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Fullyed
Fullyed
Solv
Solv

Fullyed
Fullyed Solv Fullyed
Solv Solv
IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 1 3/22/2017 1:21:51 PM
 About the Author

Ranveer Singh has an M.Sc. in Chemistry and has been mentoring and teaching Chemistry to JEE aspirants for more than 15
years. He aims for perfection and has an enormous passion when it comes to applying new methods to create solutions. These
are the qualities that make him stand out from the crowd as a teacher and instructor.

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 2 3/22/2017 1:21:51 PM

 Ranveer Singh

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

CHENNAI

McGraw Hill Education Offices

Chennai New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas
Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal
San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 3 3/22/2017 1:21:51 PM

 McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai - 600 116

Physical Chemistry for JEE (Main & Advanced) Module-I

Copyright © 2017, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any)
may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-528-6

ISBN (10): 93-5260-528-4

Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw Hill
Education (India) nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw Hill Education (India)
nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding
that McGraw Hill Education (India) and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services.
If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

Typeset at The Composers, 260, C.A. Apt., Paschim Vihar, New Delhi 110 063 and text and cover printed at

Cover Designer: Creative Designer

visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 4 3/22/2017 1:21:51 PM

 Dedicated
to
Shri Amar Chand Ji Maharaj

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 5 3/22/2017 1:21:51 PM

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 6 3/22/2017 1:21:51 PM
 Preface

Chemistry forms an important part of all entrance tests. In my teaching career, spanning over a decade and half, I have felt that a
chemistry book based on the changing perceptions, needs, feedback and the experiences of the students and educators is needed
by the engineering aspirants. It is with this vision that the present book has been written.
This book is not a textbook. It is a refresher text to help students revise their lessons in the quickest possible way and in the
most effective manner. It does not over emphasise theories, as has been done in several other competitive books available in the
market. However, every care has been taken to ensure that no important theory is left out. This book has several new features:
coverage of the syllabus of JEE (Main + Advanced); a great number of solved numerical examples to acquaint students with
the application of several theories, solution at the end of each exercise and two levels of questions at the end of the chapters to
give readers an opportunity to assess their understanding of the chapters. The use of easily understandable language is at the
core of the author’s efforts.
The exercises given at the end of every chapter is further categorised into three difficulty level of questions and their patterns
asked in JEE along with the previous year questions with solutions.
l Level-I has the questions mainly suitable for JEE Main exam.

l Level-II contains slightly difficult questions suitable for JEE Advanced.

l Level-III has the highest questions of various patterns asked in JEEAdvanced (such as more than one correct answer,

comprehension, match the column and single digit integer).

I hope this book will help in motivating and encouraging the students towards the preparation forthe Chemistry portion of
the examinations. Every care has been taken to make the book error-free. However, some mistakes may have been crept in inad-
vertently. Constructive suggestions and comments from students and teachers would encourage me to make the book more au-
thentic and acceptable in the next edition. We wish our young readers a great success at the engineering entrance examinations.
 Ranveer Singh

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 7 3/22/2017 1:21:52 PM

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 8 3/22/2017 1:21:52 PM
 Acknowledgements

I express my gratitude towards the publisher and the members of the editorial team. I would be failing in my duty if I don’t
express my thankfulness to Mr. Sanjay Agrawal for encouraging me to start writing this book and helping me step by step while
preparing the manuscript.

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 9 3/22/2017 1:21:52 PM

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 10 3/22/2017 1:21:52 PM
 Contents

Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
1.Mole Concepts 1.1–1.45
● Key Concepts 1.1
● Solved Examples 1.7
● Exercise 1.12
■ Level I 1.12
■ Level II 1.17
■ Level III 1.20
● Previous Years’ Questions of JEE (Main & Advanced) 1.24
● Answer Key 1.25
● Hints and Solutions 1.26
2.Atomic Structure 2.1–2.49
● Key Concepts 2.1
● Solved Examples 2.9
● Exercise 2.12
■ Level I 2.12
■ Level II 2.19
■ Level III 2.21
● Previous Years’ Questions of JEE (Main & Advanced) 2.28
● Answer Key 2.30
● Hints and Solutions 2.31
3.Gaseous State 3.1–3.63
● Key Concepts 3.1
● Solved Examples 3.19
● Exercise 3.28
■ Level I 3.28
■ Level II 3.33
■ Level III 3.35
● Previous Years’ Questions of JEE (Main & Advanced) 3.41
● Answer Key 3.42
● Hints and Solutions 3.43

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 11 3/22/2017 1:21:52 PM

 xii Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

4. Chemical Equilibrium 4.1–4.32

l Key Concepts 4.1
l Solved Examples 4.6
l Exercise 4.9
■ Level I 4.9
■ Level II 4.12
■ Level III 4.14
l Previous Years’ Questions of JEE (Main & Advanced) 4.18
l Answer Key 4.19
l Hints and Solutions 4.20
5. Ionic Equilibrium 5.1–5.52
l Key Concepts 5.1
l Solved Examples 5.13
l Exercise 5.18
■ Level I 5.18
■ Level II 5.20
■ Level III 5.22
l Previous Years’ Questions of JEE (Main & Advanced) 5.27
l Answer Key 5.29
l Hints and Solutions 5.30

IIT JEE PC-V1_Prelims.indd 12 3/22/2017 1:21:53 PM

 Chapter
1
Mole Concept

Key Concepts
Mole in Latin means ‘heap’ or ‘mass’ or ‘pile’. A mole of at- 1 Liter = 10–3 m3
oms is a collection of atoms whose total weight is the number T = Temperature in Kelvin
of grams equal to the atomic weight. R = Universal gas constant
The mole is defined as the amount of a substance con- = 0.0821 L atom K–1 mol–1
taining as many atoms, molecules, ions, electrons or other = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1
elementary entities as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12 g = 1.987 cal K–1 mol–1
of C12. Hence, 1 mole is a collection of 6.022 ¥ 1023 particles STP or NTP fi Temperature 273 k and P = 1 atm but in
which is known as the Avogadro Number thermodynamics, T = 298 k.
1 NA = 6.022 ¥ 1023 fi Volume of 1 mole of gas at STP is 22.4 L
fi Volume of 1 mole of gas at 300 k is 24.63 L
fi Number of moles of solute = Molarity ¥ Volume
Method of Calculation of solution in Liter
of Mole
(i) If the number of species is given then Average Atomic Mass
Number of atom
Number of moles =
6.022 ¥ 1023 It is defined as the mass of all atoms divided by number of
(ii) If the weight of an element is given then atoms.
Weight in gram
Number of moles =
Atomic weight Average Molecular Mass
(iii) If the weight of a molecule is given
Weight in gram
Number of moles = It is defined as the total mass of molecules divided by number
Molecular weight of molecules
(iv) Calculation of moles for ideal gases. We know xM +x M +x M º
PV = nRT Average molecular mass = 1 1 2 2 3 3
x1 + x2 + x3 + º
Patm ¥ Vliter
\ n= where M1, M2, M3 are the molecular masses of compound
0.0821 ¥ TKelvin whose abundance x1, x2, x3 ….
P = Pressure exerted by gas (no force of attraction be- fi It is in terms of number of moles or in terms of
tween them) molecules
1 atm = 760 mm Hg or 76 cm Hg fi If x1 + x2 + x3 + …. = 100 then it is called percentage
V = Volume of gas (free volume available for the mo- abundance
tion of gas molecule

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 1 3/21/2017 5:09:44 PM

 1.2 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

N2 + 3H2 Æ 2 NH3
MoleCular forMulae and Nitrogen Hydrogen Ammonia
eMPiriCal forMulae 1 mole 3 mole 2 mole
28 gram 6 gram 34 gram
Molecular formulae: The actual number of atoms of various NA molecules 3 NA 2 NA
elements present in the compound, e.g., C6H12O6. 22.4 litre 3 ¥ 22.4 litre 2 ¥ 22.4 litre
Empirical formulae: The simplest whole number ratio of
atom in element present in compound, e.g., E.F. of glucose Steps for Using Mole Method in Problem _____
(C6H12O6) is CH2O which shows that carbon, hydrogen and (i) Write down a balanced chemical reaction.
oxygen combined in simple ratio 1 : 2 : 1. (ii) Calculate the number of moles known substance.
Relation between M.F. and E.F. (iii) Write down the number of moles of known substance
under the chemical reaction and relate them.
Molecular Formula = n[Empirical formula]
n = 1, 2, 3, …..
Molecular weight solution and
n= ConCentration terM
Empirical formula weight

Step for Determination of Empirical Formulae Solution is defined at a homogenous mixture of more than
(i) Divide % of atom by its atomic mass. It gives relative one substance in which one is solvent and rest solute.
number of moles of various elements present in the Which substance is solute or solvent is controversial and
can be concluded in the following cases:
compound.
(ii) Divide relative number of moles obtained in Step (i) by Case I: When substances forming solution are in different
the smallest mole so as to get simple ratio of moles of states, the final state of solution will be solvent irrespective
various elements present in compound. of substances.
(iii) If simple ratio of mole is a fractional value, then the Case II: When substances forming solution are in the same
value of simple ratio of moles of each element is mul- state, then the solvent is one which is present in large amount.
tiplied by smallest integer so as to get simplest whole Amounts compared should be in mass and mole.
number ratio of each element present in the compound. Some hints are given in the question like A in B. Then A is
solute and B is solvent.
Determination of Molecular Formulae _______ All the concentrated terms defined are applicable only for
(i) When the molecular mass is given homogenous mixture and not for heterogeneous mixture.
Suppose Empirical formula = C3H6O and Weight of solute
1. Density =
Molecular mass = 174 Volume of solution
174 Unit is either in g/mL or g/litre
n= =3 Temperature is dependent because Mass µ / T but vol-
58
ume is depend upon temperature (T µ V).
then M.M. = 3[C3H6O] = C9H18O3
\ T inversily proportional to
(ii) When number of any atom is given
Suppose EF is C3H6O and given that number of oxygen Weight of solute
(density) except water
atom is 2. Volume of solution W
then MF = [C3H6O] ¥ 2 = C6H12O6 2. Mass percentage or percentage mass %
W
(iii) When the vapour density is given W Weight of Solute
%= ¥ 100
(only for gas and vapour) W Weight of solution
2 ¥ VD Temperature independent
n=
Molecular weight For example, 20% mass of NaOH solution means 100 g
of solution contains 20 g of NaOH and mass of solvent
is 80 g.
stoiChioMetrY W
3. % weight by volume or % or % by volume.
V
It deals with the calculation of quantities of various reactants W Weight of Solute
and products in a chemical reaction. %= ¥ 100
V Volume of solution
The numerical used to balance a chemical reaction is V
known as stoichiometric coefficient. 4. % volume by volume or % or % by volume.
V
Balanced equations gives the qualitative and quantitative
V Volume of Solute
information. %= ¥ 100
V Volume of solution

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 2 3/21/2017 5:09:47 PM

 Mole Concept 1.3

Molarity For gases

Moles of solute Volume of solute
M= PPM = ¥ 106
Volume in liter Volume of solution
Temperature dependent Moles of solute
PPB = ¥ 109
For example, 2 M NaCl solution means 1 L solution contains Moles of solution
2 moles of NaCl. Æ For gases parts = volume = moles
Æ For solid/liquid parts = weight
For solid/liquid
MolaritY of Pure
weight of solute
suBstanCe PPM = ¥ 106
weight of solution
1 mL = 1 g weight of solute
1000 mL = 1000 g = 55.56 moles PPB = ¥ 109
weight of solution
\ moles in 1 L pure solution Æ For dilute solution
weight (Weight of Solute  Weight of Solution)
Molar mass 55.56 mole weight of solute
= = = Molarity = 55.56 M PPM = ¥ 106
Volume in liter 1 liter weight of solvent

MolalitY [m] tYPiCal ConCentration

terMs
Number of moles of solute in 1 kg solvent.
These concentrated terms are typical because they are de-
So temperature is independent.
fined exclusively for the substance concerned depending on
For example, 2 m solution of NaCl means 2 moles of NaCl
what purpose those substances are used.
present in 1000 g of solvent.
Concentration of H2O2: H2O2 is used as a source of oxygen
gas and hence the typical concentration of H2O2 gives the
Mole fraCtion value of oxygen obtained from the given solution. Since it
decomposes according to following reaction:
Ratio of moles of one component to the total number of 2H2O2 Æ 2H2O + O2
moles of solution. Definition of concentration term of H2O2: “x volume
A B C H2O2” means 1 L of H2O2 gives x L of O2 gas at STP.
nA nB nC Number of moles For example, 20 volume H2O2 means 1 L of H2O2 gives
XA XB XC mole fraction 20 L of O2 at STP. It can be converted to normal concentration.
nA
XA=
n A + nB + nC ConCentration of oleuM
and Sx = 1
or xA + xB + xC = 1 Oleum is considered as a solution of SO3 gas dissolved in
H2SO4. H2S2O7 is a type of oleum and 1 mole of SO3 and 1
For binary solution xA + xB = 1 mole of H2SO4.
XB = 1 – xA H2SO4 SO3 H2S2O7
Log10[xA + xB + xC] = log101 = 0 Liquid Gas
If Sn = 1 Solvent solute solution
Concentration of oleum is defined in such a way that it
XA = nA gives an idea of amount of H2SO4 it can give.
It means MF of A = mole of A. Concentration of oleum is given by x % oleum. It means
100 g of oleum sample can maxima give x g of H2SO4 by the
PPM and PPB (Parts per million and addition of (x – 100) g of water.
For example, 109 % oleum means 100 g oleum is capable
Parts per billion) _________________________
of giving 109 g H2SO4 by adding 9 g of H2O in 100 g of
Parts of solute oleum.
PPM = ¥ 106 An oleum sample labelled as x % implies the (x – 100) g of
Parts of solution
H2O will be required to react with all the SO3 present in 100
Parts of solute
PPB = ¥ 109 g of oleum according to the following reaction:
Parts of solution
H2O + SO3 Æ H2SO4 in 100 g oleum

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 3 3/21/2017 5:09:49 PM

 1.4 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

So, number of mole of water required = number of moles of

SO3 gas present in Oleum
analYsis of gaseous
suBstanCes in
x % Max. wH2O nH2O wSO3 wH2SO4 eudioMetriC tuBes
Oleum H2SO4 = nSO3
Gaseous reactions are studied in this tube. After the comple-
104.5 % 104.5 4.5 0.25 0.25 ¥ 80 = 20 100 – 20 = 80 tion of reaction, the reaction is brought back to original tem-
109 % 109 9 0.5 0.5 ¥ 80 = 40 60 perature.
118 % 118 18 1 1 ¥ 80 = 80 20 1 atm
Pt
Filament to 1 atm
spark mixture Reactant can
be added
analYsis of gaseous
Hg
reaCtion [eudioMetrY]
This method is used to determine the composition of gaseous
mixture or to find out the M.F. of an unknown compound.
It is based on ‘Gay Lussac Law of combining volume’.
This law states that gaseous reaction volume of reactant
Eudiometric Tube
consumed and volume of product obtained [at fixed T and P]
are in a simple whole number ratio [which is same as the ratio Fig. 1.1
of Stoichiometric coefficient of balanced reaction].
To estimate the volume of each gas, certain solvents are
For example, from experiment it was found that 10 L of N2 used.
require 30 L of H2 to produce 20 L NH3.
Solvent Gases absorbed
\ volume ratio = 1 : 3 : 2 [Stoichiometric coefficient] 1. KOH CO2, SO2, Cl2
Since the reaction is carried out at constant T and P, then, 2. CuSO4/CaCl2 H2O (g)
volume of gaseous mixture is directly proportional to number 3. H2O NH3, HCl
of moles of gases and change in volume is proportional to 4. Terpentine oil O3
change in number of moles of gases. 5. Alk. Pyrogallol O2
Vµn 6. Ammonical Cu2Cl2 CO
\ DV µ Dn We will consider only the volume of gases and not of solid
This expression can be used if pressure of individual spe- and liquid as they have very less volume compared to gas.
cies used [at constant T and V] Hence, the volume of solids and liquids is neglected with re-
Pµn spect to gases.
Whenever water is formed inside the eudiometric tube, it
DP µ Dn is always assumed to be liquid until a minimum temperature
Hence, for N2 + 3H2 Æ 2NH3 of 100°C.
1 mole 3 mole 2 mole It is used in the following combinations:
1 atm of N2 3 atm of N2 2 atm of NH3 (i) Combustion of all organic compound.
So V µ n [at constant T and P] (ii) Reaction of H2 with O2.
P µ n [at constant T and V] (iii) Dissociation or formation of NH3.
(iv) Reaction between N2 and O2 never occur inside the
Example: 10 mL of alkane on complete combustion gives 30 eudiometric tube as it requires very high temperature.
mL of CO2. Calculate molecular formula? (v) H2 when reacts with certain oxide gives H2O.
È y˘ y (vi) Whenever a substance is added in eudiometric tube for
CxHy + Í x + ˙ O2 Æ xCO2 + H2O
Î 4˚ 2 a particular reaction, it is always assumed to be taken
1 mole gives x mole in excess.
1 mL give x mL
10 mL 10 ¥ x mL = 30 mL given eXPeriMental Methods
and x=3 for deterMination of
È y˘ y eleMents in organiC
10 mL 10 Í x + ˙ ml 10x mL 10 ¥ mL CoMPound
Î 2 ˚ 2
Since, molecular formula of alkane CxH2x + 2 = Cx Hy A sample of organic compound on qualitative analysis (with
So, y = 8 elements present) was found to contain C S H N P O X. The
following experiment were performed. Calculate % composi-
Therefore, molecular formula = C3H8
tion of each element.

