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Crescent-cut and Extended Circular Patch Circularly Polarized Microstrip

Antenna for ISM Band Wireless Applications

Conference Paper · April 2024

DOI: 10.1109/ICAEEE62219.2024.10561647

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 2024 3rd International Conference on Advancement in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICAEEE), 25-27 April, 2024, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Crescent-cut and Extended Circular Patch Circularly

Polarized Microstrip Antenna for ISM Band
2024 3rd International Conference on Advancement in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICAEEE) | 979-8-3503-8828-2/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAEEE62219.2024.10561647

Wireless Applications
Muhammad Masum Billah Mojumdar Rayhan Islam Rabbi Debprosad Das
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Dept. of Electronics and
Engineering Engineering Telecommunication Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering
and Technology and Technology and Technology
Chattogram, Bangladesh Chattogram, Bangladesh Chattogram, Bangladesh
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Md. Azad Hossain

Dept. of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering
and Technology
Chattogram, Bangladesh
[email protected]

Abstract—Four circularly polarized single feed Typically, CP is achieved by either cutting off the corners
microstrip patch antennas are introduced in this paper. of a rectangular microstrip patch [4] or incorporating slots
Circular polarization is achieved by a single crescent-cut, within the radiating patch [5]. In some cases, a combination
a single crescent extension, a double crescent-cut and a of both techniques is used to enhance performance[4].
double crescent extension on a circular patch antenna. All Moreover, if required, circularly polarized microstrip
four antennas are designed to operate in the Industrial, antennas can also be designed using circular [6], triangular
Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. The antennas are [7], or any other geometric patch [8]. Several studies have
designed and simulated to obtain parameters by an been conducted on how circular polarization can be achieved
electromagnetic simulation tool named ADS (Advanced by truncating corners. The conventional is square shaped,
Design System). The return loss of the single crescent-cut truncating triangular portions across the diagonal of the patch
antenna is -20.58 dB, the single crescent extension is - [9]. It has low profiles in case of antenna parameters. Based
16.95 dB, the double crescent-cut is -34.98 dB and the on the conventional one, some other designs have been
double crescent extension is -31.47 dB between 2.35 GHz proposed for optimized outputs. One of these discussed in
to 2.45 GHz that show good input impedance matching. reference [10] where with square patch, the corners have been
The axial ratios are found less than 3 dB in their etched to get two orthogonally linearly polarized modes
resonance frequencies. Smith charts of these antennas around the resonating frequency to obtain cp. Recently some
have a dip at 2.4, 2.38, 2.42 and 2.42 GHz respectively other high profile design techniques are introduced which are
demonstrating the ability to achieve circular polarization difficult to model and fabricate. One is a miniaturized circular
within the frequency range of the ISM band signifies the patch antenna with folding radiating patch edges where slots
capability of this system. Performance analyses based on are in the edges has been discussed in [11]. Lately an
different parameters of the four antennas have been done octagonal-star-shaped patch antenna has been designed to
at the end. achieve cp discussed in reference [12] comparing with the
Keywords—Circular Polarization, Crescent-cut, Crescent conventional patch design and some other existing designs
Extension, ISM Band, Single Feed. for axial ratio, gain, impedance matching. Our proposed
antennas are easy to design and fabricate also with better
I. INTRODUCTION
performance for different applications on ISM Band.
Circular polarization stands out as the optimal choice for In this paper, four single feeds circularly polarized (CP)
antenna design engineers seeking communication that microstrip antennas of circular patch are proposed to provide
remains unaffected by signal distortion while transmitting better performance. The first method employed for crafting a
and receiving information at adverse weather conditions and circularly polarized microstrip antenna involves the
also for user terminal mobility[1]. Circularly polarized (CP) truncation of a circular sector along the arc of the antenna
antennas not only reduce multi-path loss but also prove as patch. The second technique is to extend a circular sector
highly advantageous for radio and wireless communications across the arc of a circular patch antenna patch. The third and
[2]. But achieving a circular polarization is not easy. fourth design is formed by truncating and extending two
Typically, a microstrip patch antenna operating with a single- circular sectors across the arc of a circular patch. Detailed
point feed shows linear polarization. Circular polarization in design parameters are discussed in section 2 along with the
a microstrip patch antenna necessitates the generation of two working principle of the proposed antennas. Then the results
distinct orthogonal patch modes characterized by identical of four antenna designs are analyzed in terms of return loss,
amplitudes and a phase difference of 90 degrees[3]. gain, directivity, axial ratio working on different operating

