doubt that she is sleeping).
Another example: Indicative (statement of fact): María duerme. (Maria is sleeping)Indicative (statement of fact): Sé que María
duerme. (I know that Maria is sleeping)Subjunctive (doubt): No es cierto que María duerma. (It is uncertain that María is
sleeping.) Subjunctive (denial): No es verdad que María duerma. (It is not true that Maria is sleeping) Subjunctive (reaction): Estoy
feliz que María duerma. (I am happy that María is sleeping) Subjunctive (wish): Espero que María duerma (I hope that Maria is
sleeping)Subjunctive (desire/wish): Prefiero que María duerma (I prefer that Maria is sleeping).
The subjunctive is also used for formal commands: ¡Tenga Ud eso! (Have this!) For thenegative of informal commands: ¡No
duermas! (don´t sleep) For hortatory commands: ¡Durmamos! (Let's sleep!). And after impressional expressions: es necesario que/
insisto que María duerma... (I insist that Maria is sleeping).
The subjunctive has four tenses: present subjunctive, present perfect subjunctive, imperfect subjunctive, and past perfect (or
pluperfect) subjunctive.
So, which form to use depends on two factors: the tense of the verb in the main clause & the time relationship between the verb in the
dependent clause and the subjunctive verb.
The Present subjunctive is regularly formed by adding one set of personal endings to thestem of -ar verbs and a second set of
endings to verbs of the -er and -ir conjugations, and is used to indicate an action viewed as occurring at the same time or in the
future when the governing verb is in the present.

Spanish Subjunctive (Present Tense)

Regular verb ending with –ar= e verb ending with –er= a verb ending with -ir =iera
yo hable venda escriba
tú hables vendas escribas
él, Ud hable venda escriba
nosotros hablemos vendamos escribamos
ellos, Uds hablen vendan escriban

Irregular Estar / jugar –ar =e Ser / saber –er =a Ir / mentir -ir =iera
yo esté - juegue sea - sepa vaya - mienta
tú estés - juegues seas - sepas vayas - mientas
él, Ud esté - juegue sea - sepa vaya – mienta
nosotros estemos - juguemos seamos - sepamos vayamos - mintamos
ellos, Uds estén - jueguen sean - sepan vayan - mientan

Note that some other irregular verbs have different irregularities not listed in the table above.
The Imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding a set of endings terminating in either -ra or -se (with no difference in usage or
meaning) to the verb stem, with one set of endings for first conjugation (-ar) verbs and another set of endings for second (-er) and
third (-ir) conjugation verbs, and is used in the same type of situations in which the present subjunctive is used, except that the
governing verb is typically in a past tense (e.g., the preterit, imperfect, past perfect, conditional, conditional perfect, or one of the
past subjunctives): Esperaba que él dormiera (or dormiese) pronto (I was expecting him to sleep soon).

Spanish Imperfect Subjunctive

Regular verb ending with –ar =ara verb ending with –er =iera verb ending with -ir =iera
yo hablara vendiera escribiera
tú hablaras vendieras escribieras
él, Ud hablara vendiera escribiera
nosotros habláramos vendiéramos escribiéramos
ellos, Uds hablaran vendieran escribiera

The perfect subjunctive is a compound tense formed by the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. And
is normally used to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms. Examples:
Me alegro de que él haya llegado (I’m glad he has arrived):

Spanish Perfect Subjunctive

Regular All verb (-ar, -er, -ir)
yo haya hablado
tú hayas
+ comido He has spoken/eaten/lived
él, Ud haya
nosotros hayamos vivido
ellos, Uds hayan

The Pluperfect subjunctive is a compound tense formed by the imperfect subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main
verb. Similar to the past perfect indicative, this tense is may be used to indicate an action or state that occurred prior to something
in the past (usually expressed by the imperfect or preterit indicative, or by the past subjunctive): Dudábamos que hubieran
dormido (We doubted that they had slept).

Spanish Pluperfect Subjunctive

yo hubiera
tú hubieras hablado
él/ella/usted hubiera comido I had spoken/eaten/lived
nosotros/vosotras hubiéramos vivido
vosotros/vosotras hubierais
ellos/ellas/ustedes hubieran

The following is a list of clauses commonly associated with the use of the Spanish subjunctive (about 80 expressions):

Subjunctive in Spanish
a menos que (unless) gustar que (to like that)
aconsejar(le) que (to advise that) gustaría que (would like that)
alegrarse de que (to be happy that) hace falta que (to be necessary that)
antes (de) que (before) hasta que (until)
con tal (de) que (so that) importar(le) que (to matter)
conviene que (it is advisable that) insistir en que (to insist that)
cuando (when) mandar que (to order that)
dar(le) miedo de que (to be afraid that) más vale que (it's better that)
decir(le) que (to tell someone to do something!) mientras que (while)
dejar que (to allow someone to do something) molestar(le) que (to bother)
después (de) que (after) negar que (to deny that)
dudar que (to doubt that) no creer que (not to believe that)
en caso de que (in case) no es cierto que (it's not certain that)
en cuanto (as soon as) no es verdad que (it's not true that)
es (una) lástima que (it's a pity that) no estar convencido de que (not be convinced that)
es aconsejable que (it's advisable that) no estar de acuerdo con (to not agree with)
es bueno que (it's good that) no estar seguro de que (to not be sure that)
es difícil que (it's difficult for) no imaginarse que (to not imagine that)
es dudoso que (it is doubtful that) no parecer que (to not seem that)
es fácil que (it's easy for) no pensar que (to not think that)
es fantástico que (it's fantastic that) no suponer que (to not suppose that)
es importante que (it's important that) ojalá que (if only he would)
es improbable que (it's unlikely that) para que (in order that)
es incierto que (it's uncertain that) parecer(le) bien/mal que (to seem right/wrong that)
es increíble que (it's incredible that) pedir(le) que (to ask someone to do something!)
es malo que (it's bad that) perdonar que (to ask forgiveness for)
es mejor que (it's better that) preferir que (to prefer that)
es menester que (it's necessary that) prohibir que (to prohibit that)
es necesario que (it's necessary that) puede ser que (it may be that)
es posible que (it's possible that) querer que (imperative: to want that)
es preciso que (it's necessary that) recomendar(le) que (to recommend that)
es preferible que (it's preferable that) rogar que (to plead/ beg that)
es probable que (it's probable that) sentir que (to regret that)
es raro que (it's rare that) sin que (without)
es ridículo que (it's ridiculous that) sugerir que (to suggest that)
es terrible que (it's terrible that) tan pronto como (as soon as)
esperar que (to hope/hope that) temer que (to fear that)
estar contento que…(to be happy that) tener miedo de que (to be afraid that)
estar en contra de que (to be against) vale/merece la pena que (to be worthwhile to)
This time we are going to learn the comparative in Spanish, which is composed basically of:equality, inferiority, superiority,
superlative, irregular comparatives and finally the diminutive.
In general comparative clauses are used simply to compare things. They tell us how one thing is in quality or quantity related to
another thing. They can be superior, inferior or equal. A comparison can be done with adjectives and adverbs or nouns.

Spanish Equality (Igualdad):

To form equality in Spanish we use tan…como (as...as) especially when comparingadjectives and adverbs, tan never changes in the
comparison or contrast of qualities.
Español es tan importante como El Inglés. (Spanish is as important as English)
Juan es tan alto como Eduardo.( John is as tall as Edward).
Ella corre tan rápida como mi hermana. (She runs as fast as my sister).

When comparing nouns, tanto…como (as much as, as many as) is used. Note that tantochanges to tanta, tantas, tantos to agree
with the noun's gender and number.
Maria tiene tanto dinero como su hermana. (Mary has as much money as her sister)
No tengo tantos amigos como tú (I don't have as many friends as you do).