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 4 3/21/2017 5:09:51 PM

 Mole Concept 1.5

A w g sample was burned in the presence of CuO to cause

[P – P ¢]V ml ¥10-3
oxidation of C, H and N only (CO2, H2O, N2). The gaseous and nN2 =
mixture was passed through a solution of KOH weighing RT
w1 g. The final weight after passing the gases was w2. The -3 28
\ % N = ÈÍ(P - P ¢)V ml ¥10 ˘˙ ¥ ¥ 100
remaining gases on passing through white CuSO4 crystal to W
Î RT ˚
convert into blue crystal (hydrated CuSO4) caused a weight
rise of w3 g.
The remaining gas was collected over H2O at T Kelvin. estiMation of n2 inforM
[Any gas collected over H2O is present with some water va- of nh3 in solution
pour]. Total pressure observed was ‘P atm’. Value of displaced KJeldohl’s Method
liquid was V mL and T. If aq. tension of H2O at T is P1 atm [aq.
tension at any temperature is defined as maximum pressure W g sample was reacted with concentrated H2SO4 to cause
which can be exerted by water vapour in equilibrium with wa- conversion of all N2 present in the compound. Ammonium
ter in liquid form], calculate the composition of each element. sulphate (NH4)2SO4 solution was then added with excess of
From first experiment NaOH and all NH3 librated was reacted with H2SO4 solution
[Liebig Method] having molarity M1 and volume V1 liter. The residual acid
Organic Compound
CuO
CO2 + H2O + N2 was reacted with NaOH solution and it was observed that V2
liter of NaOH molarity M2 was required to complete natural-
Wgram
Absorbed Absorbed ization of residual acid. Calculate % composition of N2 from
by by above data?
KOH w2 (after) con.H SO
W1 CuSO4 Sol. Organic Compound æææææ
2
MV
4
Æ (NH 4 ) 2SO 4
1 1
before w3 gm W gram

Weight rise in KOH = w2 – w1 = wCO2 NaOH (for neutralisation of excess H SO )

æææææææææææææ
2 4
Æ NH3
M V 2 2
Since all CO2 obtain from Organic Compound
2NH3 + H2SO4 Æ (NH4)2 SO4
w - w1
\ nC = nCO2 fi 2 and
44
\ % of Carbon in Organic Compound H2SO4 + 2 NaOH Æ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
1 w2 - w1 1
= ¥ 12 ¥ 100 MV MV
44 W 2 2 2 2 2
w M V
Moles of H2O = 3 = nH2O = nH2 (i) nH2SO4 = 2 2
18 2
w3 (react with NaOH)
\ moles of H2 = È M V ˘
18 (ii) nH2SO4 = Í M1V1 - 2 2 ˙
w react with NH3 Î 2 ˚
\ weight of H2 = 3 ¥ 2
18 È M V ˘
w 2 (iii) \ nNH3 = 2 Í M1V1 - 2 2 ˙
\ % of H in Organic Compound = 3 ¥ ¥ 100 Î 2 ˚
18 W
From second experiment : [Duma Method] È1 ¥ nNH3 ¥ 14 ˘
(iv) % N in OC = Í ˙ ¥ 100
Organic Compound æææ
CuO
Æ H2O + CO2 + N2 Î W ˚
P¢ + PN2 = P Ï È M 2V2 ˘ ¸
Ì2 Í M1V1 - ˙ ¥ 14 ˝
Î 2 ˚
= Ó ˛ ¥ 100
aq. tension
N2
W
Barometric
pressure = P \ PN2 = P – P¢
Carius Method
[identifiCation of
Fig. 1.2 halogen eXCePt fluorine]
PN2 ◊ VN2 Organic Compound Wgram æææ
3
Æ X-
HNO
n N2 = but % N in Organic Compound
R ◊ TN2 AgNO
ion in solution ææææ
3
Æ AgX
wN2
= ¥ 100 W Gram ________________________________
W
W g of Organic Compound is reacted with concentrated
nN2 ¥ 28 ¥ 100
\ %N = HNO3, then AgNO3 solution is added in the remaining solu-
W

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 1.6 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

tion (containing halide ion solution which is obtained by re-

action between Organic Compound and concentrated HNO3).
eXPeriMental Methods
Weight of residue will be formed if w1 g white precipitate, w2
for deterMination of
g of AgBr (pale yellow precipitate) and w3 g of AgI (bright atoMiC Mass of Metals
yellow precipitate) are formed. Then calculate % composi- Dulong Petit’s law
tion of Cl, Br and iodine. Atomic weight ¥ Specific heat of compound ≥ 6.4
wCl (i) This is experimental law.
% WCl in Organic Compound = ¥ 100
W (ii) Specific heat should be measured in calorie/gram.
1 ¥ n[AgCl] ¥ 35.5 ¥ 100 (iii) The above expression given is approximately Atomic
= (using POAC)
W weight.
1 ¥ w1 ¥ 35.5
% WCl in Organic Compound = ¥ 100 1 g of metal at 30º was immersed in 10 g of water at 19.886
143.5 ¥ W ºC. If the final temperature is 20ºC then predict that metal
as same
could be iron (Specific heat of H2O = 1 cal/g).
1 ¥ w2 80
% WBr in Organic Compound = ¥ ¥ 100 1 gm metal at 10 gm water at
188 W 30°C 19.866°C
1 ¥ w3
% WI in Organic Compound = ¥ 127 ¥ 100
235 ¥ W
20°C
estiMation of sulPhur Heat lost by metal = Heat gained by water
m1C1Dt1 = m2C2 Dt2
W g sample of Organic Compound was reacted with concen-
trated HNO3. The remaining solution containing H2SO4 (ob- 1 ¥ C1 ¥ [30 – 20] = 10 ¥ 1[20 – 19.886]
tained after all the sulphure gets oxidised to SO3 and then to \ C1 = 0.114
H2SO4) was reacted with excess of BaCl2 solution and w1 g 6.4
of white ppt of BaSO4 was obtained. Calculate % composi- \ Atomic mass = = 56.2
0.114
tion of sulphur.
w 1 ¥ w1 ¥ 32
% S = S ¥ 100 = ¥ 100
W W ¥ 233 deterMination of
MoleCular Mass
estiMation of PhosPhorus [viCtor MaYer Method]
Weight
Organic Compound æææ
3 HNO
Æ H3PO4 æææææææ Æ
Magnesia mixture PV = nRT = ¥ RT
[MgSO + NH Cl] 4 4 Molar Mass
D
Mg(NH4)PO4 ææ
Æ Mg2P2O7 (white ppt) W RT
M Mass =
( P – P ¢)V
W g sample of Organic Compound was reacted with
HNO3. All phosphorous after being oxidised to H3PO4 was Vair displaced = Vvapour
reacted with magnesia mixture and a yellow precipitate was and Pair displaced = Pvapour
obtained, which on heating gives w1 g of white precipitate of
Mg2P2O7. Calculate % of P in Organic Compound. w ( P – P¢)V
and =
w Molar mass RT
% of P in Organic Compound = P ¥ 100
W
2 ¥ w1 31 P = P + Pdisplaced air
= ¥ ¥ 100
222 W
From
2[nMg 2 P2O7 ]
¥ 31 ¥ 100
W
W gram Water
estiMation of oXYgen

Weight of oxygen in Organic Compound Fig. 1.3

= Weight of organic compound – W ¢
[sum of weight of all element] \ Pdisplaced air = (P – P¢)

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 Mole Concept 1.7

Vapour of volatile substance are collected over water and and Molar Mass of AgX = Atomic Mass of Ag + Molecular
measured by the method as Duma’s method. Mass of X
w1
deterMination of ¥ 108 = 108 + Molecular Mass of X
w2
MoleCular Mass of
organiC aCid silver salt Èw ˘
Molecular mass of X = Í 1 ¥ 108 - 108˙
Method Î w2 ˚
Hydrogen connected to a more electronegative atom is acidic. Molecular mass of HX = Atomic Mass of H + Molecu-
Basicity is defined as the number moles of hydrogen ion
lar Mass of X
in 1 mole of given acid.
AgNO3 soluton D = 1 + M.M. of X
Organic Acid ææææææ Æ Silver salt ææ Æ Ag
For monobasic Acid (CH3COOH) Molecular mass of HX or Organic Acid = 1 + Molar Mass
AgNO D of X
HX ææææ 3
Æ AgX ææ
Æ Ag
CH3COOH w1 w2 For dibasic Acid H2X

Applying POAC on Ag Atom ÔÏ È w ˘ Ô¸

Molecular mass of H2X = 2 + Ì Í 1 ¥ 108 - 108˙ ˝ ¥ 2
w1 w2 w
ÓÔ Î 2 ˚ ˛Ô
=
Molar Mass of AgX Atomic Mass of Ag
ÏÔ È w1 ˘ ¸Ô
w For tribasic Acid H3X = 3 + Ì Í ¥ 108 - 108˙ ˝ ¥ 3
\ Molar Mass of AgX = 1 ¥ Atomic Mass of Ag ÓÔ Î w2 ˚ ˛Ô
w2
w1 Èw ˘
= ¥ 108 = Í ¥ 108 - 107 ˙ ¥ 3
w2 w
Î 2 ˚

Solved Examples

1. Calculate the volume of 1 mole gas exerting pressure Sol. 1 mole of S8 = NA molecules of S8 = 8 ¥ 32 g
of 1 atm at a temperature of 273 K. 64 N
nRT \ number of molecules = = A
Sol. V = = 0.0821 ¥ 273 = 22.4 L 8 ¥ 32 4
P NA
2. Calculate the volume of 1 mole of gas exerting pres- \ number of atom of sulphur = 8 ¥ = 2 NA
4
sure of 1 atm at a temperature of 300 K. 6. Calculate the number of molecules in
Sol. PV = nRT (i) 34.2 g of cone sugar (C12H22O11)
nRT (ii) 1 L of water assuming density 1 g
\ V= = 1 ¥ 0.0821 ¥ 300 = 24.3 L (iii) 1 drop of water having mass 0.05 g
P
3. 44.8 L of oxygen contains how many moles of O2? 34.2 N
Sol. (i) ¥ NA = A
Sol. Since T and P are not given, so number of mole cannot 342 10
be calculated. (ii) 1 mL = 1 g
4. 22.4 L of aq.{H2O] at STP contains how many moles? 1000 g
Sol. 1 mL = 1 g \ 1000 mL = NA
18
1000 0.05 N
1 litre = 1000 g = moles (iii) ¥ NA = A
18 18 360
Calculation of number of atoms and molecules in a given 7. Elemental analysis of an organic compound containing
mass of substance. C, H, N and O and weighing 7.3 g was found to contain
5. How many atoms and molecules of sulphur are present 3.6 g of carbon, 0.7 g of H and 1.4 g of nitrogen. Cal-
in 64 g of S8? culate Empirical formula.

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 1.8 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

0.7 \ number of moles of O2 obtained

Sol. H 0.7 = 0.7 7
1 3 3 È 1.49 ˘
3.6 = [n] = ¥ Í ˙
C 3.6 = 0.3 3 2 2 Î 74.5 ˚
12 3 È 1.49 ˘
1.4 \ mass of O2 = ¥ 32
N 1.4 = 0.1 1 2 ÍÎ 74.5 ˙˚
14
\ volume of oxygen at STP
1.6
O 1.6 = 0.1 1 3 1.49
1.6 = ¥ ¥ 22.4 L = 0.672 L
\ Empirical formula = C3H7NO 2 74.5
11. When 4 g of CaCO3 and sand mixture is treated with
OR
excess of HCl, 0.88 g of CO2 is produced. Calculate %
weight weight weight of CaCO3.
C H
Atomic weight Atomic weight
Sol. CaCO3 + 2HCl Æ CO2 + H2O + CaCl2
weight weight
N O Sand + HCl Æ No reaction
Atomic weight Atomic weight 0.88
C 3.6 H 0.7 N 1.4 O1.6 = C3H 7 NO Number of moles of CO2 = = 0.02 mole
44
12 1 14 1.6
\ number of moles of CaCO3 = 0.02 moles
8. Calculate the Empirical formula of the following min-
erals that have the following composition: ZnSO4 = 0.02 ¥ 100
\ % mass of CaCO3 = ¥ 100
56.14 H2O = 43.86. Weight of mixture
56.14 0.35 0.02 ¥ 100
Sol. ZnSO4 56.14 = 0.35 =1 = ¥ 100 = 50%
161.4 0.35 4
43.86 2.44
H2O 43.86 = 2.44 =7 12. A sample of 5 g of natural gas consisting of methane
18 0.35 and ethylene was burnt in excess of O2 yielding 14.5 g
ZnSO4.7H2O of CO2. Calculate the weight % of ethylene.
9. Calculate Empirical formula of hydrocarbon if 1.4 g of Sol. CH4 = x g
this compound is on complete combustion. Gives 4.4 g C2H4 = 5 – x g
of CO2 and 1.8 g of H2O. Number of Moles of CH4 = x/16
y Number of Moles of C2H4 = 5 – x/28
Sol. CxHy + O2 Æ xCO2 + H2O CH4 + O2 Æ CO2 + 2 H2O
2
 1 mole of CO2 contains 1 mole of C C2H4 + O2 Æ 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
\ 44 g of CO2 contains 12 gram of C 14.5
\ 4.4 g of CO2 contain 1.2 g of C Number of Moles of CO2 =
44
1 mole H2O contains 2 mole of H. [from methane and ethylene]
18 gram H2O contains 2 mole = 2 g
14.5 È5 - x ˘ Èx ˘
\ 1.8 gram H2O contains 2 mole = 0.2 g = Í ¥ 2˙ + Í ¥ 1˙
44 Î 28 ˚ Î16 ˚
1.2
C 1.2 0.1 1 5- x
1.2 \ % weight of ethylene = ¥ 100
0.2 5
H 0.2 0.2 2 13. In a rocket motor filled with butane, how many kg of
1
CH2 = EF liquid oxygen should be provided for each kg of butane
for its complete combustion?
10. Calculate the weight of KClO3 required and the weight
13
of oxygen in product. If 1.49 g of KCl is obtained on Sol. C4H10 + O2 Æ 4CO2 + 5 H2O
heating, calculate the volume of oxygen at STP. 2
Sol. 2KClO3 Æ 2 KCl + 3O2 [1 ¥ 103 g]
1.49 1000
Number of moles of KCl = \ number of moles of C4H10 =
74.5 58
2 moles of KCl produced from 2 moles of KClO3.
\ mass of KClO3 = n ¥ molecular weight È1000 ˘ 13
\ number of moles of O2 = Í ¥
1.49 Î 58 ˙˚ 2
= ¥ 122.5
74.5 È1000 ˘ 13
\ Mass of O2 = Í ¥ ¥ 32 gram = 3.586 Kg
and 2 moles of KClO3 is required for 3 moles of O2. Î 58 ˙˚ 2

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 Mole Concept 1.9

14. In a sample of NaCl and KCl weight of mixture is 20.75 2.76 È Weight ˘
g. This was dissolved in water and heated with excess
138
= 12 Í ˙ \ Weight = 1.163 gram
Î 698.2 ˚
of AgNO3. If weight of white precipitate of AgNO3 is
43.05 g, calculate the weight of each component. 17. For preparation of H2SO4 from iron pyrite [FeS2] in-
volves following set of reaction:
Sol. Weight of NaCl = x g FeS2 + O2 æÆ Fe2O3 + SO2
\ weight of KCl = 20.75 – x g SO2 + O2 æÆ SO3
AgNO SO3 + H2O æÆ H2SO4
NaCl ææææ 3
Æ AgCl
H 2O Calculate the weight of H2SO4 which can be obtained
x
= (a mole) when 240 kg of FeS2 is used.
58.5 Sol. Applied POAC of S
AgNO3
KCl ææææ Æ AgCl 2 moles of FeS2 = 1 ¥ moles of H2SO4
H O2
20.75 - x È Weight of FeS2 ˘ È Weight of H 2SO 4 ˘
= (b mole) 2Í ˙ = 1¥ Í ˙
143.5 Î MM of FeS2 ˚ Î MM of H 2SO 4 ˚
43.05 x 20.75 - x È 240 ¥ 103 ˘
a+b= = + È weight ˘
143.5 58.5 74.5 2Í ˙ = 1¥ Í
Î MM of FeS 2˚ Î 98 ˙˚
If chemical reaction are not balanced [Principle of Atomic Weight of H2SO4 = 392 kg
conservation] [POAC]
v w w
According to this theory, if atoms are conserved, then moles 18. If 20 % is given then convert into % and % .
of atoms shall also be conserved [POAC]. V W V
This concept is used when chemical reaction is not bal- If d is the density of solution.
anced and atleast one of the atoms is such that it is present Sol. 100 mL of solution contains 20 mL of NaOH and 80
only in one given compound and required compound. mL of H2O.
KClO3 Æ KCl + O2 w Mass of solution - Mass of solvent
% = ¥ 100
Applied POAC on K atom W Mass of solution
Weight of KClO3 Weight of KCl È100d - 80 ¥ 1˘ È100d - 80 ˘
= Í ¥ 100 = Í ˙˚ %
Molar Mass of KClO3 = Molar Mass of KCl Î 100 d ˙
˚ Î d
Applied POAC on oxygen atom
w È 100d - 80 ¥1 ˘
3 ¥ moles of KClO3 = 2 ¥ moles of O2 %= Í ˙ ¥ 100 = [100d – 80]%
V Î100(Volumeof solution) ˚
Weight of KClO3 Weight of O 2
3¥ =2¥ w
MM of KClO3 MM of O 2 19. Given 20 % of aq. NaOH. Then find its molarity.
V
15. CaCO3 æÆ CaO + CO2
Sol. 100 mL solution contains 20 g NaOH.
1000 g weight of CO2 = ?
\ 1000 mL solution contains 200 g NaOH
POAC on C atom 200
1 ¥ mole of CaCO3 = 1 mole of CO2 \ number of moles = = 5 moles
40
Weight of CaCO3 Weight of CO 2 and 1000 mL = 1 L
=
MM of CaCO3 MM of CO 2 5
1000 weight of CO 2 \ molarity = = 5 M.
= 1
100 44 w
Weight of CO2 = 440 g 20. Convert 40 % NaOH solution into molarity. If
W
16. Calculate the mass of compound [K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 density of solution is d g/mL.
when 2.76 g of K2CO3 undergoes series of reaction Sol. 100 g solution contains 40 g NaOH.
such that all carbons convert into this complex. Given 40 g of NaOH = 1 mole
Molar Mass of complex compound (C.C) = 698.2 and
100 1
MM of K2CO3 = 138. Volume of solution = = L
d ¥ 1000 10 d
Sol. K2CO3 Æ K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2
È Mass ˘
Applied POAC on carbon ÍSince V = density ˙
1 mole of K2CO3 = 12 ¥ moles of complex Î ˚
Weight of K 2 CO3 È Weight of C.C ˘ 1
= 12 Í  L solution contains 1 mole of NaOH
˙ 10 d
MM of K 2 CO3 Î MM of C.C ˚

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 1.10 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

