AMME2262 & AMME9262

Thermal Engineering 1

Week 2, Lecture 4

Semester 2, 2024

M.J. Dunn AMME2262/9292 Introduction to Thermal Engineering 2024

Review

Last Lecture: Textbook Chapter 3.1-3.4

-State postulate
-Phases
-Properties

This Lecture: Textbook Chapter 3.4-3.5

-Phases and Properties continued

2
(Revision) New definitions

State postulate: The state of a simple compressible

system is completely specified by two independent,
intensive properties.

Pure substance: A substance that has a fixed chemical

composition throughout.

Latent heat: The amount of energy absorbed or released

during a phase-change process. Latent heat of fusion,
vaporization and sublimation.

3
(Revision) Saturation temperature and saturation
Water saturation curve

liquid

vapor

At a given temperature if:

-The pressure is below the liquid-vapor saturation pressure it is a vapor
-The pressure is above the liquid-vapor saturation pressure it is a liquid

At a given pressure if:

-The temperature is below the liquid-vapor saturation temperature it is a liquid
-The temperature is above the liquid-vapor saturation temperature it is a vapor
4
(revision) Phase-change processes of pure substances
Saturated liquid– Saturated Superheated
Compressed liquid Saturated
(subcooled liquid) vapor mixture vapor vapor
liquid

T-v diagram for the heating

process of water at constant
pressure.

5
(Revision) Phase Diagrams Supercritical regime

•saturated liquid line

•saturated vapor line
•compressed liquid region
•superheated vapor region
•saturated liquid–vapor
mixture region (wet region)
•Supercritical region

At supercritical Critical point: The point

pressures (P > Pcr), at which the saturated
there is no distinct liquid and saturated vapor
phase-change states are identical.
(boiling) process.
6
(Revision) T-v and P-v Phase Diagrams

7
(Revision) Three phase diagram

P-T diagram of pure substances. Sublimation:

Passing from the
solid phase
directly into the
vapor phase.

8
Thermodynamic Properties

There are no general formulas and no simple and accurate

functions to represent thermodynamic properties.

Thermodynamic properties are determined either

experimentally or through numerical simulations

9
Thermodynamic Properties

Equations with a strong thermodynamic scaling basis are then

fit to the data.

10
What Thermodynamic Properties Do We Need?

Pressure

Temperature

Specific volume

Phase boundaries

+ three more properties relevant to first and second law

thermodynamic analysis

11
Internal Energy: a new property

Internal energy relates to the sum of all microscopic forms of

energy related to the molecular structure and activity

u ( kJ/kg ) Intensive

U ( kJ ) Extensive

Internal energy is frequently encountered in the analysis of

closed systems.
12
Enthalpy: a new property

Enthalpy as a Combination Property

h= u + Pυ ( kJ/kg )
H= U + PV ( kJ )
The product
pressure × volume
has energy units.

The combination u + Pv is frequently encountered in the

analysis of open systems.
13
Entropy: another new property

Associated with the second law of thermodynamics

Sufficient for now to realize it is in the tables

Has units kJ/(kg.K), symbol s or S is used

At constant pressure (isobaric/isobar) increases with

temperature.

Treat through the phase diagram much the same was as

internal energy, specific volume and enthalpy

14
How to Evaluate Thermodynamic Properties? Graphical

Good communication tool 

Poor accuracy 

Does not scale 

15
How to Evaluate Thermodynamic Properties? Tabulated

Accurate 

Simple hand calculations 

Finite tabulation 

Does not scale 

16
How to Evaluate Thermodynamic Properties? Equations

17
How to Evaluate Thermodynamic Properties? Equations

Accurate 

Scales well 

Simple hand calculations  18

Property tables
Table A–4: Saturation properties of water under temperature.
Table A–5: Saturation properties of water under pressure.

A partial list of Table A–4.

19
Property tables: Saturated Mixtures

i) Determine the temperature of a saturated liquid-vapor mixture

of water at 200 kPa

ii) Determine the pressure of a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of

water at 160°C

Ans: i) 120.21°C, ii) 618.23 kPa 20

Property tables: Saturation Properties

Determine the specific volume v and specific internal energy u

of saturated liquid and a saturated vapor water at:

i) 200°C

ii) 400 kPa

Ans: i) 0.001157 m3/kg, 850.46 kJ/kg ii) 0.46242 m3/kg, 2553.1 kJ/kg 21
Property tables: examples

A rigid container of volume 500,000 L contains saturated liquid

water at 90.0°C. Determine the pressure, specific volume,
mass and show the state on T-v and P-v diagrams.

Ans: 70.183 kPa, 0.001036 m3/kg, 483,000 kg 22

Property tables: examples

An ideal free-piston cylinder device (constant pressure device)

contains saturated liquid water at 100 kPa. Heat is added until
all of the water is vaporised and only saturated vapor is
present. Determine the temperature, the factor the volume
increases by and show the process on T-v and P-v diagrams.

Ans: 99.61°C, 1620 times increase 23

How to determine the state the substance?

We are typically given either pressure or temperature

We are given one of the following: v, u, h or s

Given the temperature or pressure determine the relevant

saturated vapor and saturated liquid properties, e.g.: vf , uf , hf
or sf and vg, ug , hg or sg
How to determine the state the substance?

if v= vg , u= u g , h= hg or s= sg ∴ Saturated vapor

if v= v f , u= u f , h= h f or s= s f ∴ Saturated liquid

if vg >v > v f , u g > u > u f , hg > h > h f or sg >s > s f

∴ Saturated mixture

if v < v f , u < u f , h < h f or s < s f ∴ Subcooled liquid

if v > vg , u > u g , h > hg or s > sg ∴ Superheated vapor

 26
Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture, or saturated mixture

if vg >v > v f , u g > u > u f , hg > h > h f or sg >s > s f

∴ Saturated mixture

if P P=
sat and T Tsat
∴ Saturated mixture

Temperature and pressure are NOT independent

properties in the saturated mixture regime, they are
dependent properties
 27
Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture

Quality, x : The ratio of the mass of vapor to the

total mass of the mixture.

mvapor
x= mtotal =
mliquid + mvapor =
mf + mg
mtotal
How to determine properties in the saturated mixture
regime?
Utilize quality to determine mass averaged properties

y yavg= yf + xyfg
= y → v , u , h, s
y=
fg yg − y f

υavg= υf + xυfg ( kg )
m 3
v fg= vg − v f
uavg= uf + xufg ( kJ kg )
havg= hf + xhfg ( kJ kg )
savg= sf + xsfg ( kJ kg.K )
28
Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture

υavg= υf + xυfg ( kg )
m 3

mg υavg − υf
x= x=
mt υfg

29
Saturated mixture example

A rigid vessel contains 3.000 kg water at 50.00°C at a quality of

0.5000. Determine the volume of the vessel and the volume
occupied by the vapor and liquid phases. Show the state on T-v
and P-v diagrams.

Ans: Vtot = 18.04 m3, Vg = 18.039 m3, Vf = 0.001518 m3. 30

Next lecture, lecture 5, week 2, Wednesday 7th
August

Next Lecture:

-Properties and phases continued:

Textbook Chapter 3.4-3.5

31