Spanish Inferiority (Inferioridad) and Spanish Superiority (Superioridad)

When comparing adjectives, adverbs and nouns, we normally use menos…que(less...than)

for inferiority and más...que (more...than) for superiority. Note that menosand más don’t change with gender or number.
El jardín de mi vecino es menos atractivo que el mio. (The garden of my neighbor is less attractive than mine).
El habla más idiomas que su padre (he speaks more languages than his father).

Note: when dealing with expressions of quantity or amount we use de instead of que:
Tengo que ahorrar más de 100 dollares para comprarme una enciclopedia. (I have to save more than 100 dollars to buy an
encyclopedia)
Esperé menos de 20 minutos para el autobús. (I waited less than 20 min for the bus).
Tengo más de 50 euros. (I have more than 50 euros).
Mi hija tiene menos de 18 años. (My daughter is less than 18 years old).

Spanish Superlative (superlativo):

The superlative indicates the quantitative or qualitative superiority of one object in comparison to a certain group. In other words,
Superlatives express the highest or lowestdegree of comparison when comparing two or more things. The difference between
superlative and comparative is that the superlative goes one step further. It compares one fact not to only one other fact but to all other
facts. There are 2 main ways to express a superlative idea. Its construction is similar to that of the comparative form. Spanish
superlatives are formed by placing the definite article before the noun being compared, and note that the
words más and menos do not change with gender or number. In these instances, only the article determines the gender and the
number of the subject. The table below shows how the superlative is formed:

Spanish Superlative
Gender Singular Plural
Superiority Masculine el más (the most) los más (the most)
Feminine la más/ (the most) las más (the most)
Inferiority Masculine el menos (the least) los menos (the least)
Feminine la menos (the least) las menos (the least)

Es la chica más guapa de todos. (She is the cutest girl of all).

Este edificio es el más grande de la cuidad. (this building is the biggest in town).
Estos árboles son los más antiguos del aldea. (These trees are the oldest in the village).
Nadia es la más delgada en la casa. (Nadia is the skinniest in the house)
Las Islas Canarias son las más atractivas en España. (Canary Islands are the most attractive in Spain).

Superlatives are also formed by simply adding the suffix -ísimo (-a, -os, -as) to an adjective or an adverb after taking the adjective
ending -o/-a away:

Spanish Superlatives
Gender Singular Plural
Masculine -ísimo altísimo (very tall) -ísimos
Feminine -ísima viejísima (very old) -ísimas

Note that the (o) of alto and viejo is omitted because of the í of ísimo since the í has priority. And also note that this kind of
superlatives agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
Maria es guapísima. (Mary is extremely cute). Mario es altísimo. (Mario is very tall).
Gloria y Mona son inteligentísimas. (Gloria and Mona are extremely intelligent)

Spanish Irregular Comparatives:

In English we say good- better- the best. gooder or the goodest are not correct, same thing in Spanish, there are some irregularities.
The following are adjectives and adverbs with irregular comparative and superlative forms:

Spanish Irregular Comparative

Adjective/Adverb Comparative Superlative
good bueno better mejor the best el mejor
bad malo worse peor the worst el peor
great grande greater mayor the greatest el mayor
small pequeño less menor the least el menor
well bien better mejor best el mejor
badly mal worse peor worst el peor
much mucho more más most el más
little poco less menos least el menos
young joven younger menor the youngest el menor

Spanish Diminutive
There are only a few diminutives in English like kitty, doggy... while in Spanish most of nouns and adjectives have diminutive form.
In English to avoid this gap we add the word "little”. The most common Spanish diminutive suffixes are -ito and -cito (-ita and
-citafor feminine) mi plantita (my little plant). The rules aren't hard and the tendency is that words ending in -a, -o or -te form the
diminutive by dropping the final vowel and adding -ito or -ita, while -cito or -ecito are added to other words ending in e. We find also
the diminutive suffix -illo and -cillo (-illa, -cilla for the feminine), -ico, -cico, -uelo, -zuela, -ete, -cete, -ín and iño (-ica, -cica, -uela,
-zuela, -ete, -cete, -ína and iña for the feminine).
In Spanish the diminutive suffixes such as -ito is used not only to indicate size but also to indicate affection. In English little friend
doesn’t necessary mean small, often indicate more about the speaker's feelings toward the person or object than to its size. Note that
the diminutive suffixes tend to be used in spoken Spanish more than in the written one. So in general Diminutives are used to
express smallness or affection.

Spanish Diminutive
This is a list of the most common ways the diminutive suffixes are used in Spanish: miabuelita (my dear grandmother), casita (little
house, cottage), perrito (puppy, little dog), rosita (little rose), papito (daddy), ahorita (right now), un cochecito (a cute little
car), cerquita (right next to), gordito (chubby), Un momentito, por favor. (Just a moment,
please), camisita (shirt), tontito (silly), vaquita (cowie), dolorito (tiny ache).

Also in Spanish there is a way to form a new word not necessarily a diminutive of the original word, nor an affectionate way to
talk about something like: mantequilla (butter), panecillo (bread roll), martillo (hammer), bolsillo (pocket), cajetilla (packet), bolsillo
(pocket), ventanilla (ticket office), carbonilla (cinder), cabellitos (merry-go-round), cabecilla (ringleader), vaquilla (heifer), silla
(chair). And even these words ending with illo/illa ito/ita …. Still can have a diminutive form:
martillo/ hammer ---> martillito
bolsillo/ pocket ---> bolsillito
silla/ chair ---> sillita
Note: The diminutive -ito ending should not be confused with the -ito ending in some past participles such as frito (fried) and maldito
(cursed).

Summery of Spanish Comparative:

Comparison forms are equality, inferiority, superiority, and the superlative. They’re simply used to compare things, either in quantity
or quality, they can be superior, inferior or equal, and a comparison can be done with adjectives and adverbs or nouns. The diminutive
form is used to express size or affection.
This table will show you all kind of Spanish comparatives & some forms of Spanish diminutive:

Spanish Comparative
Superlative El más... The most… or the ~est.
Superiority más...(que) more...than or ~er than
Equality tan...como as...as (for adjectives & adverbs)
tanto...como as much/many as ( for nouns)
Inferiority menos...(que) less/fewer...than
Irregular Bueno/mejor (good,better). Malo/peor (bad, worse)
Viejo/mayor (old, older). Joven/menor (young, younger)
Diminutive Ito/ita, itos/itas. (dedo/dedito, little finger). illo/illa, illos/illas.(bolso/bolsillo, pocket)

Spanish Contraction

There are only twocontractions(contracciones) in Spanish: al and del: alis a contraction of the preposition a + el (ameans: to, for, at,
by), and the masculine singular definite articleel: voy al rio. (I'm going to the river). Soal means to the, but also means upon: alsalir
de la casa, abro mis paraguas. (Upon leaving the house, I open my umbrella.)
Del is a contraction of the preposition de+ el: de (of, from, with) plus the masculine singular definite article el: el palacio del rey (the
place of the king)
Don't confuse between contracting a+ el (definite article) and a+ él (personal pronoun ‘he”) because a and él cannot be contracted,
hablo a él (I talk to him).
So in short, the contractions in Spanish are two:

Spanish Contraction
a + el al
de + el del

Spanish Conjunctions

Conjunctions (conjunciones) join words, phrases and clauses together. In other words,conjunctions provide a link between similar
words or groups of words, such as nouns, verbs, people, etc. The most commonly used conjunction in Spanish is “y” (and): salgo con
Mario y José (I go out with Mario and José).
Other commonly used conjunctions are: o (or), ni (nor), pero (but), entonces (then):
Mi amigo es alto, pero es muy delgado.(my friend is tall, but very skinny).
¿sale ella a las nueve o las diez? (is she going out at 9 or 10).
Ni a favor ni en contra , Sino todo lo contrario!!! (Not for, nor against, but quite the opposite).
So in short this are some conjunctions in Spanish:

Spanish Conjunctions
y o
pero ni…ni

Spanish Personal "a"

When the direct object of a verb is a person or a domestic animal, it is preceded by the personal “a” (la preposición personal “a”)
which has no English equivalent, therefore many English natives forget adding it when they talk about a person, which is considered a
serious mistake from the point of view of Spanish natives:
Ví el accidente (I saw the accident), but ví a la hermana de Juan (I saw Juan’s sitster). la policía busca a la niña perdida (the police
are looking for the missing girl).
The personal "a" is not used, however, with the verb tener (to have), or with collective nouns, and with nouns referring to unspecified
people:
Tengo un hermano (I have a brother), and not tengo a un hermano. necesito médico (I need a doctor, it doesn’t matter who).