\ 1 L solution contains 1 mole of NaOH \ molarity after ionisation

1 0.1 ¥ 80
= = 10 dM 0.1 – aa 2aa
1 100
10 d 0.1 ¥ 80 2 ¥ 0.1 ¥ 80
=
\ Molarity = 10 dM 100 100
M Be+2 = 0.08 M
21. Calculate molality of 20% by mass NaOH solution. and M Cl- = 0.16 M
Sol. 20 % by mass means 20 g NaOH present in 80 g of
solvent. pH = – log[H+]
20/40 20 1000 [H+] Æ [1] 10–7 10–14
\ Molality m = = ¥ Neutral
80/1000 40 80 Acidic Basic
PH O ¨æææ 7 æææ
Æ 14
22. A solution of I2 in benzene has a mole fraction of
I2 = 0.2. If density of solute is 1.2 g/mL, calculate 25. Calculate the degree of dissociation of pure water at
(i) Molality (ii) Molarity 298 K if it is known that pH = 7.
Sol. I2 in benzene means I2 solute and benzene solvent Sol. H2O æÆ H+ + OH–
nI 55.55 M 0 0
and X I 2 = 2 [55.55 – 55.55a] 55.55a 55.55a
Sn
nI 2 = X I 2 ¥ Sn but [H+] = 55.55a = 1 ¥ 10–7
1 ¥ 10-7 1
\ nC6H6 = xC6H6 ¥ Sn \ a= = = 1.8 ¥ 10–9
55.55 55.55 ¥ 107
X I 2 = 0.2 \ X C6H6 = 1 – 0.2 = 0.8 Hence, out of 55.55 ¥ 107 molecule of water, only one
x I 2 ¥ Sn molecule dissociate.
m= ¥ 1000 concentration of any ion
xC6H6 ¥ Sn ¥ 78 Note: a =
concentration of that ion (theoritically)
È x I 2 ¥ Sn ˘ (complete ionisation)
M= Í ˙ ¥ 1000
[(
Í I2 x ¥ S n ) ¥ 254] + ( xC6 H 6 ◊ S n ) ¥ 78 ˙ 26. If Molarity of Na3PO4 is 1 molar and concentration of
ÍÎ 1.2 gram/ml ˙˚ Na ion is 0.2 M. Calculate % dissociation of Na3PO4.
23. Calculate molality of all ions present in 1 molar Sol. Na3PO4 æÆ 3Na+ + PO -4 - -
Al2(SO4)3 solution. Given that density of solution = 1 0 0
2.34 g/mL. 1–x 3x x
1 If complete ionisation actually
Sol. mAl2 (SO4 )3 = ¥ 1000 ---
1000 ¥ 2.342 - 1 ¥ 342 1 mole gives 3 mole Na+ and 1 mole PO 4
2 Given that 3x = 0.2
mAl+3 = ¥ 1000 = 1 m
2000 0.2 20
\ a= ¥ 100 = = 6.6 %
3 3 3
m - - = 3 ¥ 100 = m
SO4
2000 2 27. (i) 200 mL of 1 M HCl solution is mixed with 800 mL
of 2 M HCl solution. Calculate the molarity of final
Case II: Degree of Dissociation solution.
Moles dissociated (x) Number of moles of solute
= Sol. Molarity =
Total number of moles before dissociation Total volume(V1 + V2 )
x
a= È ˘
a Í 1 ¥ 200 2 ¥ 800 ˙
\ x = aa Í 1000 + 1000 ˙
For A æÆ 3B + C = Í ˙ ¥ 1000
Î 800 + 200 ˚
a 0 0
a–x 3x x = 1.8 M
(a – aa) (3aa) (aa) (ii) If density of solution is 1.2 g/mL, calculate molal-
24. Find the molarity of each ion in 0.1 M BaCl2 consider- ity.
ing degree of dissociation = 80 % 1000 M
Sol. m =
BeCl2 æÆ Be+2 + 2Cl– 1000d - Molar Mass of solute
0.1 0 0 1.8 ¥ 1000
0.1 – x x 2x = m
1000 ¥ 1.2 - 1.8 ¥ 36.5

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 Mole Concept 1.11

(iii) If sample of H2SO4 in 1.8 g/mL is 98% wt. What 30. Calculate [H+] concentration if 0.2 M of H2SO4 solu-
is the volume of acid that has to be taken to tion having volume 100 mL is mixed with 0.1 M of 300
form 1 L of 0.2 M H2SO4 solution? mL of NaOH.
Sol. 2NaOH + H2SO4 Æ Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
98 % wt. diluted 1L of 0.2 M before reaction
Sol. æææÆ
1.8 g/mL H 2SO 4 solvent No. of moles of NaOH = 0.1 ¥ 0.300
No. of moles of H2SO4 = 0.2 ¥ 0.100
Number of mole of solute before dilution = Number of No. of moles of H2SO4 after reaction
mole of solute after dilution
0.003
È 98/98 ˘ = 0.02 – = .005
V ¥ M = 1 ¥ 0.2 = Í ¥ 1000 2
100 ˙
Í ˙ \ [H+] = 2 ¥ 0.005 Mole = 0.01 mole
Î 1.8 ˚
È 0.01˘
28. 10 mL of H2O[d = 1 g/mL] and 4 mL of CH3OH \ molarity = Í ¥ 1000 = 0.025 M
[d = 0.8 g/mL) is mixed to form a solution. If the den- Î 400 ˙˚
sity of final solution is 1.1 g/mL, calculate the molarity 31. 200 mL of 0.1 M NaCl is mixed with 100 mL of 0.2 M
of final solution. AgNO3 solution. Calculate molarity of all the ions in
Sol. WH2O = 10 ¥ 1 = 10 g final solution.
Sol. NaCl + AgNO3 Æ AgClØ + NaNO3
WCH3OH = 4 ¥ 0.8 = 3.2 g
0.2 ¥ 0.1 0.1 ¥ 0.2 ppt
Total weight of solution = 10 + 3.2 = 13.2 g 0.02 0.02 \ if no ion is formed
13.2 0 0 0.02 0.02
\ volume of solution = = 12 mL
1.1 0.02
\ M Na + = ¥ 1000 and
È 3.2/32 ˘ 300
\ molarity of solution = Í ˙ ¥ 100
Î 12 ˚ 0.02
M NO- = ¥ 1000
3 300
Note:
32. 10 L mixture of C2H6 and C3H8 at STP on complete
1. If during mixing of solution, mass of final solu-
combustion gives 22 L of CO2 at STP. Find the molar
tion and density of final solution is given then
concentration of the mixture in molar ratio.
volume of solution should be calculated by
Total mass 7
V= Sol. C2H6 + O2 Æ 2CO2 + 3H2O
Density of solution 2
2. If any one data of the following is not given: C3H8 + 5O2 Æ 3CO2 + 4H2O
(a) mass of any mixing substance (b) density Since V µ Number of moles of gas
of resultant solution, then it has to be assumed
and VCO2 = 22 L = [VCO2 ]C2H6 + [VCO2 ]C3H8
that there is no volume contraction or expan-
sion taking place and V = V1 + V2 + …… = 2V + 3(10 – V) = 22
\ –V = –8
29. 100 mL of 0.1 M of Al2(SO4)3 is mixed with 100 mL V=8L
of 0.1 M AlCl3. Calculate molarity of Al+3 ion if final VC2H6 nC H 8
solution has density of 1.2 g/mL. \ = 2 6 = =4:1
VC3H8 nC3H8 2
100 ¥ 0.1
Sol. nAl2 (SO4 )3 = = 0.01 mole 33. If volume of CO2 is 24 L at 1 atm and 300 K in Q32,
1000
then calculate the molar composition of initial mixture.
nAlCl3 = 100 ¥ 0.1 = 0.01 mole PV PV
1000 1 1
= 2 2
\ n of Al+3 T1 T2
0.02 mole + 0.01 mole = 0.03 mole PV T 1 ¥ 24 ¥ 273
\ V2 = 1 1 2 =
From Al2(SO4)3 and AlCl3 P2T1 1 ¥ 300
\ molarity of Al+3 V2 = 2V + 3[10 – V]
nAl+3
= Note:
Total volume If in a question [volume or pressure] is given in dif-
È 0.03 ˘ ferent conditions then it is better to convert at STP
= Í ¥ 1000
Î 200 ˙˚ PV
condition by using 1 1 = 2 2
PV
= 1.5 ¥ 10–1 M T1 T2

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 1.12 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

34. A mixture of C2H6 and C3H8 at 200 mm of Hg on com- 37. The vapour of W g sample of Organic Compound oc-
plete combustion gives CO2 at 450 mm Hg. Calculate cupy V mL at STP in Victor mayer process. Calculate
molar ratio of initial mixture. Molar mass of compound?
Sol. Since P µ Number of moles of gas Sol. From V mL = W gram at STP
450 mm = (PCO2 )C2H6 + (PCO2 )C3H8 W
\ 22400 mL = ¥ 22400 = Molar mass
7 V
C2H6 + O2 Æ 2CO 2 + 3H2O
2 (2x )
38. 0.41 g of silver salt is obtained after reaction between
dibasic acid and silver nitrate solution, which on heat-
C3H8 + 5O2 Æ 3CO 2 + 4 H2O
3[200 - x ] ing gives 0.216 g of residue. Calculate MM of acid.
Sol. w1 = 0.41 g, w2 = 0.216 g
\ 450 = 2x + 3[200 – x]
Acid fi dibasic then
X = 150 = PC2H6
\ PC3H8 = 200 – 150 = 50 Ïw ¸
MM = Ì 1 ¥ 108 - 107 ˝ ¥ 2
nC2H6 3 Ó w2 ˛
\ = Ï 0.410 ¸
nC3H8 1 = Ì ¥ 108 - 107 ˝ ¥ 2 = 196
Ó 0.216 ˛
35. 1 g of metal at 30º was immersed in 10 g of water at
19.886 ºC. If the final temperature is 20ºC then predict 39. Estimation of Molar Mass
that metal could be iron (Specific heat of H2O = 1 cal/g). of silver salt, acid graph of
Sol. 1 gm metal at 10 gm water at the residue obtained and the
30°C 19.866°C weight of silver salt was
plotted as shown in fol- Ag
q = 30°
lowing graph. If the acid (w2)
20°C is known to be monobasic, Silver salt
(w1)
Heat lost by metal = Heat gained by water calculate Molar Mass of
Fig. 1.4
salt and Molar Mass of acid.
m1C1Dt1 = m2C2 Dt2
1 ¥ C1 ¥ [30 – 20] = 10 ¥ 1[20 – 19.886] w1 w2
Sol. We know =
\ C1 = 0.114 Molar Mass of AgX Molar Mass of Ag
6.4 w1 1
\ atomic mass = = 56.2 Slope = tan 30° = =
0.114 w2 3
36. A sample of Organic Compound weight 10 g in Victor
w2 1 Molar Mass of Ag
mayer process was found to displace 2.463 mL at 1 atm \ = =
and 300 K. Calculate Molar Mass of volatile substance. w1 3 Molar Mass of AgX
Weight 10 Patm ¥ VLiter 1 108
Sol. n = = = =
Molar Mass Molar Mass 0.0821 ¥ TKelvin 3 Molar Mass of AgX
10 g Æ 2.463 mL [At P = 1 atm and T = 300 K]
Molar Mass of AgX = 108 3
10 1 ¥ 2.463 ¥ 10-3
= \ Molar Mass of HX = [108 3 - 107]
Molar mass 0.0821 ¥ 300
\ molar mass = 105 g

Exercise
(c) Ratio of number of nitrogen atom to number of
level i oxygen atom is 3 : 4.
(d) Total number of atoms in one mole of (NH4)3PO4
1. Select the correct statement(s) for (NH4)3PO4. is 20.
(a) Ratio of number of oxygen atom to number of (a) ab (b) abc (c) bc (d) All
hydrogen atom is 1 : 3. 2. What volume (in mL) of liquid H2O2 has same number
(b) Ratio of number of cation to number of anion is of atoms as there are number of atoms in 22.4 mL H2O
3 : 1. gas at 2 atm and 546 K?

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 Mole Concept 1.13

[Given: Density of liquid H2O2 = 5.1 ¥ 10–3 g/mL; 14. X is molecular substance containing 21 atoms of car-
Density of liquid H2O = 1 g / mL] bon per molecule. The weight % of C in X is 50.4%.
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3.5 (d) 4.2 What is the molecular weight of X in amu?
3. A sample of Mg3(PO4)2 contains 72 g Mg in the sam- (a) 500 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 400
ple. Calculate the number of g molecule of oxygen in 15. Calculate pressure (in atm) exerted by gas at 27°C,
the sample. which is produced by the complete decomposition of
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 3.5 (d) 4 162.5 g of FeCl3 in 0.0821 L container according to the
4. What mass (in gram) of Na2SO4 would contain the same following reaction: (Assume volume occupied by the
number of total ions as present in 930 g of Ca3(PO4)2? solid substances is negligible.)
(a) 710 (b) 800 (c) 200 (d) 500 FeCl3(s) æÆ FeCl2 (s) + Cl2 (g)
5. A sample of Cl contains 80% Cl35 and 20% Cl37 iso- (a) 250 (b) 150 (c) 15 (d) 300
topes. The average number of neutrons per atom is 16. A term ‘P’ is defined as
(a) 18.4 (b) 19.4 (c) 35.4 (d) 20.4 P = 294 ¥ (Ratio of masses of Al2 (SO4)3 and H2SO4 in
6. A sample of K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3. 24 H2O contains 6.4 kg g each containing 96 g of sulphur).
oxygen. Calculate mass of sulphur (in gram) in same Calculate P.
sample. (a) 342 (b) 294 (c) 684 (d) 171
(a) 1280 (b) 1000 (c) 128 (d) 12.8 17. Calculate molality(m) of pure water if its density is
7. A 448 L vessel contains O2(g) and CO2 (g) in 2 : 3 ratio 0.936 g/mL.
at 1 atm and 0°C. Calculate the number of moles of (a) 50 (b) 55.56 (c) 57.56 (d) 56.56
CO2 (g) present in the vessel. 18. The volume (in mL) of 0.5 M NaOH required for the
(a) 12 (b) 1.1 (c) 1.2 (d) 120 complete reaction with 150 mL of 1.5M H3PO3 solu-
8. Find the value of ‘x’, if hydrated salt A2SO4 . xH2O tion is
undergoes 45% loss in mass on heating and becomes (a) 1350 (b) 900 (c) 1250 (d) 1150
anhydrous (where atomic weight of ‘A’ is 7). 19. For the reaction,
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 5 AlCl3 + NaOH æÆ Al(OH)3 + NaCl
9. Calculate the volume of Cl2 gas (in mL) liberated at 1 if initially, 1 mole of each reactant is taken, then the
atm and 273 K when 1.74 g MnO2 reacts with 2.19 g number of moles of AlCl3 remaining after the comple-
HCl according to the following reaction with % yield tion of reaction is
40: 1
(a) 1 (b)
MnO2 + HCl æÆ MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O 3
(a) 336 mL (b) 112 mL (c) 134.4 mL(d) 44.8 mL 2
(c) (d) None of these
10. Calculate the mass % of CaCO3 in the 103 g mixture 3
containing CaCO3 and Na2CO3, which produces 24 L 20. A mixture of CaCO3 and CaO on heating gives off
of CO2 at 1 atm and 300 K with excess of HCl. 22.4 L of CO2 gas at 273 K and 1 atm. If the same mass
[Given : R = 0.08 atm. lit / mol/ K] of mixture when treated with HCl required 219 g of
(a) 50 % (b) 48.5 % (c) 53 % (d) 40 % HCl for complete reaction, then the mole % of CaCO3
11. Calculate the mass of HCl (in g) produced if 2 g H2 is in the mixture is
mixed with 71 g Cl2. (a) 50% (b) 33.33%
H2 + Cl2 æÆ 2HCl (c) 25% (d) None of these
(a) 35.5 (b) 72 (c) 36.5 (d) 73 21. The relative density of a mixture of CO2 (g) and H2O (g)
12. Select the correct statement(s): w.r.t. gaseous hydrogen atoms is 30. The molecular %
(a) Number of oxygen atoms are same in 1 g O2 and of the CO2 is
1 g O3. 600 2400
(a) (b) %
(b) 1 g molecule of any substance contains equal 13 13
number of atoms. 1200
(c) Reactant having minimum number of moles, acts (c) (d) None of these
13
as limiting reagent. 22. Molar mass of electron is nearly (NA = 6 ¥ 1023)
(d) During a chemical reaction total number of moles (a) 9.1 ¥ 10–31 kg mol–1 (b) 9.1 ¥ 10–31 g mol–1
may increase or constant. (c) 54.6 ¥ 10–8 g mol–1 (d) 54.6 ¥ 10–8 kg mol–1
13. Calculate the volume (in mL) of NO2 at 1 atm and 273 23. Calculate the number of moles of compound (KH-
K obtained by treating 12.7 g of Cu with excess of con- C2O4)0.95· H2C2O4 in its pure sample if sample contains
centrated nitric acid from the following reaction: 4 moles of oxygen atoms.
Cu(s) + HNO3 (aq) æÆ Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l) + NO2
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.5 ¥ 0.95
(a) 8960 (b) 896 (c) 89.3 (d) 6900 4 4
(c) (d)
(4 + 0.95 ¥ 4) 0.95

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 1.14 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

