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PHY103 (Temperature and Heat)

Physics103 for temperature and heat.

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Al Matthew Lindayao
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46 views50 pages

PHY103 (Temperature and Heat)

Physics103 for temperature and heat.

Uploaded by

Al Matthew Lindayao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYS 103 MODULE 1

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT


TEMPERATURE

► indicator of the average thermal energy of the


atoms or molecules in a substance

► Quantitative measure of hotness or coldness of


a body

► Requires a device → thermometer


How does a thermometer work?

The thermometer is placed


in contact with the body

The thermometer becomes


hotter, the body cools off a
little

Thermal equilibrium
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If a system C is initially in thermal


equilibrium with both systems A
and B,

then A and B are also in thermal


equilibrium with each other.
Farenheit Rankine

Celsius Kelvin
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine
(°C) (°F) (K) (°R)

Boiling point
100 °C 212 °F 373.15 K 671.64 °R
of water

increments 100 180 100 180

Freezing Point
0°C 32 °F 273.15 K 491.67°R
of Water

Absolute Zero -273.15 °C -459.67 °F 0K 0R


CONVERSIONS
THERMAL EXPANSION

► Change in physical dimensions


when subjected to change in
temperature

► Most materials expand when


heated
Bimetallic Strips
If a metal sheet
with a hole in the
THiNK! middle is
subjected to heat,
what will happen
to the hole?
THiNK!
THERMAL EXPANSION
►
THiNK aGaiN!
► You have two stacked plastic
cups that are now seemingly
impossible to separate.
► Someone proposed to use hot
water and cold water to separate
the two. How should it be done?
Exercise 9.1 (100)

Celsius (°C) Fahrenheit (°F) Kelvin (K) Rankine (°R)

37

100

383
Exercise 9.2 (Page100)

▪ The temperature of 41 degrees Fahrenheit is


equivalent to 5 degrees Celsius, and
▪ the temperature of 77 degrees Fahrenheit is
equivalent to 25 degrees Celsius.
▪ At what temperature, the degree in Fahrenheit is
the same as the degree in Celsius?
Exercise 9.3 (Page100)
▪ A recipe for bread states that the dough must bake for 40
minutes at a temperature of 195°C.
▪ The oven you are using has temperature markings on the
dial that are in units of °F.

▪ At what Fahrenheit temperature


must the bread be baked?

▪ What would this temperature be


in kelvins?
Example 9.1 (Page101)

▪ The copper hot-water pipe is 10.0 m when cut and


installed in a building on a day when the temperature
is 20°C.
▪ How long is the pipe when it carries hot water at 70°C
if the pipe is free to expand?
Exercise 9.4 (Page101)
▪ A silver teaspoon is placed in a hot cup of tea. The
room temperature is 24°C. And the tea is at 82°C.
▪ Silver has a coefficient of thermal expansion of
1.90x10-5 C°-1.
▪ In the process of thermal expansion, the change in
length is measured to be 165 μm.
▪ Find the initial and final lengths of the teaspoon.
Exercise 9.5 (Page101)
▪ A metal vessel has volume of 500.00 cm3 at 0°C.
▪ If the coefficient of linear expansion is 1.1x10–5/C°,
what is the volume at 50°C?
Problem
A geodesic dome constructed
with an aluminum framework is
a nearly perfect hemisphere; its
diameter measures 55.0 m on a
winter day at a temperature of
–15 °C. 55.0 m

How much more interior space does the dome have in the
summer, when the temperature is 35°C?
THERMAL EXPANSION OF WATER

►
THERMAL EXPANSION OF WATER
THERMAL EXPANSION OF WATER
HEAT
► Energy in transit
SI Unit: Joule (J)

► Conversion factors
1 cal = 4.186 J
1 Btu = 252 cal = 1055 J
ENERGY TRANSFER

HOT COLD
Energy that can be transferred from one body to
another due to temperature difference

c – specific heat
Quantity unique for every material
Energy needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass
of substance by 1°.
Specific heat =
thermal inertia