Saber vs Conocer

At a first glance, saber and conocer both mean the same thing, and that is "to know". So choosing the right verb depends on the
context in which it is used. We use saber to express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something or
to know how to do something. It is often followed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. ¿Sabes Alemán? (do you know German?)
él sabe donde está su perro (he knows where his dog is). Also used to say that you know something by heart, el sabe las capitales de
todo el mundo (heknows the capitals of the world “by hear”t). Also used For skills: Ella sabe cocinar (sheknows how to
cook). sabes nadar ¿verdad? (you know how to swim, right?)

We use conocer to say that one is familiar with a person, a place, or an object. It can only be followed by a direct object, never by
an infinitive or a subordinate clause. Remember that if the direct object is a person, the preposition "a" must be used.
noconozco a nadie en la escuela (I don't know anyone at school). Jose conoce Marruecos (José knows Morocco).

You can also use both in some cases, for examples use saber or conocer to express knowledge or ignorance of a subject or learning
discipline: pienso que él no sabe nada de ruso. (I think he doesn’t know a thing about Russian), no conoce/ sabe nada de la geografia
(he doesn’t know anything about geography).

So in short these are some reasons which help you decide which to choose:

Saber vs Conocer
Saber to know (facts, information, how to do something, Conocer to know (to be familiar with a person, places, things)
something by heart).

Note that the preterit of saber means to find out: Supe la realidad la semana pasada. (I found out the reality last week).

Pedir vs Preguntar

The two Spanish verbs pedir and preguntar both mean "to ask", but saber & conocer are not interchangeable, their rules are easy to
learn however:

Pedir vs Preguntar
Pedir to ask for something, or request an Preguntar to ask a question, or request information (followed by si, donde, cuando, de
object, service or favor (followed by a noun): quien, a quéhora, etc.) Pregunté a qué hora llega el tren (I asked what time does the
mepidió dinero (he asked me for mone “ to train arrive). Mepreguntó por el dinero (he asked me about the money “what have I
give him”). done with it”).

In short: pedir: to ask (for an object or a service), preguntar: to ask (a question, request information).

Verb Gustar

Spanish sometimes places the subject after the verb, which is the case with the verb gustar:
Me gusta la playa (I like the beach). Nos gustan los pescados (we like fish) Le gustan las verduras (he likes salad).
Note: Nos gusta el fútbol (we like soccer) and not: nos gustan el fútbol, which is a common mistake Spanish learners make. In other
words, gustar follows what comes after it, and not what comes before, same thing when using the pronoun le or les: A
Juánle gusta el carne (John like meat). A Miguel le gustan las verduras (Miguel likes salad). Note that it’s incorrect to say: A
Miguel les gustan las verduras. the -an of gustan refers to the plural verduras.

Summery:

Contractions: There are only two contractions (contracciones) in Spanish: al and del, al is a contraction of the preposition a + el, and
del is the one of: de+ el.
Conjunctions: they provide a link between similar words or groups of words, such as nouns, verbs, people, etc. The most common
are y (and).o (or) ni (nor) pero (but)entonces (then)
Personal "a": used when the direct object of a verb is a person or a domestic animal: no conozco a nadie aquí (I don’t know
anyone here) except with tener, the “a” shouldn’t be used in that case: Tengo un hermano (I have a brother)
Saber vs Conocer: saber: to know (facts, information, how to do something, something by heart). conocer: to know (to be familiar
with a person, places, things)
Pedir vs Conocer: pedir: to ask (for an object or a service), preguntar: to ask (a question, request information)
The verb Gustar: gustar is one of the exceptions where the subject is placed after the vebs, Me gusta la playa (I like the beach)
me gustan las frutas (I like fruits).
Spanish Phrases
A
He is very able Tiene mucho talento
I'm able to do this work soy capaz de hacer este trabajo
Round about En los contornos
What’s it all about? ¿De qué se trata?
to dream about something soñar con algo
I'm about to estoy en camino de
Absence of mind Distracción
In accordance with De acuerdo con
According to Según
He is accused of... El es acusado de....
she lives across the street vive al otro lado de la calle
To act the fool Hacer el tonto
In addition to Fuera de, además
two adjoining rooms dos habitaciones contiguas
To adjourn the meeting Suspender la sesión
A piece of advice Un buen consejo
give someone an advice dar un consejo a alguien
take someone's advice seguir el consejo de alguien
I advice you to leave te aconsejo que te vayas
take advantage of ... Aprovecharse de.../ sacar ventaja
I'm afraid of (things /to do things) tengo miedo a/de
I'm afraid of cats tengo miedo a los gatos
he's afraid of the dark Le da miedo la oscuridad
I´m afraid she won´t come Me temo que no venga
Not your affair (business) No es cosa tuya
Your affectionate niece Su afectuoso sobrina
I cannot afford it Es superior a mis recursos
after passing the bridge después de pasar el puente
after...turn to...keep straight on Después de…gire a...siga todo recto...
The day after. el día siguiente
After all Después de todo
The after life La vida futura
Never again Nunca jamás
I never saw him again no lo volví a ver
What do you have against her? ¿Qué tienes contra de ella?
At the age of ten... A los diez años...
10 minutes ago hace 10 minutos
long time ago hace mucho tiempo
I agree with you estoy de acuerdo
in the open air al aire libre
all at once A la vez
All but menos
All the better Tanto mejor
he is allergic to el es alérgico a
it's not allowed no está permitido
Talking not allowed No se permite hablar
Almighty God El todopoderoso
it will be alright saldrá bien
Is it alright to leave now? ¿Puedo irme ahora?
What do you do for amusement? ¿Qué haces para entretenerte?
to be angry with someone estar enojado con alguien
Why don't you answer? ¿Por qué no contestas?
Do you have any idea at all? ¿Tienes alguna idea?
Anyone wants to chat with me? ¿Alguien que quiera hablar conmigo?
if I can help you anyhow, let me know si puedo ayudarte de alguna manera, dímelo
make an appointment with the Dr pedir hora con el doctor
I would like to make an appointment me gustaría hacer un apunte
he is as tall as John el es tan alto como Juan
I work full time as a ... trabajo a tiempo completo como manager
to be ashamed of estar apenado de, estar avergonzado de
I asked him for money le pedí dinero
I asked him where he lives le pregunté dónde vivía
Can I ask you something? ¿Puedo hacerte una pregunta?
she is an asset to our company es un gran valor para la compañía
be good/bad at something ser bueno/malo haciendo algo
I don't like dogs at all no me gustan nada los perros
be aware of something ser consiente de algo
Do you have rooms available? ¿Tienes habitaciones disponibles?