24. What is the relationship between mole fraction of of a 32. One of the major uses of H2O2 is for artificial respira-
solute (XA) and its molality (m). If molar mass of sol- tion. It is stored in cylinder of 3 L capacity completely
vent is 100. (g/mol). filled with H2O2 solution of ‘44.8 V’. In a hospital, pa-
(X A) (X A) tient under artificial respiration takes 200 mL O2 per
(a) (b) min at 1 atm at 273 K for 2.8 hours from cylinder.
10 (1 - X A ) 100 (1 - X A )
[Assume volume of solution and rate of decomposition
10 (1 - X A ) 10 ( X A ) remain constant.]
(c) (d) Then which of the following statements is incorrect?
(X A) (1 - X A )
(a) Initial moles of H2O2 in a cylinder are 12.
25. 100 mL of 0.1 M ammonium phosphite solution is (b) Volume of oxygen used for respiration is 33.6 L.
mixed with 200 mL of 0.2 M sodium pyrophosphate (c) Volume strength of H2O2 left in solution is 11.2 V.
solution. Assuming complete dissociation of each salt (d) Volume strength of H2O2 left in solution is 33.6 V.
and no reaction occurs between the ions produced, cal- 33. Two gases N2 and H2 are allowed to react completely to
culate the concentration of total positive ions in mil- form mixture of N2H2(l) and N2H4 (g) leaving no reac-
limoles per litre.
tants. Formation of N2H2 (l) does not create any energy
(a) 600 (b) 200 (c) 500 (d) 60
change whereas formation of 1 mL N2H4 (g) absorbs 2 J
26. A mixture of C2H4, CO and N2 gases having total pres-
energy. Ratio of volume contraction to energy change
sure 250 mm of Hg in which 250 mm Hg of O2 is added
(in mL / Joule) when 30 mL N2 and 40 mL H2 react
at 27°C and then sparked. After the system is brought
to the original temperature, the total pressure becomes under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.
370 mm of Hg. If the partial pressure of CO2 is 200 mm (a) 3mL /J (b) 5mL /J
of Hg, then calculate the sum of initial pressure of CO (c) 6mL /J (d) None of these
and O2 in mm of Hg before the sparking 34. 150 mL mixture of CO and CO2 is passed through a
Given : At 27°C aqueous tension is 20 mm of Hg. tube containing excess of red hot charcoal. The volume
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 350 becomes 200 mL due to reaction.
27. Human lungs can absorb 8 g O2 per hour by respira- CO2 (g) + C(s) æÆ 2CO (g)
tion. If all oxygen atoms are converted to carbohy- Select the correct statement(s).
drates (C6H12O6), how long will it take to produce 180 (a) Mole percent of CO2 in the original mixture is 50.
g C6H12O6? (b) Mole fraction of CO in the original mixture is 0.56.
(a) 8 hr (b) 12 hr (c) 10 hr (d) 6 hr (c) Original mixture contains 50 mL of CO2.
28. If in a sample of oleum, mole fraction of SO3 is 0.5, (d) Original mixture contain 50 mL of CO.
label the oleum sample. 35. A mixture of formic acid and oxalic acid is heated in
(a) 109 % (b) 110.11 % the presence of H2SO4.
(c) 104.5 % (d) 114.22 HCOOH æÆ H2O + CO
29. Manganese oxide (MnO2) is heated in a stream of hy- H2C2O4 æÆ H2O + CO2 + CO
drogen to give water and new oxide MnxOy. If 17.4 g of
MnO2 produces 12.6 g of MnxOy then y : x will be The produced gaseous mixture is collected and cooled.
On its treatment with KOH solution, the volume of
1 3 5
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) gaseous mixture decreases by one-tenth. Calculate the
2 2 2 molar ratio of the two acid in original mixture. [If the
30. A pure sample of an element ‘E’ is cut by knife into
simplest ratio is a : b then find a + b.]
perfect cubes. If 7.5 ¥ 1022 atoms are present in one
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 2 (d) 5
such cube and ‘a’ is edge length of cube in cm, then
36. In a tyre of a ‘ferrari’ car, a tube having a volume of
what will be the value of a6 (in cm6)?
12.3 L is filled with air at a pressure of 4 atm at 300
[Given : Atomic mass of E = 32, NA = 6 ¥ 1023, Density
K. Due to travelling, the temperature of the tube and
of element = 4/3 g/cm3 ]
air inside it is raised to 360 K. The porosity (number
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) 25
of pores per unit area) of the tube material is 5 ¥ 105
31. Which of the following option(s) is incorrect?
pores/cm2 and each pore can transfer air from inside to
[Take H2O to be solvent in every case and solute is
outside of tube at the rate of 6.023 ¥ 108 molecules per
completely soluble]
minute. Due to above factors, pressure reduces to 3.6
(a) If mass fraction of CaBr2 and H2O are same then
atm in 20 min. Calculate the total surface area (m2) of
molality of CaBr2 is 5 m.
the tube, assuming volume of tube to be constant. (R =
(b) If equal moles of NaCl and H2O are taken then
0.082 lit-atm/mole-K)
molality of NaCl is 55.55 m.
(a) 5000 (b) 500 (c) 4000 (d) 400
(c) If in place of NaCl we use NaBr as solute in op-
37. Calculate the number of milligrams of SO2 in a sample
tion (2) then molality of NaCl changes.
of air, if in the following reaction 9 mL of 0.008 M
(d) If mole fraction of NaCl is same as that of H2O
KMnO4 solution is required for titration.
then molality of NaCl will be 55.55 m.

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 14 3/21/2017 5:10:23 PM

 Mole Concept 1.15

SO2 + MnO4– æÆ SO4 –2 + Mn+2 47. Calculate the number of Na+ ion present in 142 amu of
(a) 11.52 mg (b) 0.18 mg Na2SO4 in aqueous solution.
(c) 0.072 mg (d) None of these (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4
38. Two acids H2SO4 and H3PO4 are neutralised separately 48. 1 mole of diatomic gas A2 contains 32 and 36 moles
by the same amount of base, producing sulphate and of electrons and neutrons respectively. Find the mass
dihydrogen phosphates respectively. The ratio of mass number of element A.
of H2SO4 and H3PO4 reacted with base respectively is (a) 32 (b) 68 (c) 40 (d) 34
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 49. Find the number of moles of Na3PO4 which contain as
(c) 1 : 2 (d) Data insufficient many ions as present in 6840 g of Al2(SO4)3.
39. Calculate mass % of oxygen in water (a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 60
(a) 88.88% (b) 73.68 % 19 39
50. An equimolar mixture of 9 F, 19 K and 32XA have
(c) 20.61% (d) 25.63 % average number of neutron of 25. Find average mass
40. 100 g ‘118% oleum’ sample is mixed with 9 g of H2O. number of mixture.
The final solution has (a) 22.5 (b) 21.5 (c) 45 (d) None
(a) mass % of H2SO4 is 2.7. 51. Find the correct option for 36 g C6H12O6.
(b) Mass % of combined SO3 is 16.3. (a) 4.8 NA molecules of C6H12O6
(c) New labelling as 108.25% oleum. (b) 19.2 NA electrons
(d) Mass % of free SO3 is 80. (c) 0.8 moles
M (d) 0.6 g molecules of oxygen
41. The two solutions of NaOH having molarity and 52. To obtain maximum mass of NO2 from a given mass of
M 10
are mixed to prepare 1 L of NaOH solution in such a mixture of NH3 and O2, the ratio of mass of NH3 to
30 O2 should be
a way that 300 mL of final solution is completely neu- 7
tralised by 10 mL of 0.5 M H3PO4 solution. Calculate 2NH3 + O2 æÆ 2NO2 + 3H2O
2
M 17 4
the volume (in mL) of NaOH solution used.
10 (a) (b)
40 7
[Assuming 100% dissociation]
17
(a) 250 mL (b) 350 mL (c) (d) None of these
(c) 50 mL (d) 500 mL 56
42. 1 mole of ammonium phosphite will contain 53. Find the mass (in g) of P4O10 produced if 31 g of phos-
(a) 2 moles of nitrogen atoms. phorus (P4) is mixed with 32 g of O2.
(b) 8 moles of hydrogen atoms. (a) 26.8 (b) 56.8 (c) 568 (d) 5.68
(c) 12 moles of hydrogen atoms. 54. If 200 mL of 0.1 M Na2SO4 is mixed with 100 mL of 0.2
(d) 6 moles of hydrogen atoms. M Na3PO4 solution, what is the molarity of Na+ in the
43. In a container 6 L N2 and 30 L H2 are taken which react final solution, if final solution has a density of 1.2 g/mL.
according to the following reactions and N2H2 reacts (a) 0.196 M (b) 0.33 M
with H2 to give N2H4. (c) 1.5 M (d) 0 .66 M
55. Mark the option containing temperature-independent
N2(g) + H2(g) æÆ N2H2(g)
concentration terms.
N2H2(g) + H2(g) æÆ N2H4(l)
(I) ppm
Find percentage of volume contracted. (II) %w/w
(a) 50 (b) 40 (c) 30 (d) 60 (III) Volume strength of H2O2
44. Find the total number of carbon atom present in one (IV) % labelling (V) %w/v
molecule, if 0.078 g hydrocarbon having simplest for- (a) All except V (b) I, II, IV
mula unit CH, occupy 22.4 mL of volume at 1 atm and (c) I, II only (d) Only II
0°C.
56. Total number of electrons present in 818O–2 is 1.2 ¥ 1022
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6
then the number of moles of oxide ion present is
45. Find the % mass of Ca in 10 g of pure CaCO3. (a) 2 ¥ 10–3 mole (b) 10–3 mole
(a) 40 (b) 30 (c) 60 (d) 50 (c) 10 mole (d) 0.02 mole
46. Find volume occupied by 1 molecule of CH3CH2OCH3 57. Ratio of number of protons to neutrons in 3.011 ¥ 1022
having density of 0.8 g/cm3. molecules of D3O+ is
[Given : NA = 6 ¥ 1023] (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3
(a) 1.25 ¥ 10–22 cm3 (b) 2.25 ¥ 10–22 cm3 58. 80 g of SOx gas occupies 14 L at 2 atm and 273 K. The
(c) 3.25 ¥ 10–22 cm3 (d) 1.00 ¥ 10–22 cm3 value of x is
(Use R = 0.0821L-atm/K-mole)
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) None

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 1.16 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

59. Haemoglobin contains 0.25% iron by mass. The mo- 71. If one million atoms of silver weight is 1.79 ¥ 10–16 g,
lecular mass of haemoglobin is 89600 then the number the gram atomic mass of silver is
of iron atoms per molecule of haemoglobin (Atomic (a) 107 g (b) 107.2 g
mass of Fe = 56) is (c) 107.8 g (d) 108.2 g
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 160 72. How many g-atoms are present in 1.4 g of Nitrogen?
60. 12 g of mg was burnt in a closed vessel containing 32 g (a) 1 (b) 0.1 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.5
oxygen. Which of the following statements is not cor- 73. On heating a given mass of blue vitrol 95.7 g, anhy-
rect? drous copper sulphate is obtained. The number of water
(a) 2 g of mg will be left unburnt. molecules lost are
(b) 0.75 gram-molecule of O2 will be left unreacted. (a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 20 g of MgO will be formed. (c) 18.06 ¥ 1023 (d) 30.10 ¥ 1023
(d) The mixture at the end will weight 44 g. 74. The amount of zinc needed to produce 112 mL of H2 at
61. Calculate maximum mass of CaCl2 produced when STP on reaction with dil H2SO4 will be
2.4 ¥ 1024 atoms of calcium is taken with 96 L of Cl2 (a) 0.65 g (b) 0.325 g
gas at 380 mm pressure and at 27ºC. (c) 6.5 g (d) 3.25 g
[R : 0.08 atm L/mole-K and NA = 6 ¥ 1023] 75. Calculate the number of electrons present in 18 mL of
(a) 111 g (b) 444 g H2O at 25ºC.
(c) 61 g (d) 222 g
(a) 6.023 ¥ 1023
62. A mixture containing 3 moles each of C4H8 and C6H6
(b) 6.023 ¥ 1024
undergoes complete combustion with O2 to form CO2
180
and H2O. Calculate the total mass of CO2 produced. (c) ¥ 6.023 ¥ 1023
(a) 1320 g (b) 610 g 22400
(c) 528 g (d) 792 g 180
(d) ¥ 6.023 ¥ 1023
63. An impure sample of KClO3 of 50% purity on decom- 22.4
position produces 67.2 L of oxygen at 0ºC and 1 atm. 76. Experimentally it is found that a metal oxide has for-
The other product of decomposition is KCl. The initial mula M0.98O1. Metal M is present as M+2 and M+3 in its
mass of impure original sample (in gram) taken is oxide. Fraction of metal which exist as M+3 would be
(a) 245 (b) 122.5 (a) 7.01% (b) 4.08%
(c) 490 (d) None of these (c) 6.05% (d) 5.08%
64. A cylinder of compressed gas contains nitrogen and 77. The ratio of masses of O2 and N2 in a particular gaseous
oxygen gas in the mole ratio 3 : 1. If the cylinder is mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of number of their molecules
known to contain 2.40 g of oxygen, what is the total is
mass of gas mixture? (a) 1 : 8 (b) 3 : 16 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 7 : 32
(a) 8.7 g (b) 7.2 g (c) 6.8 g (d) 6.3 g 78. A solution of H2O2 is labelled as 11.2 V. If the density of
65. If in urea [CO(NH2)2] there are 20 g – atoms of nitro- solution is 1.034 g/mL then identity the correct option.
gen present then the mass of urea will be (a) Molarity of solution = 2M
(a) 600 g (b) 60 g 1
(c) 6 g (d) 120 g (b) Molality of solution =
1.034
66. The weight of 2.8 liter of gas at NTP is 3.50 g. Its va- w 3400
pour density is (c) % =
w 1034
(a) 14 (b) 28 (c) 32 (d) 20
w 34
67. If nickel oxide has the formula Ni0.98 O1.00, then what (d) % =
fraction of nickel exist as Ni+3? v 1000
(a) 96% (b) 4% (c) 98% (d) 2% 79. A gaseous mixture of CO and CO2 having total volume
68. Find the number of iodine atoms present in 40 mL of its 150 mL is passed through a tube containing excess of
0.1 M solution. red hot charcoal to cause the following reaction:
(a) 48.1 ¥ 1020 (b) 4.81 ¥ 1020 CO2(g) + C(s) æÆ 2CO(g)
23
(c) 6.02 ¥ 10 (d) None of these The volume increases to 250 mL. Identify the correct
69. Assuming complete ionisation, the pH of 0.1 M HCl is statement.
1. The molarity of H2SO4 with same pH is (a) Original mixture contains 50% by moles CO.
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.05 (d) 2 (b) Original mixture contains 33.33% by moles CO.
70. The mole fraction of solute in one molal aqueous solu- (c) Original mixture contains 33.33% by moles CO2.
tion is (d) Mole fraction of CO2 in the original mixture is 0.4.
(a) 0.009 (b) 0.018 (c) 0.027 (d) 0

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 Mole Concept 1.17

80. Hydrogen gas is prepared in the laboratory by reacting 6. An ore of iron contains FeS and some non-volatile im-
dilute HCl granulated zinc. Following reaction takes purity. On roasting this ore converts all FeS into Fe2O3
place: and 8% loss in weight was observed. Calculate mass
Zn + 2HCl æÆ ZnCl2 + H2 percentage of FeS in ore?
Calculate the volume of H2 evolved at STP when 130.6 FeS + O2 Æ Fe2O3 + SO2
g of zinc reacts with HCl. (a) 20 (b) 60 (c) 88 (d) 44
[Atomic mass of Zn = 65.3] 7. For the reaction,
(a) 22.4 L (b) 44.8 L 7 A + 13 B + 15 C Æ 17 P
(c) 11.35 L (d) 68.1 L if 15 moles of A, 26 moles of B and 30.5 moles of C are
81. For a mixture of KCl and KNO3 which of the following taken initially then limiting reactant is
is possible percentage of K by mass? (a) A (b) B
(a) 10% (b) 45% (c) 70% (d) 90% (c) C (d) None of these
82. In 200 mL of aqueous HCl solution, excess of MnO2 is 8. The number of moles of KOH required for complete
added. If the liberated gas occupies 164.2 mL at 127ºC neutralisation of H2SO4 produced from dissolution of
and 38 cm-Hg, then the molarity of HCl solution is 500 g of 118% oleum in water is nearly
(R = 0.0821 L atm/K mol) (a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 13 (d) 15
90%
MnO2(s) + 4HCl(aq) æÆ 9. Zn + O2 æææ Æ ZnO ... (i)
MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) ZnO + H2O Æ Zn(OH)2 ... (ii)
(a) 0.1 M (b) 0.2 M If on taking 130 g of Zn with 100 g of O2 and 50 g of
(c) 0.4 M (d) 0.05 M H2O afterwards 178.2 g Zn(OH)2 is obtained, calculate
the % yield of second reaction.
[Take Zn = 65]
level ii (a) 100 (b) 75 (c) 10 (d) 80
10. A mixture of C2H4, CO and N2 gases having total pres-
1. Select the correct option for increasing order of number sure 250 mm of Hg in which 250 mm Hg of O2 is added
of atoms. at 27°C and then sparked. After the system was brought
(I) 2 g of hydrogen (II) 16 g of sulphur to the original temperature, the total pressure becomes
(III) 4 g of oxygen (IV) 31 g of phosphorus 370 mm of Hg. If the partial pressure of CO2 is 200 mm
(a) II > III > IV > I (b) IV > II > III > I of Hg, then calculate the initial partial pressure of C2H4
(c) I > IV > II > III (d) I = IV > II > III (in mm of Hg)
2. Two elements C and D combine to form two com- [Given : At 27°C aqueous tension is 20 mm of Hg.]
pounds; CxDy and CyDx. 0.5 mole of CyDx weigh 40 g (a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 75
and 1 molecule of CxDy weigh 1.66 ¥ 10–25 kg. The 11. A mixture of C2H4, CO and N2 gases having total pres-
atomic weight of C and D are 20 and 40 respectively. sure 250 mm of Hg in which 250 mm Hg of O2 is added
What are ‘x’ and ‘y’? at 27°C and then sparked. After the system was brought
(a) 3, 2 (b) 1, 3 (c) 1, 2 (d) 2, 2 to the original temperature the total pressure becomes
3. To form one molecule of Mg3N2, the total number of 370 mm of Hg. If the partial pressure of CO2 is 200 mm
electron transferred from metal to non–metal is of Hg, then calculate total O2 consumed in mm of Hg.
(a) 6 NA (b) 3 NA (c) 3 (d) 6 [Given: At 27°C aqueous tension is 20 mm of Hg.]
4. A gaseous mixture contains SO3 (g) and CH4(g) in 5 : 1 (a) 150 (b) 170 (c) 200 (d) 220
ratio by mass. Calculate Q 12. To a 100 g an oleum sample labelled as ‘118% oleum’,
where Q = 200 ¥ ratio of total number of atoms present 9 g of water is added. Select the correct option(s).
in SO3(g) to total number of atoms present in CH4(g). (a) It contains only H2SO4 , SO3 and SO2.
(a) 160 (b) 16 (c) 320 (d) 32 (b) It contains H2SO4, SO3 and H2O.
5. Select the correct statement(s) for the following reac- (c) New solution will have labelling 109 %.
tion: (d) % w/w of SO3 is nearly 36.7 %.
2 A(s) + B(g) Æ 3 C (g) + 4 D (l) 13. Acid sample is prepared using HCl, H2SO4, H2SO3 and
(a) 2 moles of A always produce 3 moles of C and 4 H3PO4 separately or as a mixture of any two or more.
moles of D Calculate the minimum volume of 4% w/v NaOH add-
(b) 22.4 l of B (g) produces 3 moles of C at 1 atm and ed (in mL) to 294 g sample, in order to ensure complete
273 K in excess of A. neutralisation in every possible case.
(c) B will always remain in excess because volume of (a) 9000 (b) 6000 (c) 4000 (d) 900
gas is very high than solid. 14. 30 mL gaseous mixture of methane and ethylene in vol-
(d) Moles of D produced is always less than C be- ume ratio X : Y requires 350 mL air, containing 20%
cause volume of liquid is less than gas. of O2 by volume for complete combustion. If ratio of