979-8-3503-8828-2/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE

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 frequencies in section 3. Section 4 contains the conclusion of W1=L1=W3=L3 and W2=L2=W4=L4. The radius of circular
the work. patch of double crescent-cut and extended are also same as
single crescent-cut and extended (R1=R3, R2=R4). The
II. DESIGN AND CONFIGURATIONS radius of double crescent-cut is r3 = 3.8 mm and the position
This section describes a single feed circular patch antenna is (x3,y3) = (25.3, 7) mm from the center of circular patch.
design followed by single crescent-cut and extension as well The pin is connected at d1= d3= 16.1 mm from the center.
as double crescent-cut and extension to obtain circular Double crescent extension radius r4 = 3.2 mm where the
polarization. First a circular patch antenna was designed that position of crescent extension and pin are equal to single
results in linear polarization. Then a single crescent-cut was crescent extended antenna (x2,y2) = (x4,y4),(d2 = d4).
made to obtain circular polarization. Followed by the circular Coaxial feeding technique is also applied here in four
patch antenna, a single crescent extension was made to obtain proposed designs. All the designing parameters are shown in
CP. Then two crescent-cut and extension was introduced to tabular form in Table II.
obtain CP maintaining the integrity of the specifications.
TABLE-II: DESIGNING PARAMETERS OF ALL PROPOSED
A. Circular Patch Deisgn ANTENNAS DEPICTED IN FIG.1 AND 2.
The circular patch antenna with a single feed features a
Teflon substrate layer positioned above the ground layer. Designing Parameters Measures
Signals are supplied through a coaxial feed located on the Length = Width (L=W) 77 mm
topmost layer of the substrate. The substrate layer, composed
L1=W1=L3=W3 72.4 mm
of Teflon glass fiber, possesses a thickness of 0.8 mm and
exhibits a relative dielectric constant of 2.15. In Figure 1, the L2=W2=L4=W4 72 mm
configuration of a linearly polarized circular patch antenna is Radius, R 26.5 mm
depicted, providing a cross-sectional view. The microstrip Radius, R1=R3 26.2 mm
line is positioned on top of the substrate layer. The dimension Radius, R2=R4 25.8 mm
of ground is 77×77 mm and the radius of circular patch is 26.5
Single crescent-cut 4.5mm
mm where the pin is placed at 10.2 mm far from the center.
The obtained parameters from this antenna serve as a basis radius, r1
for comparison and explanation of the newly developed Single crescent extension 4.6 mm
circular polarized antennas. Table I presents selected values radius, r2
of design parameters that remain consistent across the design Double crescent-cut 3.8 mm
of all antennas. radius, r3
TABLE-I: THE DESIGN PARAMETERS UNDER CONSIDERATION Double crescent extension 3.2 mm
FOR THE PROPOSED ANTENNAS INCLUDE: radius, r4
Design Specifications Measures Pin Position, d 10.2 mm
Dielectric Component Teflon Pin Position, d1=d3 16.1 mm
Dielectric Constant 2.15 Pin Position, d2=d4 16.2 mm
Tan δ 0.000194 Location of the x1, y1 23.4 mm, 11.5 mm
Substrate thickness, t 0.8 mm centre of crescent- x2, y2 & 17.2 mm, 18.7 mm
Conductor thickness (Copper) 0.018 mm cut or extension x4, y4
Input Impedance 50 Ω
from origin x3, y3 25.3 mm, 7 mm
B. Crescent-cut and Extended Circular Patch Design
Circular polarization is attained using a single feed by
introducing modifications to the circular antenna patch
depicted in Figure 1. The adjustments involve slight
perturbations at appropriate locations. Figure 2 provides both
the top and side view of the proposed antennas. For crescent-
cut circular patch antenna, the ground is taken W1 = L1= 72.4
mm and the radius of the circular patch is taken R1 = 26.2
mm. The radius of crescent-cut is r1 = 4.5 mm and the
position of the crescent-cut from the center of the circular
patch is x1 = 23.4 mm and y1 = 11.5 mm. The port is
connected at d1 = 16.1 mm from the center. The dimensions
are marked in the Figure 2. Similarly single crescent extended
antenna has ground of W2×L2 = 72×72 mm and patch radius
R2=25.8 mm. The radius of crescent extension is r2 = 4.6 mm
which position from the center of the circular patch is x2 =
17.2 mm and y2 = 18.7 mm. Double crescent-cut and
extended antenna’s ground dimensions are as same as single Fig. 1: Geometry of Conventional Circular Patch Antenna
crescent-cut and extended antennas which are