B
she will be back tomorrow volverá mañana
I'll be right back regreso en un momentito
When are you coming back? ¿cuándo volverás?
they wrote back (letters) contestaron a la carta/la llamada
I'm bad at math se me dan mal las matemáticas
he is going bald se está quedando calvo
go bankrupt ir a la quiebra
language barrier barrera lingüística
Don’t be sad! ¡No estés triste!
to beat someone up dar una paliza a alguien
go to bed ir a la cama
I've never been to Spain no he estado en España
I've been studying Spanish for... tengo tres años estudiando Español
I don't believe you No te creo. Me crees ¿verdad?
you will have to do without te las tendrás que arreglar
do one's best hacer todo lo posible
All the best! ¡buena suerte! Que te vaya bien!
I bet he doesn't come apuesto a que no viene
I'm getting better estoy haciendo progresos
you had better ask for permission sería mejor que pidieras permiso
The bill please! la cuenta por favor
The land of my birth... Mi tierra natal...
Date of birth? ¿Fecha de nacimiento?
Happy birthday! ¡Feliz cumpleaños!
let's chat for a bit platicamos un rato/ ratito
I'll be there in a bit estaré allí dentro de un rato
blame someone for something culpar a alguien de algo
Bless you! ¡Jesús! qué ¡Dios te bendiga!
in cold blood a sangre fría
Bon appétit! ¡Qué aproveche! ¡Buen provecho!
I booked a room tengo una habitación reservada
I'm bored me aburro, estoy aburrido
Where were you born? ¿Dónde naciste?
I was born in 1979 nací en mil novecientos setenta y nueve
I was born in Italy, but go often to Mex yo nací en Italia pero voy muy seguido a Méx
I was born in France but live in the US yo nací en Francia pero vivo en los EU
Does it bother you if I smoke? ¿Te molesta si fumo/ si mi siento aquí?
at the bottom of the screen en la parte inferior de la pantalla
Please, bring us..! ¡Nos trae (más pan)!
I'm just browsing sólo estoy mirando
be on a budget tener un presupuesto limitado
I'm here for business estoy aquí por razón de trabajo
it's none of your business no es asunto/cosa tuyo/a
buy a ticket sacar una entrada
Where can I buy...? ¿dónde venden tarjetas telefónicas?
I did it by myself lo hice yo solito
by the way a propósito
C
long distance call una llamada interurbana
What’s that called? ¿Cómo se llama a esto en español?
we must call for an ambulance debemos telefonear a una ambulancia
I will call back later/tomorrow le volveré a llamar más tarde/mañana
there is a call for u tienes una llamada, te llaman
I'll give you a call tomorrow te llamaré mañana
he called him a liar le llamó mentiroso
they called you gay te dijeron maricón de mierda
this stupid calls me bitch ese estúpido me llama perra
but they call me John pero me llaman Juan
And who's calling? ¿De parte de quién?
Calm down! ¡Cálmate!
I came from work estoy llegando del trabajo
Can you call again later? ¿Puede volver a llamar más tarde?
Can you hear me? ¿Me oyes?
that can't be right debe haber un error
Can I...? ¿Puedo...?
Take care! ¡Cuídate! ¡Cuidados!
Be careful! ¡Ten Cuidado!
in that case en ese caso
pay in cash pagar en efectivo
catch up on one's sleep recuperar sueño
I'm not taking any chances no voy a correr ningún riesgo
for a change para variar
Will that be cash or charge? ¿Pagará en efectivo o con tarjeta?
Cheer up! ¡Anímate!
Cheers! ¡Salud!
it's chilly today hace fresquito hoy
I had no choice no tuve alternativa
Merry Christmas! ¡Feliz navidad!
Is it close? ¡está cerca?
no clue no tengo ni idea
I'm cold tengo frío
I have a cold estoy resfriado, tengo un resfriado
Come here! ¡venga aquí! ¡ven acá!
How come? ¿Cómo es eso? ¿Por qué? ¿y eso?
Come in! ¡entre! ¡adelante!
come on, you're exaggerating ¡vamos, hombre! estás exagerando
Come on! tell me ¡anda! Dime.
have something in common tener algo en común con alguien
Compared with... comparado con
we're not compatible no somos compatibles
Concerning... Por lo que toca....
I have a confession to make tengo algo que confesar
congratulations on felicidades por
It’s considered to be... Se considera que es.........
take something into consideration tomar algo en consideración
I'm a good cook soy un buen cocinero
Is it correct to say...? ¿Es correcto decir....?
you're correct tienes razón
it costs too much cuesta demasiado
I'd like to visit your country one day Me gustaría visitar algún día tu país
Of course! ¡Claro! ¡Claro que si! ¡Por supuesto!
Do you accept credit card? ¿Aceptas tarjetas de crédito?
I was cut off se me ha cortado la comunicación
I had my hair cut me he cortado el pelo/dedo
we were cut off se ha cortado
it looks really cute on u eso te queda muy mono

Spanish Phrases D-E

D
you're damaging your health estás perjudicando tu salud
I don't give a damn! ¡Me importa un pimiento!
damn it ¡Maldita sea!
How dare you! ¡Cómo te atreves!
Yes my darling! sí cariño
out of date pasado de moda (ropa), caducado (passport)
What’s today's date? ¿Qué fecha/día es hoy?
day after day Día tras día....
it's a good deal es una ocasión
dear Rosa querida rosa
there will be a 5 min delay habrá una demora de 5 minutos
the meal was delicious la comida estuvo deliciosa
you're deluding yourself te estás engañando a ti mismo
I don't deny it, I'm proud of being ... no lo niego, soy muy orgulloso de ser latino
that depends depende
it depends on the weather depende del tiempo
deprive someone of something privar a alguien de algo
Dial the number ....for... Marque el numero...para...
it doesn't make any difference no cambia nada
with difficulty con dificultades
a four digit number un número de 4 dígitos
Is there any discount on... Haces descuento a...
I find it disgusting me da asco
do not disturb no molestar
I don't know what to do no sé qué hacer
That will do! ¡Ya vale!
Well done! ¡bien hecho!
with double bed con dos camas
I'm going downtown voy al centro
it's drafty here hace mucha corriente aquí
she is a good drawer dibuja muy bien
I dreamt about you last night anoche soñé contigo
I don't drink no bebo
You’re driving me crazy Me vuelves loco
he is driving me mad Él me está volviendo loco.
10 minutes driving diez minutos en carro
E
we love each other nos queremos
take it easy ¡Tranquilízate!
I can't eat food that have pork no consumo alimentos que contienen jamón
effective May 1 a partir del 1 de mayo
you speak in an elegant way hablas con cierta elegancia
Anything else? ¿algo más? no eso es todo, gracias
I was embarrassed to ask me daba vergüenza preguntar
to encourage someone dar ánimo a alguien
When does it end? ¿a que hora termina?
at the end of July a finales de julio
Do you enjoy it? ¿te gusta?
Enjoy the meal! ¡Comer con gusto!
goodbye and enjoy your time adiós y que disfruten su tiempo
hope you enjoy the meal espero que disfruten la comida
I don't have enough money no tengo suficiente dinero
Enough talk! That's enough! Esto es. Basta ya
I've had enough! ¡estoy harto!
envy someone something envidiar a alguien por algo
you envy Cubans tú lo que tienes envidia de los cubanos
the word escapes me no consigo recordar la palabra
even if he begged me aunque me suplicara
in the evening por la tarde
Have you ever been to NY? ¿Has estado alguna vez en Nueva York?
take an exam hacer un examen
with the exception of a excepción de
excuse me (to pass by) ¡disculpe! ¡Oiga! ¡perdone! (for attention)
take exercise hacer ejercicio, ejercitar
at the company's expense a cargo de la empresa
could you explain that please puedes explicarlo, por favor
to a certain extent hasta cierto punto
keep an eye on esta pendiente de