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 1.18 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

methane and ethylene is changed to Y : X, what will be mL of 0.2 M KMnO4 solution under acidic conditions.
the volume of air (in mL) required for complete reac- Calculate the volume strength of the diluted H2O2 solu-
tion under similar condition of temperature and pres- tion.
sure? (a) 28 V (b) 14 V (c) 32 V (d) 16.8 V
(a) 400 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 800 20. The number of oxygen atoms present in 24.5 g of
15. The Haber’s process for preparing ammonia involves H3PO4 is equal to
direct conversion of hydrogen and nitrogen gases into (a) Number of electrons present in 1.6 g methane
NH3 at high temperature and pressure using a catalyst (CH4).
N2(g) + 3H2(g) Æ 2NH3(g) (b) Number of molecule of CO2 present in 11.2 L at 1
atm and 546 K.
If air [consider it to contain 80% N2, 20% O2 by vol-
(c) Number of moles of proton present in NA gram-at-
ume] is used as source for nitrogen, O2 present in the air
om of Hydrogen.
will oxidise NH3 to NO as per the following reaction:
(d) Number of total atoms present in 4/3 mol of CO2.
4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) Æ 4NO (g) + 6H2O (g) (a) a, c and d (b) a and c
Air and H2 are taken in equal volumes in the begin- (c) Only c (d) a and b
ning. Assume that both above reactions get completed 21. 25 mL of a solution containing HCl and H2SO4 re-
and no other reaction is taking place. Select the correct quired 10 mL of 1M NaOH solution for complete neu-
statement(s). tralisation. 20 mL of the same acid mixture on being
(a) O2 is completely exhausted. treated with excess of AgNO3 gives 0.1435 g of AgCl.
(b) H2 is not completely exhausted. If molarity of HCl is ‘x’ and that of H2SO4 is ‘y’
(c) N2 is completely exhausted. (x + y) will be
(a) 0.225 (b) 0 .125 (c) 1.25 (d) 0.05
(d) NH3 is completely exhausted.
22. Consider the given reaction.
16. Calcium phosphide Ca3P2 formed by reacting magne- H4P2O7 + 2NaOH Æ Na2H2P2O7 + 2H2O
sium with excess calcium orthophosphate Ca3(PO4)2, If 534 g of H4P2O7 is reacted with 30 ¥ 1023 molecules
was hydrolysed by excess water. The evolved phos- of NaOH then total number of molecules produced in
phine PH3 was burnt in air to yield phosphrous pentox- the product is
ide (P2O5). How many grams of magnesium metaphos- (a) 2.5 ¥ NA (b) 5 ¥ NA
phate would be obtained if 192 gram Mg were used? (c) 7.5 ¥ NA (d) 75 ¥ NA
(Atomic weight of Mg = 24, P = 31) 23. The phosphorus pentaoxide used to produce phos-
Ca3(PO4)2 + Mg Æ Ca3P2 + MgO phoric acid for cola soft drinks is prepared by burning
Ca3P2 + H2O Æ Ca(OH)2 + PH3 phosphorus in oxygen. What is the % yield if 10 g of
PH3 + O2 Æ P2O5 + H2O P4O10 is isolated from the reaction P4 + 5O2 Æ P4O10.
MgO + P2O5 Æ Mg(PO3)2 Initially 0.2 mole of each P4 and O2 each are taken.
(a) 11.52 g (b) 182 g (a) 88.13 % (b) 98.1 %
(c) 18.2 g (d) 24 (c) 68.1 % (d) 95. 1%
17. A solution contains substances A and B in H2O (sol- 24. Automotive air bags are inflated when a sample of so-
vent). The mole fraction of ‘A’ is 0.05 and molarity of dium azide (NaN3) is rapidly decomposed [2NaN3(s)
‘B’ is 7 M. The solution has a density of 1.14 g/mL. Æ 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)]. What mass of sodium azide is
Calculate molarity of ‘A’. required to produce 368 L of N2(g) with density 1.12
[Molecular weight of A = 10 g/mol; molecular weight g/L?
of B = 30 g/mol] (a) 0.638 kg (b) 1.2 kg
(a) 2 M (b) 3 M (c) 1.5 kg (d) 5 kg
(c) 0.5 M (d) None of these 25. A mixture of AgCl and AgBr undergoes a loss in weight
18. If 200 mL of 0.1 M Na2SO4 is mixed with 100 mL of by 8.9% when exposed to excess chlorination. The %
0.2 M Na3PO4 solution. Find molarity of Na+ in the by mass of AgCl in the original mixture is
final solution, if final solution has density 1.2 g/mL. (a) 37.6% (b) 17.8%
(a) 0.196 M (b) 0.33 M (c) 62.4% (d) 82.2%
(c) 0.5 M (d) None of these 26. Which of the following options does not represent con-
19. A solution of H2O2, labelled as ‘32V’, was left open. centration of semi-molal aqueous solution of NaOH
Due to this, some H2O2 decomposed and the volume having dsolution = 1.02 g/mL?
strength of the solution decreased. To determine the 1 9
(a) Molarity = M (b) XNaOH =
volume strength of the remaining H2O2 solution, 10 mL 2 1009
of this solution was taken and it was diluted to 100 mL. (c) % w/w = 10% (d) % w/v = 2%
10 mL of this diluted solution was titrated against 25

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 Mole Concept 1.19

27. Statement 1: During the reaction: N2(g) + 2H2(g) Æ The volume change is given by
N2H4(l) volume contraction takes place. (a) 0 mL (b) 30 mL (c) 5 mL (d) 10 mL
Statement 2: Volume contraction always takes place 34. 112.0 mL of gaseous NO2 at 1 atm and 273 K was liq-
when one of the product is in liquid state. uefied, the density of the liquid being 1.15 g/mL. Cal-
(a) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is the culate the volume of and the number of molecules in
correct explanation for statement 1. the liquid NO2.
(b) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is NOT (a) 0.10 mL and 3.01 ¥ 1022
the correct explanation for statement 1. (b) 0.20 mL and 3.01 ¥ 1021
(c) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false. (c) 0.20 mL and 6.02 ¥ 1023
(d) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true. (d) 0.40 mL and 6.02 ¥ 1021
28. Statement 1: For a very dilute solution, molality and 35. Adipic acid HOOC–(CH2)4 COOH is used in making
molarity are always approximately equal nylon. Calculate the weight of hydrogen atom present
Statement 2: Mass of solution is always approximate- in 58.4 g of adipic acid.
ly equal to mass of solvent for a very dilute solution. (a) 4 g (b) 8 g (c) 40 g (d) 0.4 g
(a) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is the 36. A gaseous mixture contains SO3 (g) and C2H6 (g) in
correct explanation for statement 1. a 16 : 15 ratio by mass. The ratio of total number of
(b) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is NOT atoms present in C2H6(g) and SO3 (g) is
the correct explanation for statement 1. (a) 2 : 5 (b) 1 : 5 (c) 5 : 1 (d) 5 : 2
(c) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true. 37. What amount of heat (in kJ) is released during forma-
(d) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false. tion of 31.2 g AsH3 by the following reaction?
29. Statement 1: As temperature increases, molality of so- [Given: Atomic weight As = 75, H = 1
lution decreases. 2As (s) + 3H2 (g) Æ 2 AsH3; DH = –770 kJ]
Statement 2: Molality of a solution is dependent on (a) 250 (b) 350 (c) 154 (d) 35
the mass of solute and solvent. 38. 5 mole of N2 gas is added in a vessel at 1 atm and 300 K.
(a) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is the Find the change in volume (in litre) of gas when 2 mole
correct explanation for statement 1. of He gas is added in it at same temperature and new
(b) Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 2 is NOT pressure of 1.05 atm.
the correct explanation for statement 1. [Given: R = 0.08 atm L]
(c) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false. (a) 240 L (b) 40 L
(d) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true. (c) 100 L (d) 54 L
30. SO3 can be produced by the following two reactions: 39. 1 atom of X, 2 atoms of Y and 3 atoms of Z combine
S8 + O2(g) Æ SO2(g) together to give a molecule XY2Z3. Now we take 10 g
SO2(g) + O2(g) Æ SO3(g) of X and 2 ¥ 1023 atoms of Y and 0.06 moles of Z in a
How many moles of S8 are required to produce 20 mole container, to give 5.6 g of XY2Z3. What is the molar
of SO3? mass of Z.
[Given: MX = 60 g/mol MY = 80 g/mol]
5 5
(a) mole (b) mole (a) 25 (b) 24 (c) 32 (d) 20
2 4 40. Hydrogen sulphide reacts with chloric acid in an aqueous
(c) 10 mole (d) 5 mole solution liberating chlorine by the following reaction:
31. When CH4(g) is burnt in oxygen, it forms carbon H2S + HClO3 Æ Cl2 + H2SO4 + H2O
dioxide and water. If 16 g of methane is mixed with In an experiment, 40 mL of solution of chloric acid was
6.022 ¥ 1024 molecules of oxygen at 1 atm, 300 K allowed to react with sufficient amount of H2S.
maximum volume of water that can be produced can be Cl2 formed were reduced by 20 mL H2O2 by the fol-
[Given : R = 0.0821 L-atm/mole K, d H2O(l ) = 1 g/mL] lowing reaction:
(a) 49.26 L (b) 44.8 L (c) 90 mL (d) 36 mL H2O2 + Cl2 Æ HCl + O2≠
32. Percentage loss in mass heating mixture of Na2CO3 In the above reaction, 896 mL of O2 was evolved at 1
and CaCO3 containing equal masses of Na2CO3 and atm and 273 K.
CaCO3 is Which of the following option is incorrect for afore-
(a) 44% (b) 25% (c) 22% (d) 50% mentioned experiment?
33. To an Eudiometry tube 10 mL of P, 30 mL of Q, 20 mL (a) Normality of H2O2 solution used is 4 N.
of R and 15 mL of S are added and subjected to spark- (b) Molarity of original HClO3 solution used is 2 M.
ing to cause the following reactions: (c) Equivalents of H2S reacted with HClO3 is 0.05.
2P(g) + 3Q(g) Æ 2A(g) + B(l) (d) Moles of Cl2 produced is 0.04.
R(g) + 2S(g) Æ 3A(g) + 2C(g)

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 1.20 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

Stage 1: The water sample is treated with excess of Mn2+ (aq)

level iii solution along with a base to cause the following reaction:
Mn2+ (aq) + 2OH– (aq) Æ Mn(OH)2 (s) …(i)
Paragraph for Q. Nos. 1 to 3
24 g pure sample of magnesium is burned in air to form mag- The precipitate then reacts with dissolved oxygen as shown
nesium oxide and magnesium nitride. When products are below.
treated with excess of H2O, 3.4 g of gaseous NH3 is generated 1
according to given reactions. 2Mn(OH)2 (s) + O2(aq) + H2O(l) Æ 2Mn(OH)3 (s) …(ii)
2
Mg + O2 Æ MgO
Mg + N2 Æ Mg3N2 Stage 2: The solution is added with excess of acidified solu-
tion of KI to cause the following reaction:
Mg3N2 + 6H2O Æ 3Mg (OH)2 + 2NH3
1. Calculate the amount of magnesium oxide (in g) in 2Mn(OH)3 (s) + 2KI + 3H2SO4
products. Æ 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + I2(aq) + 6H2O …(iii)
(a) 28 (b) 20 (c) 16.8 (d) 32 Stage 3: The I2 produced is calculated by the following reac-
2. Calculate the amount of Mg(OH)2 (in g) produced in tion by calculating the amount of Na2S2O3 consumed.
the above reaction.
(a) 11.6 (b) 17.4 (c) 23.2 (d) 15.8 I2 + 2Na2S2O3 Æ 2NaI + Na2S4O6 …(iv)
3. Calculate the mass % of Mg converted into Mg3N2. Using the above information answer the following questions:
(a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 40 8. If 1 L of water sample is taken then calculate the maxi-
mum volume of 0.01 M Na2S2O3 solution required if
Paragraph for Q. Nos. 4 to 5
the sample is considered ‘heavily polluted’.
12 mL gaseous mixture of an alkane and an alkene (contain-
ing same number of carbon atoms) require exactly 285 mL of (a) 80 mL (b) 80 L (c) 120 mL (d) 120 L
air (containing 20% v/v O2 and rest N2) for complete com- 9. If 1 L of water sample is taken then calculate maxi-
bustion at 200 K. After combustion when gaseous mixture is mum volume of 0.1 M Na2S2O3 solution required if the
passed through KOH solution it shows volume contraction sample is considered ‘optimum fit’ for aquatic life.
of 36 mL. (a) 8 mL (b) 80 mL (c) 12 mL (d) 120 mL
4. Formula of alkane is 10. Which of the following statements is correct w.r.t.
(a) C5H12 (b) C3H8 above method?
(c) C2H6 (d) C4H10 (a) Greater the amount of dissolved oxygen, lesser
5. Mole fraction of CO2 in final gaseous sample is will be moles of Na2S2O3 required.
6 6 6 6 (b) Excess solution in Stage 1 ensure all dissolved
(a) (b) (c) (d) oxygen reacts.
51 44 45 13 (c) Moles of Mn(OH)2(s) reacted and moles of
Paragraph for Q. Nos. 6 to 7 Mn(OH)3 formed will be different.
1292.5 g of aquesous solution of ‘5 m’ NaCl is kept in a (d) 1 mole of dissolved oxygen will require 2 moles
large bucket. The bucket is placed under a tap from which of Na2S2O3 for estimation.
‘2 m’ aqueous solution of NaCl is flowing. Rate of flow of
solution from tap is 0.5 g/sec. (One or more than one correct type)
6. The total amount of solution (in g) finally present in 11. Which of the following solutions will be definitely
bucket when solution present in bucket have concentra- basic?
tion of NaCl 4 m is (a) 400 mL of 0.1 M NaOH is mixed with 100 mL of
(a) 558.5 (b) 1851 0.4 M CH3COOH.
(c) 1351 (d) 1938.75 (b) Equal volumes of same % w/v of NaOH and
7. The time (in seconds) after which the bucket will have H2SO4 solutions are mixed.
‘4m’ concentration of NaCl. (c) Different volumes of 0.2 M NaOH and 0.1 M HCl
(a) 117 (b) 2000 (c) 1117 (d) 1292.5 solutions are mixed.
Paragraph for Q. Nos. 8 to 10 (d) Equal masses of same % w/w NaOH and HCl so-
Analysis of dissolved oxygen in river water is very essential lutions are mixed.
to ensure that aquatic life is safe. As per European standards, 12. In the formation reaction of NH3 from N2 and H2, 140
dissolved oxygen should never be less than 6.4 mg/L and g of N2 and 40 g H2 were mixed. Select the option(s)
preferably should be greater than 9.6 mg/lit. A water body which is are not correct.
having value less than 6.4 mg/L is considered ‘heavily pol- (a) Maximum mass of NH3 which can be formed is
luted’ and a water body having value greater than 9.6 mg/L 180 g.
is considered optimum fit for aquatic life. One method to (b) If % yield of reaction is 80%, then H2 consumed
measure dissolved oxygen is through Winkler titration. The will be 32 g.
method involves three stages:

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 Mole Concept 1.21

(c) Some N2 (g) will be left after the reaction. 18. For the following reactions:
(d) If NH3 formed is 85 g then % yield will be 50%. I. (NH4)2SO4+2NaOH æææ
40 %
Æ Na2SO4+2H2O+
13. 500 g of 109% labelled oleum is taken. Which of the 2NH3
following statement(s) is/are correct regarding this ole- 80%
II. NH3 + HCl æææ Æ NH4Cl
um sample?
If 4 g of NaOH is taken then
(a) The maximum mass of H2SO4 which may be ob-
(a) produced moles of NH4Cl (in IInd reaction) are 1.6
tained from the sample is 509 g.
times of produced moles of Na2SO4 (in reaction I).
(b) When 100 g water is added in it, the sample fi- (b) reacting moles of HCl (in reaction II) is 20 %
nally contains 545 g H2SO4 and 55 g water. lesser than original (NH4)2SO4 moles.
(c) When 100 L water is added in it, the approxi-
(c) reacting moles of HCl (in reaction II) is lesser
mate molarity of H2SO4 solution obtained will be
than reacting moles NaOH (in reaction I).
0.056M.
(d) produced mass of NH4Cl is 2.71 g.
(d) When 20 g water is added to it, the sample finally
contains 520 g pure H2SO4. 19. Choose incorrect options.
(a) 2 25 ¥ 10–22g of Ca(OH)2 containing 32 amu of O.
14. When taken in an Eudiometer tube operating at room
(b) If one atom of an element weighs 1.8 ¥ 10–22 g,
temperature and pressure and subjected to complete
then its atomic mass is 108.36.
reaction, in which of the following options the contrac- (c) 10 g of CaCO3 contains 0.3 g atom of oxygen.
tion in volume is greater than or equal to 30% of origi- (d) Number of atoms in 2 moles of S8 is greater than
nal volume. 5.5 moles of SO2.
(a) CO(g) and O2(g) taken in a molar ratio of 2 : 1. 20. Which of the following is/are correct?
(b) 10 mL of CH4(g) and 30 mL of O2(g). (a) The density of a gas depends upon pressure and
(c) N2(g) and H2(g) taken in a molar ratio of 3 : 1. temperature.
(d) N2 and H2 taken in a molar ratio of 1 : 3 (b) The relative density of a gas depends upon pres-
15. Which of the following is/are correct statement(s)? sure and temperature.
(a) For the production of equimolar mixture of CO (c) The vapour density of a gas depends upon pres-
and CO2 gases, 12 g carbon must be burnt with sure and temperature.
24 g oxygen (assuming 100% yield of reactions). (d) The relative density of SO3 with respect to oxy-
(b) Molarity of any aqueous solution will be equal to gen is 2.5 at 1 atm and 273 K.
21. A mixture of H2 and O2 having total volume 55 mL is
its molality if the volume of solution (in mL) and
sparked in an eudiometry tube and contraction of 45
the mass of solvent (in gram) are numerically same.
mL is observed after cooling. What can be the compo-
(c) Gases behave ideally in the conditions of their
sition of reacting mixture?
very low molar volumes and force of attraction (a) 30 mL H2 and 25 mL O2
between them. (b) 10 mL H2 and 45 mL O2
(d) all of the above. (c) 40 mL H2 and 15 mL O2
16. A gaseous organic compound CxH2yOy (M = 150) was (d) 35 mL H2 and 20 mL O2
burnt with four times the amount of O2 gas as required 22. Which of the following is/are incorrect statement(s)?
for complete combustion. The resulting gases when (a) Vapour density of gaseous mixture decreases
cooled to 1 atm pressure and 300 K were found to oc- during the progress of
cupy (4.926) L along with 0.9 g of water. Identify the H2(g) + Cl2(g) Æ 2HCl(g) reaction.
correct option(s). (b) 22.4 L of H2O at 1 atm and 273 K contains
(a) If 10 mL of organic compounds is taken then oxy- 6.02 ¥ 1023 molecules of H2O.
gen taken should be 200 mL. (c) 10 g of 104.5 % labelling oleum sample contains
2 2 g of free SO3.
(b) Fraction of O by number in the compound is .
(c) The compound should be C4H6O3. 3 (d) Volume of solution is always equal to the sum of
(d) Percent of H by mass in the compound will be volume of solute and solvent.
100 23. Choose the correct statement(s).
%. (a) The mole is the amount of substance containing
15
the same number of chemical units as there are
17. The sample(s) containing same number of ‘Na’ atom as atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C.
there are ‘Na’ atoms in 5.3 g of Na2CO3, is/are (b) Avoggadro’s number is the number of units in a
(a) 4 g of NaOH mole.
(b) 5.85 g of NaCl (c) The weight of one gram-atom of an element
(c) 0.25 mole of Na2SO4 means its atomic weight in g.
(d) 5.6 g of Na3PO4 (d) One g-atom of each element contains the same
number of atoms.