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 III. SIMULATED RESULTS ANALYSIS
This section contains the results achieved from simulation
of the proposed antennas in ADS. Analytical results in return
loss, directivity, gain, CP, axial ration of crescent-cut and
extended antennas demonstrate the performance and
eligibility for different applications. The CP is realized by
Smith charts mainly in this paper. The realization of CP is
confirmed by Axial Ratio graph after a parametric analysis.
A. Circular Patch Antenna Result Analysis
Simulated return loss and smith chart of the circular patch
antenna is shown in fig.3. From the figure, it can be seen that
circular patch antenna has a -35dB of return loss at 2.4 GHz
frequency and the smith chart shows linear polarization for
the circular patch antenna.
(Ant 1) (Ant 2)

(a)

(Ant 3) (Ant 4)
Fig. 2: Geometry of proposed (Ant 1) single crescent-cut (Ant 2) single
crescent extension (Ant 3) double crescent-cut (Ant 4) double crescent
extension circular patch antenna

C. Working Principle of proposed Antennas

A circular patch antenna can be modified to achieve
circular polarization by truncating some part from its arc. The
process involves adjusting the shape of the circular patch by
removing portions of its perimeter, typically at right angles.
This modification introduces an asymmetry to the circular
structure, breaking the symmetry required for linear
polarization.
When the corners of the circular patch are truncated, the
resulting shape often resembles a circular sector or some
modified geometry. This alteration causes the antenna to
support two orthogonal degenerate modes. By carefully (b)
Fig. 3: Return loss of Circular Patch Antenna (a) s11 parameter (b) Smith
tuning the dimensions and locations of the truncations, it is chart showing linear polarization
possible to control the amplitude and phase characteristics of
these modes. B. Crescent-cut and Extended Circular Patch Antenna
The key principle is to detune the degenerate modes in Result Analysis
such a way that they have equal amplitude and a 90-degree Extensive parametric analyses have been conducted on
phase difference at the operating frequency. This condition is the results of crescent-cut and extended Circular patch
essential for circular polarization. The modified circular antennas using the ADS simulator. These analyses have been
patch, with truncated corners, effectively transforms the done to achieve the objectives outlined in this paper.
linearly polarized modes into a circularly polarized radiation Following the parametric studies, the confirmation of
pattern. Proper design and optimization of the truncation Circular Polarization (CP) is established through the
parameters are crucial to achieving the desired circular examination of the axial ratio versus frequency graph.
polarization characteristics in the antenna. More details about
the working of the CP antenna is discussed in [8].