Spanish Expressions F-G

F
Face to face Frente a frente. Cara a cara
yours faithfully le saluda atentamente
be faithful to one's partner ser fiel a la pareja
I fell of the wall me caí del muro
I have fallen me he caído
be falsely accused of something ser acusado falsamente de algo
that looks familiar eso me resulta familiar
be famous for ser famoso por
Is it far? ¿está lejos?
How far is...? ¿a qué distancia está...?
as far as I know que yo sepa
you've gone too far (in behavior) te has pasado
so far so good por ahora muy bien
fast food restaurant restaurante de comidas rápidas
it's your fault es culpa tuya
it wasn't my fault No tuve la culpa. no tengo la culpa (pres)
do me a favor ¡haga me un favor!
I'm fed up with my job estoy harto de mi trabajo
I don't feel well no me siento bien
I don't feel like it no me da la gana
I feel sick/tired estoy mareado/cansado
How’re you feeling today? ¿Cómo te encuentras hoy?
I don't feel like it no me apetece
fill it up please lleno , por favor, llena esta hoja
Where can I find a good restaurant? dónde puedo encontrar un buen restaurante
that's fine, I will take it (room) esta bien, la tomo
have a fight (argue) pelearse
How did you find the hotel? ¿Qué te pareció el hotel?
Fire! ¡Fuego!
it fits you perfectly te queda perfectamente
meet/see s.o in the flesh conocer/ver a alguien en persona
he speaks Spanish fluently habla español con soltura
sorry, I'm not free lo siento mucho, pero no estoy libre
It’s foggy! hay niebla
follow this road siga esta calle/carretera
follow me sígueme
I'm fond of.... soy un gran aficionado al ajedrez
I'm very fond of him le tengo mucho cariño
I've been on my feet all day llevo todo el día de pie
on foot/by car a pie/en carro
this is for you esto es para ti
What is this for? ¿para qué sirve esto?
please get it done for Monday por favor tenlo listo (para) el lunes
let me do it for you déjame que te lo haga
I bought it for $15 lo compré por 25 dólares
How much did you sell it for? ¿por cuanto lo vendiste?
I'm here for 6 months voy a estar aquí 6 meses
happy for you me alegro por ti
I worked for 3 years in..... Trabajé durante tres años para....
I forgot his name se me olvidó su nombre
to forget to do something olvidarse de hacer algo
to be on form/shape estar en forma
it's 15 degrees below freezing diez grados bajo cero
don't be frightened ¡No te asustes! ¡No tengas miedo!
from today on a partir de hoy
from here to there desde aquí hasta allí
I work from...to... trabajo de nueve a cinco
Where are you from? ¿de dónde eres tu?
Anyone from Maryland? ¿alguna persona de Maryland?
I'm frozen estoy helado
Fuck off! ¡Que se joda! vete a la mierda!
sorry, we're full lo siento pero estamos completos
Bye. Have fun! Adiós ¡que los paséis bien!
make fun of burlarse de
we're having a lot of fun nos estamos divirtiendo mucho
that's not funny eso no tiene gracia
G
gain 20 pounds engordar 20 libras
she gave me a lift to my house ella me llevó a mi casa
I'm getting old me estoy haciendo mayor
Excuse me, can I get by? ¿perdóname, puedo pasar?
I get along very well with him el me cae muy bien
get on the bus/my bike montarse en el autobús/mi bici
How are you getting along at school? ¿Cómo te van las cosas en el colegio?
give her my love dale recuerdos de mi parte
give a present to someone hacer un regalo a alguien
I'm glad to see you me alegro de verte
Where would you like to go? ¿adónde quieres ir?
it's to go (food) es para llevar
I have to go, goodbye me tengo que ir, adiós
How is it going? como te encuentras?
Where are you going? ¿adónde vas?
be all gone (finished) haberse acabado
Can I? Sure, go ahead! ¿puedo? por supuesto , adelante
ok little friend, I've got to go bueno, mi amiguito me retiro
thank God (goodness) gracias a Dios
good morning, evening, night ¿Buenos días! buenas tardes!..noches!
good night and sweet dreams ¿Buenas noches y dulces sueños!
he is good at chess se le da muy bien el ajedrez
Oh! That's good! Oh, qué bien!
I'll graduate in two weeks en dos semanas me graduó
I'm grateful to him le estoy agradecido
How was it? Great! ¿cómo fue? Estupendo. genial
That would be great! ¡lo iría grande!
I guess so me imagino que sí
Hey, you guys! ¡Eh, gente!
Spanish Expressions
H
have short/long hair tener el pelo corto/largo
half bottle media botella
half a pound media libra
at half price a mitad precio
half way a mitad de camino
on one hand...on the other hand por una parte....por otra parte
Hands up! ¡arriba las manos!
on your right hand a mano derecha
let me handle this deja me que me ocupe yo de esto
Do you have (in restaurant)? ¿tienen…?
What happened? ¿qué ha pasado?
What happened to my question? ¿Qué pasó con mi pregunta?
What has happened to you? ¿qué te ha pasado?
this place is haunted en este lugar hay fantasmas
Can I have a coffee? ¿me da un café?
I had my hair cut me corté el pelo
Do you have anything on tonight? ¿Tienes algo planeado para esta noche?
you're funny, he is not tú tienes gracia, él no
Have you heard of Mike? ¿Te has enterado de lo de mike?
know something by heart saber algo de memoria
turn on the heater enciende la calefacción
there is heavy traffic hay mucho tráfico
what the hell you doing/want qué demonios estas haciendo/quieres
Go to hell! ¡vete a paseo! mejor vete al diablo!
say hello to someone saludar a alguien
I can't help it no puedo evitarlo
Help yourself! ¡sírvete!
Can you help me? ¿puede ayudarme?
thank you for your help gracias por tu ayuda
Can I help you? (shop) ¿podría ayudarse?
I know her la conozco
this is for her eso es para ella
here is the key to your room aquí está la llave,
here you're ¡aquí tienes!
Here you go! ¡aquí tiene!
by herself sola (alone), ella sola (without any help)
Hi all! Hola a todos! Saludos a todos
high blood pressure la tensión alta
highly paid estar muy bien pagado
hitch a ride hacer autostop
hold on please no cuelgue, por favor
Have a good holiday! ¡buenas vacaciones!
take a holiday tomarse vacaciones
Anybody home? ¿hay alguien en casa?
New York is my home Nueva york es mi hogar
make yourself at home ponte cómodo
Everything ok at home? ¿todo bien en casa?
I hope you like it espero que te guste
I hope so espero que si
take someone hostage tomar a alguien como rehén
I'm hot tengo calor
it's hot hace calor
How come? ¿Cómo es eso? ¿Por qué?
How are you? ¿cómo estás?
How do you say a cup en Spanish? ¿Cómo dices una taza en Ingles?
How do I get to..? ¿cómo se va a...?
How much is it per night? ¿qué precio tiene por noche?
I give you a hug te doy un abrazo
sense of humor sentido del humor
I'm hungry tengo hambre
I'm in a hurry tengo prisa
Hurry up! you make yourself late again date prisa, vas a llegar tarde otra vez
my/his back hurts me/le duele la espalda
I've hurt my hand me he hecho daño en la mano
my feet hurt me duelen los pies