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 1.22 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

24. Select the incorrect statement(s). Column I Column II

(a) Mass of 6.022 ¥ 1025 molecule of SO3 is 8 kg.
(A) 1 mole of O2 (P) occupies 22.4 L at 1 atm
(b) Number of oxygen atoms in 4.8 g of O3 are 18.06
and 0°C
¥ 1023.
(c) Mass of 22.7 mL of C2H6 at 1.bar pressure and (B) 1 mole of SO2 (Q) weighs 32 g
273 K is 30 g. (C) 4 g of He (R) collection of NA smallest
(d) Volume of 51 mg of NH3 at 1 bar pressure and existing independent spe-
273 K is 68.1 l. cies
25. Choose the incorrect option(s). (D) 1 g of H2 (S) occupies 12.3 L at 1 atm
(a) 2.25 ¥ 10-22 g of Ca(OH)2 containing 32 amu of O. and 300 k
(b) One atom of an element weighs 1.8 ¥ 10–22 g, then
its atomic mass is 108.36. 29. Match the expressions/statements Column–I with ex-
(c) 10 g of CaCO3 contains 1 g atom of C. pressions/Statements in Column–II.
(d) Number of atoms in 2 moles of S8 is greater than Column I Column II
5.5 moles of SO2. Atomic masses % composition of
26. Identify the incorrect statement(s). Isotope-I, Isotope-II, heavier isotope
(a) Molarity of very dilute solution with CCl4 as Avg
solvent is greater than its molality if density of (A) (z – 1), (z + 2), z (P) 33.33 % by moles
CCl4 is 1.6 g/cm3. (B) (z + 1), (z + 3), (z + 2) (Q) 50 % by moles
196 (C) z, 3z, 2z (R) % by mass depen-
(b) An oleum with labelling ¥ 100 will have
178 dent on z
160
mass % combined SO3 equal to ¥ 100% . (D) (z –1), (z + 1), z (S) 75 % by mass
178
(c) The value of universal gas constant is (0.0821 ¥ 30. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with
0.76) in mm of Hg – m3/mole Kelvin. expressions/Statements in Column II.
(d) For an all gaseous reaction if volume changes
Column I Column II
during reaction at constant temperature and pres-
sure then vapour density may remain constant. (A) 1.0 g-ion of Na+ (P) 6.02 ¥ 1024 electron
(B) 23.0 g of Na (Q) 7.224 ¥ 1024 neutron
(Column matching)
(C) 1.0 g-ion of Mg+2 (R) 6.02 ¥ 1023 ¥ 2 ¥ 1.6 ¥
27. A2 reacts with B2 in either of the following ways 10–19 columb charge
depending upon supply of B2: (D) 24 g of Mg (S) 7.224 ¥ 1024 proton
A2 + B2 Æ 2AB
A2 + 3B2 Æ 2AB3 31. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with
Also, the products formed may also react with appro- expressions/Statements in Column II.
priate reactant remaining to form other product. Using
Column I Column II
this information, match composition of the final mix-
ture for initial amount of reactants. (A) 0.5 mol of CO2(g) (P) Occupy 11.2 L at 1 atm
and 273 K
Column I Column II
(B) 2 g of helium (g) (Q) mass = 24 g
(Initial reactants) (Final Products)
(C) 0.5 g molecule of (R) total number of atoms
(A) 4 moles of A2 are (P) None of the reactant
O3(g) = 1.5 ¥ 6.02 ¥ 1023
mixed with 8 moles is left
of B2 (D) 4.515 ¥ 1023 mol- (S) mass = 22 g of oxygen
ecules O2 (g)
(B) 2 moles of A2 are (Q) Product contains
mixed with 5 moles both AB and AB3 (T) 3.01 ¥ 1023 molecules
of B2
32. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with
(C) 2 moles of A2 are (R) One of the reactant expressions/Statements in Column II.
mixed with 1 moles is left
of B2 Column I Column II
(No. of moles)
(D) (S) Equal moles of AB
and AB3 are formed (A) Oxygen atoms in 0.5 mol (P) 8
Ca3(PO4)2
28. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with
expressions/Statements in Column II. (B) Carbon atoms in 89.6 L (Q) 4
CH3 at 1 atm and 273 K.

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 Mole Concept 1.23

(C) Sulphur atoms in 192 g of (R) 5 37. 10.48 g of chloroplatinate salt of diacidic organic base
SO2 was subjected to heating to obtain 3.9 g of white shining
residue. Molar mass of the organic base is given by
(D) ‘Cl’ in 15 ¥ 1023 molecules (S) 3 (a) 1048 (b) 228 (c) 114 (d) 72
Cl2O [Take NA = 6 ¥ 1023] 38. Different acid samples are prepared by using H2SO4,
(T) 6 HCl, HNO3, H3PO2 and HClO4 separately or as a mix-
ture. Calculate minimum volume of 20% w/v NaOH
33. Match the expressions/statements in Column I with solution required (in mL) to completely neutralise any
expressions/Statements in Column II. sample which can be prepared if mass of the sample
Column I Column II cannot exceed 292 g.
(No. of moles) [Round-off answer to nearest integer if required]
39. Calculate a four-digit number “abcd” from the
(A) 1 mole of O2 (P) Occupies 22.4 L at 1
following information.
atm and 0°C
ab = Volume of water (in L) required to obtain 3 L
(B) 1 mole of SO2 (Q) Weighs 32 g of 17% w/v AgNO3 solution from a stock solution of
(C) 4 g of He (R) Collection of NA units AgNO3 having molarity 3 M.
of given substance cd = Mole percentage of ethane in a mixture of ethane
(D) 1 g of H2 (S) Occupies 12.3 L at 1 4
and argon having mass fraction of Argon equal to .
atm and 300 K 7
(T) Contains 2 g-atom of [if your answers are 6 and 25 fill 0625]
oxygen 40. 10 mL of a gaseous organic compound CxHyOzNp (mo-
lar mass = 61) is taken in an eudiometry tube and mixed
with sufficient oxygen gas such that volume becomes
(Integer type) 42.5 mL. On sparking, some contraction was observed.
34. KClO4 can be prepared by Cl2 and KOH by a series of On passing the residual gas through alcoholic KOH,
reactions as given below: a contraction of 20 mL was observed. The volume of
Cl2 + 2KOH Æ KCl + KClO + H2O the residual gas is 5 mL. All volumes are measured at
3KClO Æ 2KCl + KClO3 room temperature and pressure. Calculate the value of
4KClO3 Æ 3KClO4 + KCl the four digit number ‘xyzp’.
If 10 moles of Cl2 are mixed with 22 moles of KOH, 41. 10 mL of a mixture of CO (g) and CH4(g) was mixed
calculate total moles of all the substance at the end of with 22 mL of O2 gas and subjected to sparking. The
reaction. (Assuming 100% yield of all the reactions.) contraction observed when the residual gases are
35. Four identical bottles numbered from 1 to 4 are arbi- passed through alc. KOH is given by x mL. Find x?
trarily filled with four substances : C6H12O6 (Glucose), [All volumes are measured at same temperature
CH3COOH (Acetic acid), CH3–COCH3 (Acetone) and and pressure]
HCHO (Formaldehyde) (No specific order). Based on 42. Compositions Solution codes
following information given, identify the substances (a) 100 g SO3 and 200 g H2SO4 8
filled. (b) 80 g SO3 and 80 g H2SO4 6
Information-I : Percentage of C is same in compounds (c) 5 moles SO3 and 5 moles H2SO4 4
filled in bottles 1, 3, 4 but different in 2. (d) 6 moles SO3 and 5 moles H2SO4 2
Information-II : Vapour density of compound filled Calculate a four-digit number ‘abcd’ which is obtained
in bottle 4 = 3 ¥ vapour density of compound filled in by writing solution codes of above compositions in the
bottle 1. increasing order of % labelling of above oleum.
After identifying the substances filled in different bot- 43. Three substances A, B and C can react to form C and D
tles, arrange them in decreasing order of their molecu- as shown below.
lar masses. 2A + 3B + C Æ 4D + 2E
[For example, If molecular mass order is 4 > 3 > 2 > If molar masses of A, B, C and D are 40, 30, 20 and
1 then answer is 4321] 15 respectively and 570 g of mixture of A, B, and C is
[Assuming normal behaviour of all the substances.] reacted then calculate maximum mass of E which can
36. 1000 g of a mixture of Na2CO3, Na2SO4 and NaOH be obtained (in gram).
for complete neutralisation requires 511 g of HCl. The 44. If 246 g of a triatomic ideal gas having only one type
same mixture when reacted with excess of BaCl2 so- of atoms is found to occupy 44.8 L at 2 atm and 546 K
lution, produced 466 g of white precipitate of BaSO4. then what will be the atomic weight of the element?
Calculate mass % of NaOH in mixture. 45. 100 mL of 0.2M H2SO4 solution is mixed with 400 mL
of 0.05M Ba3(PO4)2. The concentration of [Ba+2] ion in
resulting solution is xM. Find the value of 100 ¥ x?

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 23 3/21/2017 5:10:30 PM

 1.24 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

46. Acrylonitrile, C3H3N, is the starting material for the 4. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.6 M sulphuric acid solu-
production of a kind of synthetic fibre (acrylies). It can tion that is 29 % H2SO4 (molar mass = 98 g mol–1) by
be made from propylene, C3H6, by reaction with nitric mass will be [AIEEE 2007]
oxide, NO as (a) 1.64 (b) 1.88 (c) 1.22 (d) 1.45
C3H6(g) + NO(g) Æ C3H3N(g) + H2O(g) + N2(g) (Un- 5. Amount of oxalic acid present in a solution can be de-
balanced) termined by its titration with KMnO4 solution in the
How many kilograms acrylonitrile are obtained from presence of H2SO4. The titration gives unsatisfactory
420 kg of propylene and excess NO? result when carried out in the presence of HCl because
47. 10 mL gaseous C4Hx requires exactly 55 mL O2 for HCl [AIEEE 2008]
complete combustion. What is the value of ‘x’. (a) gets oxidised by oxalic acid to chlorine.
48. In 1200 g solution, 12 g urea (NH2CONH2) is present. (b) furnishes H+ ions in addition to those from oxalic
If density of the solution is 1.2 g/mL, then the molarity acid.
of the solution is xM. Find 10x? (c) reduces permanganate to Mn2+.
49. In the following reactions if initially 100 moles of A (d) oxidises oxalic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
were taken then calculate sum of moles of D and C 6. The mass of potassium dichromate crystals required to
after the reaction. oxidise 750 cm3 of 0.6 M. Mohr’s salt solution is (mo-
40%
Æ 3B + D
A æææ lar mass = 392) [AIEEE 2011]
(a) 0.49 g (b) 0.45 g
50%
2B æææ
Æ 4C (c) 22.05 g (d) 2.2 g
50. Calculate the sum of molality and molarity of a pure 7. The molality of a urea solution in which 0.0100 g of
liquid (molar mass M = 50) having density d = 2 g/mL. urea, [(NH2)2CO] is added to 0.3000 dm3 of water at
51. What would be the maximum volume (in mL) of 3 M STP is [AIEEE 2011]
HCl solution that can be prepared by using 2 M, 1 L (a) 5.55 ¥ 10–4 m (b) 33.3 m
HCl and 5 M, 2 L HCl kept in separate vessels. (c) 3.33 ¥ 10–2 m (d) 0.555 m
52. 20 mL of a mixture of C2H6 and C3H8 gases in X : Y 8. The density of a solution prepared by dissolving 120 g
mole ratio, is burnt completely by which 52 mL CO2 of urea (mol. mass = 60 u) in 1000 g of water is 1.15 g/
gas is evolved. If 20 mL of a mixture of CH4 and C4H10 mL. The molarity if this solution is [AIEEE 2012]
gases in Y : X mole ratio is burnt completely, then what (a) 0.50 M (b) 1.78 M
is the volume (in mL) of CO2 gas evolved? (c) 1.02 M (d) 2.05 M
9. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL
of 0.5 M HCl with 250 mL of 2 M HCl will be
Previous Years’ Questions [JEE Main 2013]
of Jee (Main & advanCed) (a) 0.875 M (b) 1.00 M
(c) 1.75 M (d) 0.0975 M
JEE Main 10. A gaseous hydrocarbon gives 0.72 g of water and 3.08
g of CO2 upon combustion. The empirical formula of
1. How many moles magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2,
hydrocarbon is [JEE Main 2013]
will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?
(a) C2H4 (b) C3H4
[AIEEE 2006]
(c) C6H5 (d) C7H8
(a) 2.5 ¥ 10–2 (b) 0.02
11. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a par-
(c) 3.125 ¥ 10–2 (d) 1.25 ¥ 10–2
ticular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of number of
2. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is
their molecule is [JEE Main 2014]
1.02 g/mL. The molality of the solution is
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 8 (c) 7 : 32 (d) 3 : 16
[AIEEE 2006]
(a) 0.44 mol kg–1 (b) 1.14 mol kg–1 JEE Advanced
(c) 3.28 mol kg–1 (d) 2.28 mol kg–1
3. In the reaction : 2Al(s) + 6HCl (aq) Æ 2 Al3+ (aq) + Single Correct Answer Type
6Cl–(aq) + 3H2 (g) [AIEEE 2007] 12. Consider a titration of potassium dichromate solution
(a) 6 L HCl(aq) is consumed for every 3 L H2(g) pro- with acidified Mohr’s salt solution using diphenyl-
duced. amine as indicator. The number of moles of Mohr’s salt
(b) 33.6 L H2(g) produced regardless of temperature required per mole of dichromate is [IIT JEE 2007]
and pressure for every mole Al that reacts. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
(c) 67.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole Al 13. Given that the abundance of isotopes 54Fe, 56Fe and
that reacts. 57
Fe is 5%, 90% and 5% respectively. The atomic mass
(d) 11.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole of Fe is [IIT JEE 2009]
HCl(aq) consumed.

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 24 3/21/2017 5:10:30 PM

 Mole Concept 1.25

(a) 55.85 (b) 55.95 Find the volume of (mL) of stock solution required to
(c) 55.75 (d) 55.05 prepare a 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl.
14. Dissolving 120 g of urea [Mw = 60) in 1000 g of water [IIT JEE 2012]
gave a solution of density 1.15 g mL–1. The molarity of 20. If the value of Avogadro number is 6.023 ¥ 1023 mol–1
solution is [IIT JEE 2011] and the value of Boltzmann constant is 1.380 ¥ 1028 J
(a) 1.78 M (b) 2.00 M K–1, then find the number of significant digits in the
(c) 2.05 M (d) 2.22 M calculated value of the universal gas constant.
[JEE Advanced 2014]
Integer Answer Type 21. The molecular formula of a commercial resin used for
15. A student performs a titration with different burettes exchanging ions in water softening is C8H7SO3Na (mo-
and finds titre values of 25.2 mL, 25.25 mL and 25.0 lecular weight = 206). What would be the maximum
mL. Find the number of significant figures in the aver- uptake of Ca2+ ions by the resin when expressed in
age titre value. [IIT JEE 2010] mole per gram resin? [2015 JEE Main]
16. Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol–1) has a density of 1 1
10.5 g cm–3. The number of silver atoms on a surface (a) (b)
103 206
of area 10–12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation 2 1
as y ¥ 10x. Find the value of x. [IIT JEE 2010] (c) (d)
309 412
17. Find the value of n in the molecular formula BenAl-
22. 3g of activated charcoal was added to 50 mL of acetic
2Si6O18. [IIT JEE 2010]
acid solution (0.06 N) in a flask. After an hour it was
18. Among the following, what is the number of elements filtered and the strength of the filtrate was found to be
showing only one non-zero oxidation state ? O, Cl, F, 0.042 N. The amount of acetic acid adsorbed (per gram
N, P, Sn, Tl, Na, Ti [IIT JEE 2010] of charcoal) is [2015 JEE Main]
19. 29.2 % (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 (a) 18 mg (b) 36 mg
g mL–1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5 g mol–1. (c) 42 mg (d) 54 mg

Answer Key
level i

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (b)
71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (b) 76. (b) 77. (d) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (b)
81. (b) 82. (d)

level ii

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (c)

level iii

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a, b) 12. (a, b, c) 13. (b, c) 14. (a, b, d) 15. (a, b) 16. (a, d) 17. (a, b, d)

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 25 3/21/2017 5:10:31 PM

 1.26 Physical Chemistry-I for JEE (Main & Advanced)

18. (a, b) 19. (a, d) 20. (a, d) 21. (a, c) 22. (a, b, d) 23. (a, b, c, d) 24. (b, c, d)
25. (a, c, d) 26. (b, d) 27. (A) Æ P, Q, S; (B) Æ P, Q; (C) Æ R
28. (A) Æ P, Q, R; (B) Æ P, R; (C) Æ P, R; (D) Æ S 29. (A) Æ P, R; (B) Æ Q, R; (C) Æ Q, S; (D) Æ Q, R
30. (A) Æ P, Q; (B) Æ Q; (C) Æ P, Q, R, S; (D) Æ Q, S 31. (A) Æ P, R, S, T; (B) Æ P; (C) Æ P, Q, T; (D) Æ Q, R
32. (A) Æ Q; (B) Æ Q; (C) Æ S; (D) Æ R 33. (A) Æ P, Q, R, T; (B) Æ P, R, T; (C) Æ P, R; (D) Æ S
34. (32) 35. (4123) 36. (8) 37. (114) 38. (1600) 39. (0251) 40. (2711) 41. (10) 42. (8426) 43. (390)
44. (41) 45. (8) 46. (530) 47. (6) 48. (2) 49. (160) 50. (60) 51. (1500) 52. (44)

Previous Years’ Questions of Jee (Main & advanCed)

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (3) 16. (7) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (8) 20. (4)
21. (d) 22. (d)