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 1) Antenna Return Loss Analysis: Here, Fig. 4 shows the 3) Antenna Gain Analysis: In the first design of circular
simulated return loss of the 4 proposed designs. From the patch antenna with single crescent-cut has a gain of 3.92 dB
figure, it can be seen that the circular patch antenna with one at 2.4 GHz. The second design with one crescent extension
crescent-cut has a return loss of -20.58 dB at a resonance has a gain of 3.74 dB at 2.4 GHz. The third and fourth design
frequency of 2.40 GHz and antenna with one crescent with two crescent-cut and extension have gain of 3.5 dB and
extension has a return loss of -16.96 dB at a resonance 3.6 dB at 2.4 GHz respectively. Fig.6 demonstrates the Gain
frequency of 2.36 GHz. Circular patch antenna with two vs Frequency analysis of the proposed antennas.
crescent-cut and extension have return loss of -34.98 dB at a
resonance frequency of 2.39 GHz and -31.47 dB at 2.44 GHz 4) Antenna CP Analysis: Fig.7 illustrate the simulated
respectively which shows good impedance matching. The input impedances on the Smith chart for the proposed
resonance frequencies make the antennas suitable for ISM crescent-cut and extended circular antennas. Notably, a
Band wireless applications. discernible dip is evident near unity, specifically at 2.4 GHz.
This dip signifies that the proposed antennas can generate two
orthogonal resonance modes, enabling circular polarization
in the antenna radiation. In summary, both the crescent-cut
and extended circular antennas demonstrate circularly
polarized characteristics. For a comprehensive overview of
the parametric analysis results, Table III provides a summary
of values for all four antennas.

Fig. 4: Return loss [dB] comparison of the proposed single crescent-cut

antenna (Ant 1), the single crescent extension (Ant 2), the double crescent-
cut(Ant 3) and the double crescent extension (Ant 4) between lying 2.35 GHz
to 2.45 GHz

(a)Ant1 (b)Ant2

Fig. 5: Directivity [dB] comparison of four proposed antennas with

frequency [GHz]

(c)Ant3 (d)Ant4

Fig. 7: Simulated input impedance of (a) single crescent-cut (b) single

crescent extension (c) double crescent-cut (d) double crescent extension
Fig. 6: Gain [dBic] comparison of four proposed antennas with frequency circular patch antenna – showing dip near 1 confirming CP with perfect
[GHz] matching.

2) Antenna Directivity Analysis: Circular patch antenna 5) Antenna Axial Ratio and Radiation Pattern Analysis:
with single crescent-cut has a directivity of 6.31 dB where the Fig. 8 shows the simulated axial ratios of the four proposed
antenna with single crescent extension has directivity of antennas. From the graph, it is evident that circular antenna
6.3dB. The circular patch antenna with two crescent-cut and with single crescent-cut has a 2.38 dB axial ratio at 2.42 GHz
two crescent extensions have directivity of 5.87 dB and 6.20 and the circular antenna with single crescent extension has a
dB respectively which shows the antennas ability to focus the 0.65 dB axial ratio at 2.4 GHz. Double crescent-cut and
radiation to a particular direction. Fig.5 shows the simulated extension circular antenna have 1.95 dB and 2.27 dB at 2.44
directivity of the four proposed antennas between 2.2- 2.6 GHz respectively. Simulated radiation pattern of proposed
GHz frequency. antennas are depicted in fig. 9. Current distribution on fig.10

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 at different phase angles proves right handed CP (RHCP) for and so data capacity can be enhanced by using these RHCP
single crescent-cut circular patch (Ant1). Current distribution and LHCP antennas. Despite that this work has lower
of double crescent-cut (Ant3) is also same as fig. 9 directivity than other works, Both-Sided MIC technology or
indicataing RHCP. Fig. 10 shows current distribution of Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology can be
single crescent extended circular patch (Ant2) at different applicable to enhance directivity and future 5G applications.
phase angles proving left handed CP (LHCP). Current
distribution of double crescent-extended (Ant4) is also same
as fig.10 indicates LHCP. The axial ratios show the antennas
having good capacity to radiate circularly polarized energy.

a. Angle = 00 b. Angle = 1200

Fig.8: The axial ratios of the single crescent-cut (Ant1), single crescent
extension (Ant2), double crescent-cut (Ant3), double crescent extension
(Ant4) circular patch antennas showing AR less than 3 dB at resonance
frequencies.

c. Angle = 2400 d. Angle = 3600

Fig. 10 : Current distribution of the single crescent-cut patch (Ant1) at
different phase angles indicating RHCP.

a. Angle = 00 b. Angle = 1200

Fig.9: Radiation pattern of the single crescent-cut (Ant1), single crescent

extension (Ant2), double crescent-cut (Ant3), double crescent extension
(Ant4) circular patch antennas by varying θ.