Spanish Sentences I-N

I
you're crazy I'm not tú estás loco, yo no
I have no idea no tengo ni idea
Good idea! ¡buena idea!
if only ojalá
fall ill caer enfermo
are you implying I lied ¿Insinúas que mentí?
in a loud voice en voz alta
be incapable of doing something ser incapaz de hacer algo
incidental expenses gastos varios
incite someone to do something incitar a alguien a que haga algo
it's important es importante
She speaks 5 languages, impressive! ¡habla 5 idiomas, es impresionante!
In 10 minutes dentro de 10 minutos
you're not being very informative no estás dando mucha información
he injured his leg se lesionó la pierna
inquire into something investigar algo
please keep it, I insist por favor insisto en que te lo quedes
for instance por ejemplo
I'll have milk instead of coffee tomaré leche en vez de café
I have insurance tengo seguro, estoy afiliado al seguro
intend to do something tener la intención de hacer algo
I'm not interested in politics at all no me interesa la política en absoluto
be interested in something estar interesado en algo
I don't see anything interesting no veo nada interesante
on the internet en Internet
I'm Moroccan soy marroquí
Is breakfast included? ¿Es con desayuno?
That it! (That’s right) ¡eso es!, (finished) ¡ya está!
J
he is in jail está en la cárcel
be jealous of tener celos de
it' s no joke no tiene ninguna gracia
I'm joking! estoy bromeando
have a safe journey ¡buen viaje!
judge for yourself júzgalo por ti mismo
the last judgment el juicio final (rel)
have just done something acabar de hacer algo
Just two solamente dos
I was just about to leave when estaba a punto de salir cuando
I've just arrived acabo de llegar
K
you can keep it te lo puedes quedar
keep a promise cumplir una promesa
keep the change quédate con la vuelta
Keep straight on until you get to... Siga todo recto hasta llegar a...
when I was a kid cuando era pequeño
I was only kidding estaba bromeando
you're kidding estás de broma
that's very kind of you gracias por tu amabilidad
king size bed cama de matrimonio
there was a knock on the door llamaron a la puerta
I don't know no lo sé
I have known him for a long time le conozco desde hace mucho tiempo
I have a good knowledge of Spanish tengo una buena base de Español
L
he lacks confidence le falta confianza
Any lady from New York? ¿Alguna dama de Nueva york?
How long does it last? ¿cuánto tiempo dure?
last week la semana pasada
sorry I'm late siento llegar tarde
the train is late el tren viene con retraso
see you later hasta luego
Come back later ok. venga un poco más tarde
Do you know the latest? ¿Sabes la última?
When does it leave? ¿a qué hora sale?
Where does it leave from? ¿de dónde sale?
When do we have to leave the room? a qué hora debemos desocupar el cuarto?
Can we leave out luggage here? ¿Podemos dejar nuestro equipaje aquí?
I'm leaving tomorrow me voy mañana
Leave me alone! ¡déjame me en paz!
there is nothing left no queda nada
less than 200$ menos de 200 dólares
let me know ok, házmelo saber,
That’s life! ¡así es la vida!
like you como tú
I really like it me encanta
like I said como dije
like this así
I don't like you going out with them no me gusta que salgas con ellos
stand in line hacer la cola
she's is a good linguist se le dan bien los idiomas
Listen to me! ¡escuche a me! ¡Escuche!
a little milk un poco de leche
a live broadcast una retransmisión en directo
Where do you live? ¿dónde vives?
What do you do for a living? ¿a qué te dedicas?
Are you local? ¿eres de aquí?
Where is it located? ¿dónde queda....?
I locked myself out me dejé las llaves dentro
for a long time por mucho tiempo
don't be long no tardes mucho
I'm looking for John estoy buscando a Juan
it looks it's going to rain parece que va a llover
I look forward to hearing from u a la espera de sus noticias
I'm just looking sólo curioso, gracias
I'm lost me he perdido
we're lost nos hemos perdido
Get lost! ¡vete a paseo!
I've lost my wallet he perdido la cartera
lost and found la oficina de objetos perdidos
a lot of books/butter muchos libros/mucha mantiquilla
love (letter endings) un fuerte abrazo (or) besos
be in love with estar enamorado de
I love swimming/nature me encanta nadar/la naturaleza
Good luck! ¡que tenga suerte!
bad luck mala suerte
I'm lucky tengo suerte
M
drive someone mad volver loco a alguien
make a decision tomar una decisión
it makes me hungry me da hambre
it makes me sad/upset me da pena/lástima
Make yourself home! ¡estás en su casa!
What is it made of? ¿de qué material es la mesa? es de madera
I've made 3 phone calls hice 3 llamadas telefónicas
I'm male and have 25 years old soy hombre y tengo 25 años
have no manners ser un maleducado
be married to estar casado con
get married casarse
it doesn't matter no importa
What’s the matter? ¿que pasa?
it may rain puede que lleva
What’s in this (meal)? ¿este plato, qué lleva?
he knows me me conoce
The meal is great! ¿La comida es genial!
What does this mean? ¿Qué quiere decir esto? ¿Qué significa esto?
You know what I mean? ¿Sabes lo que quiero decir?
You mean me? ¿A quién te refieres? ¿A mí?
in the mean time mientras tanto
taller than me más alto que yo
What can you do for me? ¿Qué puedes hacer por me?
he is in a meeting está reunido
Nice to meet you! ¡Tanto gusto! ¡Medio gusto conocerte!
have a good memory tener buena/mala memoria
don't mention it (you're welcome) no hay de que
Waiter! The menu please! ¡Mesero! ¡La carta por favor!
What a mess! ¡qué lío!
be a mess estar desordenado
Would you like to leave a message? ¿quiere dejar algún recado?
Is there any message for me? ¿Hay algún recado/carta para mí?
Have you two met? ¿se conocen?
in the middle of en medio de (room,floor)
in the middle of the night/winter en plena noche/invierno
at midnight/midday a medianoche, al mediodía
Do you mind? ¿te importa?
change one's mind cambiar de opinión
have something in mind tener algo en la cabeza
I don't mind no me molesta
would you mind leaving it till tomorrow te importaría dejarlo para mañana
it's mine es el mío
in a minute en un momento
Just a minute! ¡un momento!
my son is missing se ha perdido mi hijo
I missed you (lost contact) te saco
make a mistake cometer un error, equivocarse
by mistake por error
there's been a misunderstanding ha habido una equivocación
To be mixed up (emotionally) tener problemas emocionales
To be mixed up (confused) estar confundido
just a moment un momento
one moment please un momento por favor
how much do you pay a month ¿cuántos pagas al mes?
be in a good/bad mood estar de buen/mal humor
more than 5 más de 5
more or less mas o menos
he earns more than I do gana más que yo
more than me más que yo
the more I study, the more I learn cuanto más estudio, más aprendo
I don't live there any more ya no vivo allí
in the morning por la mañana
She is the most hardworking... ella es la mujer más laboriosa de la tierra
I've read most of her novels he leído la mayoría de sus novelas
at the most como mucho
move house mudarse de casa
go to a movie ir al cine
It’s not moving! no se mueve
I'm moving to a new house voy a mudarme de casa
as much as tanto ......como
I must be on time debo llegar a la hora
N
What’s your name? ¿Cómo te llamas? ¿Cual es tu nombre?
My name is..... Me llamo.......
Under what name? ¿A nombre de quién, por favor?
to have a nap dar/echar una cabezada
in the near future en un futuro próximo
it's necessary to es necesario, hay que
It’s not necessary to... No hace falta que...
You live in Spain, don't you? ¿Vives en España, no? or ¿verdad?
Did you need anything? (store) ¿qué deseas?
If you need anything just let me know? si necesita algo, dígamelo
there is no need to be rude/upset no hace falta ser grosero/que te enfades
I need to talk to you tengo que hablar contigo
I need money me falta dinero
it means we're neighbors pues somos vecinos
get on someone's nerves sacar de quicio a alguien
What’s new? ¿qué hay de nuevo?
I never drunk wine nunca bebo vino
Who’s next? ¿quién es el siguiente?
be nice to your sister ¿trata bien a tu hermana!
that's nice of you es muy amable de tu parte
P.r is a very nice island puerto rico es una isla muy linda
but I wouldn't live there, only to visit pero no viviría ahí, sólo para visitar
To work nights trabajar de noche
don't talk nonsense no digas disparates/tonterías
you're talking nonsense estas hablando basura
to the north al norte de
not now ahora no
it's not ready no está listo
I noticed that... Me he fijado que...
from now on de ahora en adelante
just now (a little while ago) hace un momento
just now en este momento