Hints and Solutions

Average number of neutrons
level 1
18 ¥ 80 + 20 ¥ 20
= = 18.4
100
1. (a) (1) Oxygen atom : Hydrogen atom
6. (a) K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3 ◊ 24 H2O
4 : 12 [1 : 3]
6.4 kg oxygen
(2) 3NH +4 : 1 PO34- [3 : 1] [moles of substance ¥ 40] = number of mole of oxygen
(3) N atom : Oxygen atom [3 : 4] 40 ¥ x ¥ 16 = 6400 g= wt of oxygen
(4) (NH4)3PO4 | 3N + 12 H + P + 4 O x = 10 moles
1 mole number of moles of S = 4 ¥ 10 moles = 40 moles
1 mole of (NH4)3PO4 having 20-Mole of atoms and weight of sulphur = 40 ¥ 32 = 1280 g
or (20 ¥ NA) atoms. 7. (a) 448 l O2 and CO2(g) 2 : 3
2. (b) PV = nRT
3
= 1 ¥ 10–3 number of moles Volume of CO2 = ¥ 448 = 268.8 l
\ No of moles of of atom = 3 ¥ 10–3 5
Let volume of H2O2 is V mL 268.8L
Number of moles of CO2 = = 12 mole
Mass of H2O2 = V ¥ d = V ¥ 5.1 ¥ 10–3 22.4L
8. (d) A2SO4 ◊ xH2O
V ¥ 5.1 ¥ 10-3 A2SO4 ◊ xH2O h A2SO4 + xH2O
Moles of H2O2 =
34 x ¥ 18
% of H2O = ¥ 100 = 45
V ¥ 5.1 ¥ 10-3 110 + x ¥ 18
Number of moles of atoms = ¥4
34 1800 x = 4950 + 810 x
= 3 ¥ 10–3 1800 x – 810 x = 4950
V of H2O2 = 5 mL 990 x = 4950
3. (d) 72 g Mg is present in x=5
1 mole Mg3(PO4)2 9. (c) MnO2 + 4HCl h MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
\ 8 moles of O atoms
4 moles of O2 molecules 1.74
nMnO2 = = 0.02
4 gm molecules of O2 are present 87
4. (a) 930 gm of Ca3(PO4)2 = 3 mole of Ca3(PO4)2 2.19
nHCl = = 0.06
= 15 moles of ions 36.5
5 moles of Na2SO4 = 15 mole of ions No of moles /stoichiometric cofficient least for HCl
weight of Na2SO4 = 5 ¥ 142 \ HCl is limiting reagent
= 710 g 4 mole of HCl gives 1 mole of Cl2
5. (a) Average atomic weight = SXiMi 1 mole of HCl gives 1/4 mole of Cl2
= 35 ¥ 0.8 + 37 ¥ 0.2 0.06 mole of HCl gives 1/4 ¥ 0.06 mole of Cl2 = 0.015
= 35.4 Mole

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 26 3/21/2017 5:10:32 PM

 Mole Concept 1.27

Actual product formed Ê 936 ˆ

% yield = ¥ 100 ÁË ˜
theoritical product formed 18 ¯ (52 ¥ 1000)
17. (b) m = fi fi 55.56
x Ê 936 ˆ 936
40 = ¥ 100 ÁË ˜
0.015 1000 ¯
0.015 18. (b) H3PO4 + 2NaOH h Na2HPO3 + 2H2O
x = 40 ¥ = 0.006 moles Cl2 Number of moles of H3PO4 = ½ No of moles of NaOH
100
Volume of Cl2 at 1 atm, 273 K = 0.006 ¥ 22.4 (lit.) = 150 ¥ 1.5 1 V 0.5
= ¥ ¥
134.4 ml 1000 2 1000 1
10. (b) (CaCO3 + Na2CO3) mixture = 103 g V = 900 mL
Let moles of CaCO3 = x 19. (c) AlCl3 + 3NaOH h Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
moles of Na2CO3 = y 1 1
x y 1 1 mole AlCl3 Require 3 mole NaOH for Completion of
CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + HCl h CO2 and other products. Reaction
CO2 produced have C atoms from Na2CO3 and CaCO3 \ No of moles of AlCl3 react with 1 mole
moles of CO2 produce = PV = nRT 1
NaOH = Mole
1 ¥ 24.63 = n ¥ 0.0821 ¥ 300 3 1 2
n=1 \ Moles of AlCl3 left = 1 – = Mole
3 3
Apply POAC on C atom
20. (b) a
mole CaCO3 + b mole CaO
1¥x+y¥1=1  
x+y=1 CaCO3 h CaO + CO2
100 x + 106 y = 103 = wt of mixture a mole CaCO3 give 22.4 litre or 1 mole CO2
6x = 3; x = 0.5; y = 0.5 CaCO3 + 2HCl h CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
weight of CaCO3 = 50 g 1 ¥100 gram CaCO3 React with 2 ¥ 36.5 = 73 gram HCl
weight of Na2CO3 = 53 g CaO + 2HCl h CaCl2 + H2O
\ Wt of HCl react with CaO
50
% CaCO3 = ¥ 100 = 48.54 % = 219 – 73 = 146 gram
103 146
11. (d) H2 + Cl2 h 2HCl nHCl = = 2b = 4 mole
36.5
2g 71 g \ b = 2 mole
1 mole of H2 react with 1 mole Cl2 gives 2 mole HCl = 2 × 56 = 112 gram
\ No of moles of HCl produced Mole % of CaCO3
= 2 moles = 2 ¥ 36.5 g = 73 g
1
12. (a) Conceptual ¥ 100 = 33.33%
13. (a) Cu + 4 HNO3 h Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 3
1 mole Cu Provide 2 moles NO2 d gas M gas È PM ˘
21. (a) RD = = ÍÎ d = RT ˙˚
12.7 12.7 d ref .gas M ref . gas
Mole Cu provide = 2 ¥ Mole NO 2
63.5 63.5 M gas
nNO2 = 0.4 RD = fi Mgas = 30
1
\ Volume = 0.4 ¥ 22.4 ¥ 1000 mL = 8960 mL W
Mavg = T
14. (a) Mass of carbon in 1 molecule of X = 21 ¥ 12 = 252 amu nT
if % weight of carbon is 50.4 % in molecule then CO2 : H2O
252 ¥ 100 Mole a b
Molecular mass of X = = 500 amu
50.4 a ¥ 44 + b ¥ 18
30 = fi 30a + 30b = 44a + 10b
1 a+b
15. (b) FeCl3(s) h FeCl2(s) + Cl2(g)
2 a 6
14a = 12b fi =
1 mol FeCl3(s) given 0.5 mol Cl2(g) b 7
0.5 ¥ 0.0821 ¥ 300 a 6 600
P= = 150 atm Mole % of CO2 = ¥ 100 = ¥ 100 =
0.0821 a+b 13 13
–31
È 54 + 96 ¥ 3 ˘ È 342 ˘ 22. (d) Mass of 1 electron = 9.1 ¥ 10 kg
16. (a) P = 294 Í ˙ = 294 Í = 342 Molar mass of Electron mean mass of NAe–
Î 98 ¥ 3 ˚ Î 294 ˙˚

IIT JEE PC-V1_01.indd 27 3/21/2017 5:10:34 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Florida is perpetual summer with an occasional blizzard; but even
that bears out your theory.”
“As to your middle-class,” I asked, “don’t they all intend to be upper-
class some day? Are any of them contented to be middle-class,
generation in and generation out?”
“I don’t know much about them,” he said carelessly, “but the
American instinct certainly is to progress. You might indeed call
progress our watch-word. That is the reason this Bryan hue and cry
won’t wash. His democracy is merely a fancy word for plebeianism.
The sixteen to one nonsense has not received any more attention
from that faction of the press that booms Bryan than his everlasting
farmer poor man pose, and his plain homely wife, who sweeps off
the veranda as the newspaper correspondents approach the
unpretentious mansion. Do they suppose for a moment that any
typical American wants an unbarbered shirt-sleeved episode in the
White House, with a follower of Dolly Madison, Miss Harriet Lane, or
their own popular and irreproachable Mrs. Cleveland, bustling about
at six in the morning dusting the White House furniture or making
gingerbread in the kitchen? Not for a moment. It would mean
retrogression, and they know it. They have no desire to be the
laughing-stock of other countries, to have the President of the United
States ill at ease and vulgar in the presence of Ambassadors. Just
as every American is animated by the desire to better himself, to get
ahead of his neighbours, so is he equally ambitious for his country. I
should be willing to wager my last dollar that if Bryan did reach the
White House, with his malodorous tribe elbowing all decent people
out of it, every self-respecting man who had voted for him would
read the press reports with a snort of disgust. Backsliding will never
work, for we have not reached the summit of our civilisation yet.”
“I don’t think much of the man you’ve got in now,” said Bertie. “He
takes an imposing photograph, but I infer that he is a sort of human
mask for Mr. Hanna.”
“McKinley is, as yet, the great historical puzzle without a key,” said
Mr. Rogers, evasively; “but we do want, now and always, a
gentleman in the White House, and with the many men in the
country of birth and breeding, education and distinguished ability, it
argues a terrible disease in our body politic that we cannot put the
right man in the right place and keep him there.”
“Have you ever made the effort?” I asked pointedly, for I had heard
things. “You, and all those who think as you do?”
As I had expected, he shook his head. “No. I cannot face the filth of
American politics. I touched them once during a great reform spurt in
New York, several years ago, and I feel as if my hands are not clean
yet. I shall not offend your ears by a description of the people by
whom we were jostled at the polls, nor what we had to handle in
attempting to push any reform measure through.”
“Good gad!” exclaimed Bertie, “where would England be if we had
funked the business of reform fifty years ago? My father took off his
coat and waded into the filth—which was a long sight worse than
yours—up to his neck. He and others like him made the country what
it is to-day. Upon my word, Rogers, you make me sick.”
Mr. Rogers, who is used to Bertie’s plain speech, smiled and replied
politely.
“Would that we had a great force like your father, to push us into the
right path. But I am afraid the great majority of would-be reformers
feel as I do.”
“It’s your roast beef,” growled Bertie, scowling at his. “It’s only about
half the weight of ours and only gives a chap half the blood he
needs.”
“It is more delicate and easier to digest than yours.”
“For American stomachs—that’s the point.”
“Are there no gentlemen in politics?” I asked, hurriedly, for Bertie can
be rude in a way that Americans cannot understand.
“Unquestionably. There are quite a few in the Senate, but in them the
political passion is stronger than their fastidiousness. Even the
honours and the fame they may win cannot compensate for the dirt
they are obliged to come into contact with every week in the year.”
“Well, all I can say is, that you haven’t the true sporting instinct in this
country,” said Bertie. “Men of the same sort ought to stand by each
other. If a certain number of gentlemen are willing to hold their noses
and plunge in for the good of the country it’s your duty to close up
the ranks behind them and keep the stink as far in the background
as possible.”
Poor Mr. Rogers blushed and looked most distressed, for that word
is tabooed in this country, dear, and I doubt if the poor man ever
heard it before. He saw my eyes dance, and gave me a look of such
pained surprise that it was my turn to be distressed, for it is so cruel
to shatter a man’s ideals! Bertie pursued all unconsciously:
“Can’t you see it from my point of view, Rogers? Ain’t you in the habit
of standing by your friends in this country?”
“Certainly, Duke,” replied Mr. Rogers, suavely; he had quite
recovered himself. “I think you will find Americans as loyal as any
men on earth.”
“Not unless they go the whole length and stand by their own class
when there is such a crying need for help as there is here. I suppose
there’s a respectable number of gentlemen in the country, ain’t
there?”
“A very large number. A highly respectable proportion of the seventy
millions. I am constrained to make that admission, even though I
hand you another weapon.”
“It is a weapon, by gad. And I’d like jolly well to understand your
supineness. Perhaps you’ll wake up all in a moment and fling off
your coats and go to work.”
“I wish I could think so. What we lack most, I fancy, is a leader, for
unquestionably we have caste loyalty. But when all is said the upper-
class in this country is small—compared to the vast sub-stratum—
and the country is so huge that homogeneity is almost impossible.
So far, every man has made his fight alone; and there is something
pathetic in it—come to think of it.”
“I think those who have made the fight must be ripping fine men, and
I’d like to meet some of them. Will any of them come up here this
summer?”
Mr. Rogers shook his head. “I am sorry, but we do not happen to
have any politicians in the club. I thought it over carefully and
concluded that it was better not, for they cannot avoid knowing
objectionable people who might manage to get themselves invited
here, too.”
Again, I interposed before Bertie could answer. “What becomes of
your law of progress? If it is as inborn and inevitable—unhinderable
—as you say, why does it not sweep your class in its current? Surely
that class is increased from year to year by ambitious recruits whose
offspring will be as cultivated as you are to-day—that is part of your
law of progress. It seems to me that a natural instinct should force
you and your sort to labour to keep yourselves high above the
masses and fill the great public offices of the country.”
As he turned to me the light in his eyes was almost warm and I felt
as if I had said something really clever. That is his little way.
“That was very well reasoned,” he said, “and your theory has certain
facts to substantiate it, inasmuch as public life does receive recruits
from the upper-class from year to year. Perhaps, some day, under
the stress of a great menace, the entire class will throw in its weight.
But just now—merely to give the country a stiffer man than McKinley
—I am afraid they will not. We are such optimists, our luck has had
such few facers, and just now we are so prosperous. It is only a
dream to imagine the best in both parties suddenly deserting and
uniting; for the best men seem to avoid leadership and notoriety; it is
only by doing so that they can find a comparatively clean path
through the political muck.”
Bertie shrugged his shoulders and pushed back his chair. “You look
well in that tweed outfit and those leggings, Rogers,” he said, “but
you’d look a jolly sight better in your shirt sleeves and with mud on
your boots. You and the rest of your dilettante class are living in a
Fool’s Paradise, and when you’re choking over your first nasty mess
of Bryanism you’ll wish you’d taken off your coat while you had a
valet to assist you. For my part I’m rather keen on Bryan getting in. I
want to see a real democracy. What you’ve got now is neither one
thing nor the other. Say what you like you have an enormously large
aristocratic class, a class which is always looking round for
somebody to snub and which holds itself immeasurably above the
masses. You’ll be a monarchy yet with every title that ever was heard
of, and American inventions to boot. The result of your Trust system
will be two classes—the wealthy and the helpless poor. The hour the
wealthy class feels that it is strong enough it will make for a court
and a nobility. And a nice mess you’ll make of it.”
“Well,” said Mr. Rogers, laughing, “it will be infinitely preferable to
Populism, and it certainly will be all in the law of progress. Every
American, even the Populist, wants to be rich, and as soon as he is
rich he wants to be cultivated beyond his original condition. After that
stage democracy is a retrogression and there is nothing to do but go
on and become an aristocrat. As you say, when there are enough of
them, monarchy is only a step further.”
And there the conversation ended.
I think this letter is thick enough to go—don’t you?
Ever yours,