C. Comparison with other works :

Table III represents a comparison of various works that
c. Angle = 2400 d. Angle = 3600
use truncated corners to produce CP. It is evident from the Fig. 11: Current distribution of the single crescent extension patch (Ant2) at
table that proposed antenna 3 and 4 have better impedance different phase angles indicating LHCP.
matching and wide bandwidth which allows system to
transfer higher data rates. They are reliable for faster Designing the proposed crescent-cut and extended
communication. Some of the works are difficult to model and circular antennas is notably straightforward. Furthermore,
fabricate where these works are easy to design. They also these antennas simplify the attainment of the desired outcome
possess LHCP and RHCP which are often used to reduce by featuring a single-port feed, a distinctive advantage
interference by employing in the same environment. It is compared to conventional Circularly Polarized (CP) antennas
possible to differentiate between signals and reduce the that typically necessitate multiple ports.
likelihood of cross-talk. Same frequency band can be reused

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 TABLE III : PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR ANTENNA [6] K. F. Tong and T. P. Wong, "Circularly Polarized
WITH SINGLE CRESCENT-CUT (ANT1), WITH SINGLE U-Slot Antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas
CRESCENT EXTENSION (ANT2), WITH DOUBLE CRESCENT- and Propagation, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 2382-2385,
CUT (ANT3), DOUBLE CRESCENT EXTENSION (ANT4) 2007.
Antenna Return Directi- Polari- Axial 10 [7] K.-L. Wong, "Compact and Broadband Microstrip
Loss vity zation Ratio dB Antennas / K.L. Wong," 04/01 2002.
(dB) (dB) profile (dB) BW [8] S. Yang, K.-F. Lee, A. Kishk, and K. M. Luk,
(%) "Design and study of wide band single feed
Conven- -22 7.63 - 2.055 2.6 circularly polarized microstrip antenna," Progress
In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 80, pp. 45-61,
tional
01/01 2008.
[10] -30 7.649 RHCP 1.254 3.08
[9] R. Garg, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook.
[11] - - LHCP 1.15 3.05
Artech House, 2001.
[12] > -25 - RHCP 1.80 2.3
[10] G. G. V. Nitin and D. Kandimalla, "2.4 GHz
Proposed -20.57 6.31 RHCP 2.38 5.76 Circularly polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna with
Ant1 Diagonal Structural Symmetry," in 2018 IEEE
Proposed -16.95 6.3 LHCP 0.65 3.96 Indian Conference on Antennas and Propogation
Ant2 (InCAP), 2018, pp. 1-4.
Proposed -34.98 5.87 RHCP 1.95 8.50 [11] K. Mak, H.-W. Lai, K. M. Luk, and C. Chan,
Ant3 "Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna for Future 5G
Proposed -31.47 6.20 LHCP 2.27 8.29 Mobile Phones," IEEE Access, vol. 2, pp. 1521-
Ant4 1529, 01/01 2014.
[12] Y. Shi and J. Liu, "A Circularly Polarized Octagon-
Star-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna With
Conical Radiation Pattern," IEEE Transactions on
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 2073-
In this paper, four single feed microstrip antennas are 2078, 2018.
designed and simulated where a single crescent-cut and
extension as well as two crescent-cut and extension are
introduced to achieve circular polarization at ISM Band.
They have a return loss of -20.57 dB, -16.95 dB, -34.98dB
and -31.47 dB respectively indicating good impedance
matching. It is confirmed from the simulated results that the
proposed antennas can achieve circular polarization at ISM
band. Looking ahead, there is potential to enhance
performance by integrating the concepts of these antennas
according to various applications.
V. REFERENCES

[1] D. Das, M. F. Hossain, and M. A. Hossain, "Design

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[3] M. H. Chowdhury, Q. D. Hossain, M. A. Hossain,
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[4] H. Iwasaki, "A circularly polarized small-size
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[5] L. Jui-Han, T. Chia-Luan, and W. Kin-Lu, "Single-
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no. 7, pp. 1174-1178, 1999.

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