Spanish Phrases O-Z

O
be obsessed by/with estar obsesionado con/por
take a day off tomarse un día de fiesta/un día libre
off line estar desconectado
he is ok (good guy) es buena persona
How old are you? ¿Cuántos años tienes?
he is getting old está haciéndose mayor
I'm ... years old Tengo... Años
she is older than me tiene más años que yo
my oldest brother mi hermano mayor
and so on etcétera
all at once al mismo tiempo
Once you have finished... una vez que hayas acabado
Which one? ¿cuál?
not only... but also no sólo ... sino también
At what time does... Open? ¿a qué hora abre el museo?
in the open air al aire libre
have an operation ser operado
in my opinion en mi opinión
in order to para
quite the opposite al contrario
You ready to order? ¿deseas ordenar?
originally from Connecticut originalmente de connecticut
the other day el otro día
Have you any others? ¿tienes otros?
every other day cada dos días
the others los otros
he is out ha Salido
stay overnight quedarse a pasar la noche
room overlooking the lake una habitación que dé al lago
work overtime hacer horas extras
be overweight estar demasiado gordo
owe s.o 100$ deber a alguien 100 dólares
How much do I owe you? ¿cuánto te debo?
I owe you te debo
my own house mi propio casa
P
a pain in the neck una lata/ un tostón
Don’t panic! que no cunda el pánico!
a piece of paper un trozo de papel
Pardon! ¿cómo?
Where can I park? ¿dónde puedo aparcar el carro?
pass an exam aprobar un examen
the past few days los últimos días
Just be patient! ¿ten paciencia!
How would you like to pay? ¿cómo deseas pagar?
pay attention prestar atención
be pending estar pendiente
I don't want to, period! ¡no me da la gana y punto!
perhaps we could go next week quizá podemos ir la semana próxima
ask someone permission to pedir permiso a alguien para
permit someone to do something permitir a alguien que haga algo
in person en persona
don't take it personally no te lo tomes como algo personal
be on the phone estar hablando por teléfono
I want to make a phone call Quiero hacer una llamada telefónica
pick one's noise meterse el dedo en la nariz
What a pity! ¡qué pena!
It’s a pity that... Es una pena que...
place an order hacer un pedido
pleased to meet you encantado de conocerte
at 6.00 pm las 6.00 de la tarde
at 11.00 pm las 11.00 de la noche
get to the point ir al grano
There’s no point in waiting... no vale la pena esperar
poke one's nose into meter las narices en
be positive estar seguro
in power en el poder
practice makes perfect base de práctica se aprende
long time I haven't practiced my Spanish hace mucho tiempo que no tengo la oportunidad
De hablar español
Do you practice any sport? ¿Haces deporte?
as a precaution como precaución
I'd prefer to play tennis prefiero jugar al tenis
it's for a present está cómo regalo
he pretends to know everything pretende saberlo todo
to pretend to be someone hacerse pasar por alguien
prevent s.o from doing something impedir que alguien haga algo
Let’s go to a private room! (chat) ¡vamos al privado!
no problem ¡no fue nada!
make progress hacer progresos
Do you promise? ¿lo prometes?
How is it pronounced? ¿cómo se pronuncia?
it's not proper no está bien
be proud of estar orgulloso de
Are you proud of yourself? ¿Estás orgulloso de ti mismo?
I'm not psychic no soy vidente
in public en público
on purpose a propósito
Q
That was quick! ¡qué rápido!
speak quietly hablar en voz baja
it's quite good es bastante bueno
it's quite Expensive bastante caro
R
I will race you te echo una carrera
it's raining está lloviendo
get ready prepararse
I realized that me di cuenta de que
I didn't realize something no me di cuenta de algo
Really! ¡verdad!
I'm really sorry lo siento en el alma
Can you give me a receipt? ¿me podría dar un recibo?
Can you recommend a good restaurant? puede recomendarnos algún buen (restau)
give s.o a refund devolver el dinero a alguien
refuse to do something negarse a hacer algo
best regards un abrazo
give my regards to Juan dale saludos/recuerdos a Juan de mi parte
regardless of sin tener en cuenta
Relax! Don't get angry ¡tranquilízate! No te enfades
What’s your religion? ¿qué religión tienes?
be reluctant to do something ser reacio a hacer algo
rely on s.o to do something contar con alguien para hacer algo
Do you remember John? ¿recuerdas a Juan?
I don't remember no recuerdo/no me acuerdo
you remind me of James me recuerdas a Jaime
feel renewed sentir como nuevo
for rent se alquila
can you repeat that please puedes repetirlo, por favor
have a good/bad reputation tener una buena/mala reputación
he needs a rest necesita descansar
the rest el resto
he is retired/married/single está jubilado/casado/soltero
take one's revenge vengarse
get rid of deshacerse de
I like riding me gusta montar a caballo
do you want a ride to town quieres que te lleve al centro
I'm right estoy correcto
I'm in Bogotá right now estoy en Bogota en este momento
turn to the right gira a la derecha
I've been robbed me han robado
There’s no room for... no hay sitio para
5 days in a row 5 días seguidos
I didn't mean to be rude no pretendía faltar al respeto
It is rumored that.... se rumorea que
time has run out se ha acabado el tiempo
do something in a rush hacer algo con prisas
my Spanish is pretty rusty tengo el Español muy abandonado
S
for sale (sign) se vende
be on sale estar de rebajas
the same lo mismo, igual
same here yo también
I hope you're satisfied! ¡Estarás contento!
I have to work and save to buy it tengo que trabajar y ahorrar para comprármela
be scared of tener miedo de
be on schedule (work as planned) ir según lo previsto
What’s the score? (match) ¿cómo van?
start from scratch empezar desde cero
Screw you! ¡Chinga tu madre!
by the sea junto al mar
I see ya veo
you should see a doctor deberías ir a que te viera un médico
See you! ¡hasta la vista! ¡chao!
it seems that (none wants to chat) parece que (nadie quiere platicar)
it seems to me me parece
I'm serious lo digo en serio
Seriously? ¿en serio?
Is service included? ¿está incluido el servicio?
have sex with acostarse con
in the shade a la sombra
That’s a shame! ¡qué lástima!
Shame on you! debería darte vergüenza
I need a shit tengo que cagar
do one's shopping hacer la compra
in short en resumen
What should I do? ¿qué debería hacer?
take a shower ducharse
Shut up! ¡cállate la boca! ¡cállate!
I'm on your side estoy de parte tuya
be similar to ser parecido a
since last week desde la semana pasada
Since when? ¿desde cuándo?
yours sincerely saludos cordiales
excuse me, sir perdone, caballero
Sit down! ¡siéntate!
What size is it? ¿qué talla está?
sleep late dormir hasta tarde
have a sleepless night pasar la noche en blanco
I'm sleepy ¡qué sueño tengo ahora!
Sleep well! ¡que duermes tranquilo!
get smart with hacer el listillo con
she had smelly feet le olían los pies
I miss you so te echo tanto de menos
I hope/think so eso espero/ creo
So what? ¿y qué?
he sobered up se le pasó la borrachera
some countries algunos países
Would you like some? ¿quieres?
Is something wrong? ¿pasa algo?
let's have lunch sometimes quedemos para comer un día de éstos
as soon as tan pronto como
as soon as possible lo antes posible
the sooner the better cuando antes mejor
I feel sorry for her siento pena por ella
I'm sorry ,I'm bit late lo siento, llego un poco tarde
I'm sorry but... lo siento pero...
Sorry! ¡disculpe!
could you speak slowly puedes hablar más despacio
Do you speak a foreign language? ¿hablas alguna lengua extranjera?
we're not speaking (quarreled) no nos hablamos
Can I speak to...? ¿puedo hablar con...?
I was left speechless me quedé sin habla