Helen.
P. S. The evening post came just after I had finished, and brought
me a welcome letter from you. I open this for a few lines of answer.
Freddy must be mad. I hope to God, V. R. will keep his head. Can’t
you persuade him to go to South Africa? As long as you have made
up your mind not to see him till all is over, I should think it would be a
positive relief to have him where you can’t see him. And if there is
danger—do pack him off. Who do you suppose can be putting
Freddy up to such devilment?—that creature? She may see revenge
in it. Do be careful. If you came a cropper now—I read your letter to
Bertie and he says he wishes you would chuck the whole thing and
come over here to us, and wait patiently for Freddy’s several
diseases to finish him. But I told him he never had been deeply in
love—and he said he was jolly glad he hadn’t. Well, I’ll say a prayer
for you, out in the forest—although I don’t believe it does a bit of
good to pray for any one but yourself. My theory is that by the
intense absorption, concentration, and faith of prayer, you put
yourself into magnetic communication with the great Divine Force
pervading the Universe and draw some of its strength into yourself.
Sometimes the strength is physical, or rather is directed to physical
ends, as when one prays a pain out; and at others one draws
strength enough to endure and overcome anything—but not without
that intense concentration. The mere babbling of a petition does no
good. There you have the result of my inner observations. Try it for
yourself.
Letter IV
From the Lady Helen Pole to the Countess of Edge and Ross.
Boulder Lake,
July 2d
THE people have been here several days now, and the lake looks
very gay. When the men are not fishing the boats are filled with the
children, ducky little things in white pinnys and bright ribbons. I am
going to have them all over by themselves for luncheon some day,
for, so far, I like them better than their “mommers.” The men are a
well turned-out lot, but look tired, and—anæmic. So far, I have seen
little of them, as Mr. Rogers has delayed bringing them over to call—
possibly until the mountain air has made them feel a little more fit.
New York is said to be unbearably hot, and, you know, the rich men
in this country work as hard as the poor ones. Did I tell you that they
all dine at the Club House? This cottage would have been
impracticable for us did not Mr. Rogers have an invalid mother who
could not leave the house—which is quite apart from the others—for
days at a time. Therefore, we have here a complete kitchen, pantry,
etc., and are quite independent of what would be to us all a
detestable arrangement, even if Bertie were well. He is quite fit
again, by the way, and has several times been fishing with Mr.
Rogers. He has met a number of the men and says he likes most of
them, but has taken a violent dislike to an author that this admiring
circle has made a fool of, and longs to be well enough to kick him.
He likes the women as little as I do.
They have all called on us. They came singly and in battalions. I
have a general impression of thin carefully modulated voices, fluffy
well-groomed hair, delicate features, light eyes, a discontented
expression—which is reflected in their voices—an unbounded self-
confidence, an annoying and persistent self-consciousness, and the
most perfect gowns imaginable. In the morning they wear the
triggest serge or tweed costumes, on hot days linen of various
colours, in the afternoon they flit about in pretty lawns, and in the
evening they are very smart indeed—several of them called after
dinner.
As they will doubtless flit in and out of my letters very often I will do
my poor best to introduce several of them to you that you may see
some sort of object behind the names.
The four that have impressed me most so far are Mrs. Chenoweth,
the wife of a “great” editor; Mrs. Hammond, the wife of a “great” art
publisher; Mrs. Laurence, a “wonderfully successful” authoress, and
Miss Simpson, the editor of a “great” woman’s magazine; her name
is Margaret E. Simpson. She left a card!
Mrs. Chenoweth is the least objectionable of the four, because in
spite of her sleepy self-content and air of gentle superiority, there is
something sweet and domestic about her, and occasionally her eyes
seem to fill up with sympathy; and there is a placid note in her voice,
unique in her “set.” She talked about her husband most of the time,
and left me wondering how the universe had room for two
magazines. But if she did not show so plainly that she was used to
flattery and adulation I’d like her rather.
Mrs. Hammond sits forward on the edge of the chair and talks all the
time. Her small expensively dressed figure looks as if her eager soul
might burst through it at any moment, every nerve seems to be on
the jump at once; and as for her face I followed its play of expression
bewildered. She is what is vulgarly and aptly called a “gusher.” She
gushed steadily for three quarters of an hour about literature and art.
Art is her passion; she almost faints before a great painting, and
etching gives her thrills which she can express in French only, so
inadequate is our commonplace language. She told me with great
pride that foreigners always took her for a French woman, so perfect
was her mastery of the language; and when I told her it was a relief
to meet an American who was not proud of being one, she looked
embarrassed and said of course she wouldn’t really be anything
else. She then leaped into the midst of literature, but somewhat to
my surprise had little to say about American. I was given to
understand how deeply read the ambitious active little lady was in
English, French, Russian, German, Norwegian, Danish, Italian, and
even Spanish classics, old and new, but her only reference to those
of her own country was at the end of the homily, when she gushed
out eulogies of Mrs. Laurence, and Mr. Henry Walker Rolfs.
“Mrs. Laurence is quite the most brilliant woman in America,” she
assured me. “Of course you know her novels—they sell immensely
—so full of style and brilliant pictures and illusiveness and delicate
satire and purity of thought; but she is even more fascinating herself.
I don’t believe there is a woman living who can say so many clever
things in the course of an hour, and she is quite a beauty, and
dresses deliciously—superlatively—even for New York. And Mr.
Rolfs! Of course you love his work—he has the immense sales he
deserves to have—such style, such word-painting, such spiritual
insight—real interpretation of God. He is so great I involuntarily lower
my voice to speak to him, and I think the two most wonderful sights I
ever have witnessed are Henry Walker Rolfs fishing and eating. It
seems incredible that he can do anything just like other men. But
indeed he spends most of his time in the woods alone—thinking,
thinking, interpreting Nature and God. Oh, I know, dear Lady Helen,
you will be perfectly delighted with all our friends, and find us very
different from those exaggerated Americans who are constantly
bombarding London Society with their vulgar millions.”
“You are different,” I thought. “I never dreamed of anything in Heaven
or on Earth like you.”
Now, as it happens, Mrs. Laurence’s and Mr. Rolfs’ books are
Bertie’s and my pet abominations. We think the former trivial, thin,
and insincere to a degree that her pretty manner in no way
compensates for, and Mr. Rolfs equally insincere and anæmic, and
laboured and dull in the bargain. His style certainly is polished to an
unusual degree, even for an American, and he engraves—never
paints—quite wonderful pictures. But his characters never come to
life for a moment and there is no atmosphere or perspective in his
work—it is flat against the canvas—like the paintings of the Chinese.
Read —— —— ——[A] and —— ——[A] and see if you do not agree
with me. By the way, he is the man Bertie wants to kick.
I will describe Miss Simpson next, for as Mrs. Laurence is always the
last to arrive or to call on a new-comer, I will reserve for her the éclat
she covets. Miss Simpson is extremely handsome, tall, massive, with
brown strong-looking hair, grey eyes with an expression of haughty
surprise—as if lesser mortals were in the habit of taking liberties with
her—a goodish complexion, a rather thick round profile, and a small
hard mouth with a downward bend. Success is emblazoned upon
her, as well as gratified power and ambition. She began life, I am
informed by one of her enthusiastic admirers, as a clerk in a bank
“out West,” but soon—feeling that her education and gifts fitted her
for the higher life—“came East” and engaged in journalism. I cannot
express the pride with which—Mrs. Chenoweth, I think it was—told
me that Miss Simpson had never brushed her skirts against yellow
journalism; although she came here quite unknown and from that
hybrid region known as the “West,” it appears that her instincts were
aristocratic from the first. She made herself invaluable on one of the
“very best papers,” gradually wedged her way—I fear that
expression is my own—into conservative circles, dropping such
acquaintances as were detrimental, and finally graduated as a full-
fledged editor of a woman’s magazine, capitalised by an eccentric
but appreciative millionairess. It was only a year or so ago, however,
that she “arrived” in this upper and rarefied stratum, and is here not
as a member, but as the guest of Mrs. Chenoweth. It must be a jolly
sensation to have striven for something so high above your reach
and finally achieved it. What contempt for those left below, what
constant self-gratulation. Miss Simpson quite chilled me with the
silent hauteur of her manner, the level dissecting rays of her fine
eyes. She holds herself aloft, as it were, with the rigid spine of the
traditional queen; but let me confide to you, Polly dear, she looks like
a successful business woman, tout même, not at all like what I fancy
she wishes to resemble. And if she is a success as a business
person I will venture to say she is a failure as a woman. Her ambition
has been so positive, so undeviating, so remorseless (I have listened
to six biographies of her), that the human attributes have withered up
just as unused muscles do. I asked Bertie what he thought of her,
and he said he had more respect for a harlot, as women had been
created for two offices only—mothers and strumpets. “If a woman
fills neither of these offices she is a failure and had better be dead.”
That is a nice primitive view and I’d enjoy hearing it exploded in the
midst of this select camp. They exult in Miss Simpson’s virtue—it is
monumental—and has flourished like a green bay tree in spite of
New York and its mysterious temptations. Personally, I should say
her virtue was purely a negative quality due to absence of
temptation, within and without. So far, she is rather in this well-
uniformed set than of it; she speaks with a slight twang and
expresses herself in rather shoppy language. But she is ambitious
and determined, and no doubt will adapt herself in time.
Mrs. Laurence! She was of those who called after dinner. She was in
full evening dress—black—and came into the room with a rustling of
skirts I never have known equalled. I should say that her train had at
least six inner silk flounces and it switched about on the bare floor
like an angry tiger’s tail. I think she changed her seat seven times
and always with that portentous rustling. I noticed that this occurred
whenever some one else had spoken consecutively for five minutes.
She is a pretty woman, and the old word “elegant” exactly expresses
her; our grandmothers would have called her “most genteel.” She
has a cloud of cendré hair, softly curled, and the pretty contrast of
baby blue eyes, although they, as well as her red thin lips, are
petulant in expression. Her features are delicate to the vanishing
point and her figure very graceful. She is, undoubtedly, an old hand
at aristocracy, for her voice, in spite of its fretful note, is exquisitely
trained, her language polished in the extreme, with every comma
and semicolon in its proper place; and her manner quite that of the
grande dame of the American novel. She mentioned eighteen people
of title she had met in England—among them Milly Seton—and
alluded, with a fretful sigh, to her many visits in England’s
“enchanting homes.”
“I wish I could marry an Englishman,” she said, with her little pout, “I
have had so many offers from my own countrymen but not one from
an Englishman—I think it is too bad! Of course I shall marry again,
I’m so feminine and I hate work—I always am so amused when the
critics rave over my quick brilliant style and verbal felicities; I grind
out every sentence and hate the very sight of the paper. I want to
marry a rich man who will pet me and leave me nothing to do but to
be charming and to dress exquisitely. That is all a woman ever was
made for, not to write tiresome books that other people think clever.
Of course, I am glad I am such a success; but I’m sure I’d a great
deal rather be you. You look the real thing, and we are all just
creditable imitations. I am sure I was English once—in a former state
—I feel so at home when I am in one of your old castles, surrounded
by people who are all that I should like to be, and I am such a
success with them; I could not be more so if I were to the manor
born; I am sure I cannot understand why some flower of nobility has
not fairly flung himself and his hereditary acres at my feet.”
All this before Bertie, and it reads like the most engaging candour;
but as she fairly breathes insincerity and self-consciousness one
does not believe anything she says, and I think she knows it. When
she left, I asked Bertie if she was feminine enough to suit him, and
he said that she was a cat, whose proper place was in a fancy
basket in the drawing-room; no English Tom, at least, would ever
invite her on to the roof. Bertie is coarse at times, but nobody can
deny that he is expressive.
Polly, are these people merely snobs? What do you make of them?
You write me, you dear thing, that my letters are profoundly
interesting to you and that I pop the people I meet right into your
imagination. I am so glad, for they certainly interest me. It is like
living in a novel—an American one, it is true, but fresh and new, and
full of unsolved problems to the mere outsider. They certainly are not
snobs in the old meaning of the word, not in the least like those of
their country who work so hard to be taken up by us, and imitate our
manners and pronunciation. No, they are either snobs and
something more, or not snobs at all, but a different manifestation of
the struggle for the Ideal. That sounds better, at all events; let them
go at that.
Mr. Rogers told me that they all admired me very much, but found
me rather “cold and haughty.” I could not help laughing aloud, and of
course Mr. Rogers understands. You know how shy and frightened
of strangers I am, a failing I never shall get over. I suppose that
makes me sit cold and rigid when, in reality, I would give a good deal
to talk as fast as they do—and as I can when I know and like people
well enough. I did feel myself growing stiffer and stiffer as Mrs.
Hammond gushed, but that was quite natural, it seems to me.
Agatha was rather bewildered at first by their facile and unrestrained
speech, but she likes them all, dear soul. She takes them on their
face value, and they each gave her material to admire without
looking for it.
July 4th.
Yesterday I went to the Club House to dinner; Mr. Rogers rowed me
over and back. The dining-room is rather pretty, with three long
tables. Mr. Rogers sits at the head of the middle table and I sat on
his right. Mrs. Laurence was very “brilliant.” Every time she began to
speak, and that was usually, everybody stopped talking and leaned
forward. “I would not miss a word,” whispered my neighbour. “Her wit
lives on the tip of her tongue and never sleeps.” I cannot transcribe
her brilliancy, Polly dear, because it is of the quality known as
elusive, not the old-fashioned kind that you repeat and hand down to
your grand-children. She delivered her witticisms, too, at the rate of
one every three minutes, and I should like to know who could keep
track of them. I wondered if her fascinating, fretful, spoilt-darling
voice has not something to do with the belief that she is witty and
unique. For, Polly, I must admit it, she bored me to death, and at
times I felt like protesting. But I scarcely opened my mouth; and I
don’t doubt they think I am stupid and have a typical English lack of
the sense of humour. But I do not blame Mrs. Laurence, and do not
dislike her as much as I did, for she is merely a hot-house product,
forced into an abnormal artificial growth by these foolish people, who
must have their lion, or the times would be out of joint.
The great Mr. Rolfs sat opposite me, but he does not go in for
brilliancy; to amuse, he doubtless holds, is beneath the dignity of a
great mind. He ate his excellent dinner in a ponderous and solemn
manner, oblivious of the admiring eyes riveted upon him when Mrs.
Laurence was not speaking; his vision introspective, as if he still
pondered the last of the Almighty’s confidences, and, when spoken
to, responding with a sweet but absent graciousness. I wanted to
throw my ice-cream at him—only it was very good ice-cream, made
of crushed strawberries, and would have been wasted on such a
muff.
In the fine large cosy living-room afterward they played intellectual
games. My dear, I thought I should die. I could not leave in common
decency before ten o’clock, and for a mortal hour I listened to the
brilliant Mrs. Laurence exhibit the most wonderful fertility, ingenuity,
and resource, switching her noisy tail round the polished floor till it
hissed like a harassed snake. She was in white embroidered
mousseline de soie and silk—Oh, much and noisy silk—and she
wore turquoises, and altogether looked like an advertisement for the
calling of letters. Her rival, Mr. Rolfs, had retreated from the field—
probably to the roof—and I don’t exaggerate when I say that the
others never took their eyes off her, with the exception of some of
the men, who went to sleep. Finally, I could stand it no longer, and I
went over and sat down by Miss Simpson, who seemed to be as
much out of it as I was, and who, since she had failed to catch the
spirit of the thing, was endeavouring to look superior to contemptible
frivolities.
“A very brilliant woman,” I said, beginning with the obvious.
“I guess there’s not much use disputing that fact,” she answered with
an expression which conveyed to me that this remark was intended
as grim humour. “And if she were not, she’s clever enough to make
people think so.”
“Do you admire that particular form of brilliancy?” I asked, longing to
hear her say what I thought; but she answered emphatically:
“I admire success. When you strive for that and get it you’re entitled
to all the applause there is, whether it is the brand some one else
would strike out for or not. I have succeeded in my way and she
acknowledges it and me; therefore, I take off my hat to her. I have
aimed for something more solid; but because I prefer to spend my
money on oil paintings there is no law against my patting the dainty
water-colourist on the back. And I do—every time. So long as a
person does not get in my way he can have a whole road to himself
and welcome.”
Here was genuine frankness, no doubt of that. She prided herself
upon it and was quite aware that she was impressing me, but it was
the sort of insolent frankness that compels belief. I asked her if she
was not the author of ——[A] which I had read recently, and she
thawed perceptibly and even gave me a very charming smile. To
draw her on I praised the novel highly—it was clever but sketchy and
betrayed no knowledge of the world whatever—and she thanked me
very pleasantly and admitted that she hoped to make an even
greater success with her second one.
“I have had some very fortunate experiences since I wrote that,” she
said. “I have watched a love affair progress right under my nose, and
I was visiting a friend of mine when her husband was accidentally
killed. She was a wonderful psychological study in her grief!” and she
set her mouth, as if overcome by the responsibility of her own brain.
“Good God!” I exclaimed.
She turned slowly and gave me a look of such haughty inquiry that I
almost wilted.
“I beg your pardon,” I said meekly, “but it seemed to me rather a
shocking advantage to take. Really—how could you?”
“Of course, as you don’t write you don’t know that a true artist sees
copy in everything, that human nature was made to be studied, and
that when a palpitating leaf is torn out and flung into an author’s lap
he would be seven different kinds of fool if he didn’t read it.”
“I can understand now why your literature is heartless,” I retorted,
“for you kill your own heart before you write it. But, if you go in for
brain-picking to that extent, why do you so persistently ignore the
motive power of human life—sex?”
“Oh,” she said with an accent of contempt and disgust. “We don’t
want any of that. We leave that to the decadent civilisations. It’s not
the fashion in this country. We’re healthy.”
“I think you are decidedly unhealthy,” I made bold to retort—“and if
you don’t take care the water in your blood will prevent you from
attaining full growth. Well, at all events you will escape decadency,” I
added lightly. “Good night.”
I crossed the room toward Mr. Rogers, determined upon retreat, but
was intercepted by Mrs. Chenoweth. She gave me so sweet a smile
that I was obliged to pause.
“Do sit and talk to me a moment,” she said. “I have been longing to
see more of you. I am glad you were so kind to Miss Simpson. I think
she is a type that should be encouraged and I am doing all I can for
her. Of course she is what is called self-made, she has no family
tree, but, as Junot said, ‘Some of us must be ancestors’—you
remember that is quoted in the Rémusat Memoirs; delightful reading,
whether they are authentic or not. I thought I would tell you just how
Miss Simpson stands, lest you should wonder a little at her accent
and stiffness; but she is so estimable and capable and altogether
superior—and bound to go so far—I am sure you will think I am right
to take her up.”
“I don’t see any reason in the world why you shouldn’t,” I replied,
“and it certainly has interested me very much to meet her. I really
must go, if you don’t mind. I am so very tired.”
On the way back I told Mr. Rogers of my conversation with Miss
Simpson and of my disgust. He smiled good naturedly.
“Oh, that is only the zeal of the amateur,” he said. “They get less
shoppy every year.”
“But don’t they lose a good deal meanwhile?” I asked.
“Well, perhaps,” he admitted.
The children are making such a racket with firecrackers I can
scarcely think, but I send you much love and sympathy.
Helen.
Letter V
From the Lady Helen Pole to the Countess of Edge and Ross.
Boulder Lake,
July 10th
DO not imagine, Polly, that I have given up my solitary ramblings in
the forest. I enjoy them more than ever; and their soundlessness
after the eternal babble which pervades the lake—I am afraid I am
not grateful for all the kind attentions I receive—is simply delicious.
Leaves, green leaves everywhere, rioting to my knees and hanging
in the air. You never notice the slender branches, only the delicate
fairy curtain they hang between the dark stems of the trees. And the
ferns, and the ground pine, and the green stars of that moss that
covers ground and rock, and the rich velvet moss, shading from a
dark green to one that is almost white, that covers the fallen trees,
and the incomparable solitude. Best of all I have discovered a gorge,
sloping gently on one side, the other a huge boulder covered with
moss; in the bottom of the gorge a brook pushing its tortuous way
over rocks; and alders and ferns close to the banks. Overhead there
is a rift of sky, and the sunlight flickers about generously, and the
woods I have come through look so dark and impenetrable. There is
a fine dry rock with the alders meeting like an arbour above it, and I
sit there by the hour and wonder why the forest ever made me feel
over-civilised. Beside these people I feel a pure child of Nature. They
have reached a pitch of correctness I never can hope to attain. They
never use slang, they punctuate their sentences so beautifully, they
would not drop a final g in our careless fashion for worlds; they
pronounce all their syllables so distinctly! Oh, this is “culture,” Polly
mine. If poor dear Matthew Arnold could only come back and live
among them! Perhaps he does in spirit and that is his idea of
Heaven. (It would be mine of Hell). And we have so misjudged the
Americans, believing them to be crass and exaggerated. I assure
you there is nothing exaggerated about the true aristocrats except
their virtues; those are superlative, but in all other things they aim at
simple perfection only, and from their enunciation to their boots—
they have the dearest little feet—I can tell you, Polly, they have
attained it. I feel so crude—and so happy. I come out here to my
brook—I am writing to you with its baby roar and lap in my ears—
and I say all sorts of dreadful things quite loud. I forget that I ever
have sizzled in London drawing-rooms, proud and happy in my court
and interested in nothing in life but gowns and conquests. I forget the
whole atmosphere of flirtation and intrigue and gay recklessness and
heartbreak. I can tell you, Polly, that when you have stood as close
to death as I have done during the last two years, with your heart-
strings on the rack and the tears never far from your eyes, you are
well prepared to retreat into the arms of Nature and cower there. I
have no desire left to return to the world, and if Bertie can live
comfortably here I should be glad and happy to remain for an
indefinite number of years. My prince can find me here as well as
anywhere. He is not Mr. Rogers, charming as he is. He never could
stir up my great emotions—and I have them! I wonder if these
people ever have suffered as I have, or if they ever have loved
passionately? I cannot imagine it. They are too well-regulated, and
that discontent which gently agitates them is merely the result of
living in a country where nothing is unattainable, and, consequently,
where ambition never sleeps, even when it takes no form.
I have met most of the men now and like some of them rather well.
At least they talk less than the women and do not seem to fancy
themselves so much. They are quite content to be just men and do
the sensible things every-day men usually do without bothering
about it. They say much prettier things to one than our men do, and I
like it, but how much they mean I am not prepared to say. They are
not in the least exaggerated or silly in their admiration, like a
Frenchman or a Spaniard—will you ever forget that experience in
Madrid?—for their common sense and their sense of humour never
fail them. And they are all clever—no doubt of that!—but somehow
their cleverness does not annoy one as the women’s does. Perhaps
it is because they have not had time for the excessive “culture” of the
women. Mr. Hammond, for instance, has not attempted to read
everything in every language ever written, but he can talk sensibly
about most things, particularly the affairs of the world. Mr.
Chenoweth leaves Mrs. Chenoweth to blow his horn, and never
mentions “shop;” but he does look so dyspeptic, poor man, and he
has not Mr. Hammond’s pleasant air of repose. He likes to play with
his children, however, and I love him for that.