SPECIFIC
HEAT
CAPACITY
+Q → +ΔT
→ heat is gained/absorbed by the object/system

–Q → – ΔT
→ heat is given/lost by the object/system
Same material, constant mass

More heat ↔ greater temperature change


Same material, same ΔT

For the same ΔT, more heat is needed for heavier


objects than lighter ones
Same mass, same ΔT

For the same ΔT, more heat is needed for objects


with greater c than with lesser c
Same Q, same mass

The object with bigger c has less change in


temperature compared to an object with smaller c
Example 9.2 (Page 102)

▪ A 0.59 kg brass candlestick has an initial temperature of 98°


C.

▪ If 21,000 J of heat is removed from the candlestick to lower


its temperature to 6.8°C, what is the specific heat capacity of
brass?
Exercise 9.6 (Page 103)

▪ Calculatethe amount of heat needed to


increase the temperature of 250 g of water
from 20°C to 56°C.
Exercise 9.7 (Page 103)

▪ If
we add 30 J of heat to 10 g of aluminum at 20°
C, by how much will its temperature increase?
▪ experimental technique used
to measure the specific heat
capacity of a substance.

CALORIMETRY ▪ Used to measure the amount


of heat required to melt or
boil a substance

▪ Calorimeter – device used in


calorimetry measurements
A calorimeter.
Example 9.3 (Page 103)

▪ An engineer working in the field drinks his morning coffee out of an


aluminum cup. The cup has a mass of 100 g and is initially at 20.0°C
when she pours in 300 g of coffee initially at 80.0°C.

▪ What is the final temperature after the coffee and the cup attain
thermal equilibrium? (Assume that coffee has the same specific
heat as water and that there is no heat exchange with the
surroundings.)
Example 9.4 (Page 103)
▪ In an experiment, a 0.20 kg insulated aluminum can contains 300 g
water at 25.0°C.
▪ The can and the water are in thermal equilibrium. Then a 0.10 kg metal
block whose temperature is 80°C is placed in the water quickly.
▪ It is then covered immediately to avoid heat loss. Using the
thermometer, the final temperature of the can, water, and block is 30°C.
▪ Determine the specific heat of the metal block.
Exercise 9.8 (Page 104)

▪ A 13.0 gram sample of an unknown metal at 30.0°C is placed in a


Styrofoam cup containing 50.0 grams of water at 90.0°C.
▪ The water cools down and the metal warms up until thermal
equilibrium is achieved at 87.0°C.
▪ Assuming all the heat lost by the water is gained by the metal and
that the cup is perfectly insulated, determine the specific heat
capacity of the unknown metal.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/gC°.)
Exercise 9.9 (Page 104)
▪ Nagi was very particular about her bathwater temperature. It has to be
exactly 38.0°C.

▪ Hayate, her butler, one morning while checking the bath temperature noticed
that it’s 42°C.

▪ He plan to cool the 100.0 kg of water to the desired temp by adding an


aluminum-duckie originally at freezer temperature (-24°C).

▪ Of what mass should the aluminum duckie be?


(Specific heat capacity of Al = 0.900 J/g•°C). Assume that no heat lost to the air.
Phase Changes
▪ Transition between states
of matter

▪ Requires transfer of energy

(+) heat entering the system


(–) heat leaving the system
Latent Heat of Fusion, Lf

► Required heat for


transition between
solid and liquid states
Latent Heat of Vaporization, Lv

► Required heat for


transition between
liquid and gas states
WATER
Exercise 9.10 (Page 106)

▪ At atmospheric pressure, how much heat is


required to change 10 g of ice at -20°C into steam
at 100°C?
Exercise 9.11 (Page 106)

▪ What is the minimum amount of liquid water at 30°C


that would be required to completely melt 50.0 grams
of ice?

▪ The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/gC°


and the latent heat of fusion of ice is 333 J/g.

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