Is it spelt this way? ¿se deletrea así?
How is it spelt? ¿cómo se escribe?
my head is spinning me da vueltas la cabeza
it smells bad ¡huele mal!
Smoking or non-smoking? ¿fumadores o no fumadores?
it's snowing está nevando
What sort of car? ¿qué clase de coche?
we're sold out esta agotado, esta todo ocupado
in spite of a pesar de
I can't stand John no soporto a Juan
I can't stand onions le dan asco las cebollas
Stand still! ¡no te muevas!
stare at mirar fijamente
I'm starving me muero de hambre
I'm staying at hotel me quedo en el hotel
We want to stay from... till ... Quisiéramos quedarnos del..,al...
Stop making that face! ¡Deja de poner esa cara!
Stop the music! ¡Pare la música!
Go straight! When you reach... vaya Ud derecho, hasta que llega a
straight ahead todo recto
I'm hardly struggling with Spanish yo apenas estoy batallando con Español
I'm still studying todavía estoy estudiando
I still don't understand sigo sin entenderlo
Do you still want it? ¿todavía lo quieres?
stop doing something dejar hacer algo
be under stress estar estresado
be on strike estar en huelga
struggle to do something luchar para hacer algo
it's stuck esta atascado
Ok...any subject (to talk about)? Bueno..... ¿Algún tema?
What’s the subject? ¿cuál es el tema?
succeed in doing something conseguir hacer algo
it sucks es una mierda
Can you suggest a place to eat? ¿Puedes sugerir mi sitios para comer/visitar?
it doesn't suit me no me queda bien, no me sienta bien
I'm not sure no sé exactamente/no estoy seguro
make sure that asegurarse de que
surf the Net navegar por Internet
surrounded by rodeado de
I swear lo juro
covered in sweat empapado de sudor
T
How long does it take? ¿Cuánto tiempo se tarda? cuánto tiempo lleva?
Ok take care, and have a nice day! ¡Adiós cuídate y qué tengas un lindo día!
he took her out to dinner la llevó a cenar
he is very talented tiene mucho talento
Which whom I'm talking? ¿con quién hablo?
I will take it/them lo/los tomaré
this seat is taken esta plaza es ocupada
get a tan ponerse moreno
Can I taste it? ¿puedo probarlo?
he has no taste tiene mal gusto
Can you call a taxi for us? ¿Podría pedirnos un taxi, por favor?
I'm a teacher/doctor soy profesor
You must be telepathic! ¡debes tener telepatía!
I will tell him se lo diré
Tell me! ¡dime!
thanks to gracias a
thank you for the info le agradezco su información
in theory en teoría
Is there a hotel here? ¿Hay algún hotel por aquí?
I think that... Creo que...
this one éste
then you'll see...at the end of this street Entonces vería...al extremo de este camino
I (don't) think so creo que si/no
I'm thirsty tengo sed
this is Mario speaking Soy Mario al habla
this is my father quiero presentarle a mi padre
round trip ticket boleto de ida y vuelta
for the first time por primera vez
this time esta vez
all the time todo el rato
take your time tomate tu tiempo
Is this seat taken? ¿está ocupado este asiento?
on time puntual
What time is it? ¿qué hora es?
be tired of something estar cansado de algo
to be honest with you para ser sincero
I won't tolerate it! no lo toleraré
go to the toilet ir al baño
be in training estar entrenándose (sp)
it's my treat (I'm paying) yo invito
True. es Verdad
How can I trust you? ¿Cómo puedo confiar en ti?
I've tried it, it works lo he intentado, se puede hacer!
Can I try it on? ¿podría probarme?
turn left/right gire a la izquierda/derecha
it's my turn me toca a mí
it's your turn *** te toca
Then turn to the left... pues tuerza Ud por la derecha
What type of....? ¿qué tipo/clase de..?
U
the ultimate car lo último en coches
I feel uncomfortable with him me siento incómodo con él
that's unfair eso no es justo
he is at university está en la universidad
What are you up to these days? ¿Qué es de tu vida?
it's up to you tú eliges/ tú decides
What’s up? ¿qué onda?
get upset about something disgustarse por algo
turn something upside down poner algo al revés
It’s urgent! ¿es urgente!
it's of no use to me no me sirve
it's no use no sirve de nada
be not used to something no estar acostumbrado a algo
I don't know how to use this no se como se usa éste
be useless (person) ser un inútil
I used to like him antes me gustaba
as usual como de costumbre
V
be/go on vacation estar/ir de vacaciones
do you have any vacancies ¿tiene alguna habitación libre?
I'm here on vacation estoy aquí de vacaciones
he was very vague about it no fue muy preciso
in vain en vano
Do you have a vegetarian meal? ¿tienes una comida vegetariana?
I'm vegetarian soy vegetariano
What’s your verdict? ¿Qué te parece? ¿Qué opinas?
with a view to (hotel) con vistas a
What can we visit in the area? ¿Qué podemos visitar en esta zona?
W
Have you been waiting long? ¿llevan mucho rato esperando?
Wait for me! ¡espérame!
Can you wake me up at...? ¿podría despertarme a las...?
Can we walk there? ¿se puede ir andando?
Do you want to go for a walk? ¿quieres dar un paseo?
go for a walk salir a dar un paseo
it's within walking distance se puede ir caminando
walking is one of the best exercise caminar es uno de los mejores ejercicios
be at war estar en guerra
it's a waste of money/ time es una pérdida de dinero/tiempo
By the way, what's your name? por cierto cómo te llamas, a propósito
No way! ¡ni hablar!
way of life modo de vida
Watch out! ¡ten cuidado!
do a wee-wee hacer pipí
How much do you weigh? ¿cuánto pesas?
it's weird es raro
you're welcome de nada
Get well soon! ¡Ponte bueno! ¡que te mejores!
welcome to New York bienvenido a nueva york
What is it? ¿qué es?
What’s the capital of..? ¿Cual es la capital de...?
what's it to you : ( ¿A ti qué te importa?
What is it about? ¿de qué se trata?
What part of New York are you from? ¿De qué parte de Nueva york eres?
I'll do whatever you want haré lo que quieras
Which day? ¿qué día?
when I was a child cuando era niño
call me whenever you want llámame cuando quieras
Where are you from? ¿de dónde venís?
Where are you chatting from? ¿De dónde chateas? -- yo desde Ohio
I lived in Moscow for a while viví en mosco una temporada
I will wait a while longer esperaré un rato más
Whose is it? ¿de quién es?
it's windy hace viento
No wonder! No me extraña. No me sorprende
it doesn't work no funciona , esta roto/rota
go around the world dar la vuelta al mundo
Don’t worry! no te preocupes! todo saldrá bien
What’s wrong? ¿qué pasa?
you have a wrong number se ha equivocado de número
Who can I talk to? ¿con quien puedo hablar?
Who I'm talking to? ¿Con quien tengo el gusto?
Who does it belong to? ¿de quien es esto?
Whose is this? ¿de quién es esto?
The girl I live with. la chica con quien vivo
Are you with me? ¿me sigues?
he is a womanizer él es mujeriego
I wonder if you could help ¿Le importaría ayudar me?
you have my word tienes mi palabra
How does it work? ¿cómo funciona?
the sound doesn't work here no sirve el audio aquí
don't worry, I will get it (door) no te molestes, ya respondo yo
the worst lo peor
be worth it valer la pena
I'd like to book a room quería reservar una habitación
We’d like to go to... Nos gustaría ir a...
I'd like to confirm/change/cancel... Quisiera confirmar/cambiar/cancelar...
I would like to be a doctor quiero ser médico
I would like coffee with milk quisiera un café con leche
What work do you do? ¿En qué trabajas?
Would you write that down? puedes escribirlo, por favor
Write it down please! ¡Escríbalo, por favor!
be wrong estar equivocado
Y
I've known him for years la conozco desde hace años
my youngest sister mi hermana menor
Happy new year! ¡feliz año nuevo!
Have you finished yet? ¿has acabado ya?
not yet todavía no
he hasn't arrived yet