CodeIgniter Interview

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Contents

CodeIgniter Interview Questions for Freshers

1. What is CodeIgniter?
2. What are hooks in CodeIgnitor?
3. What is an inhibitor in CodeIgniter?
4. How to check the CodeIgniter version?
5. Explain the difference between helper and library in CodeIgniter.
6. What is routing in CodeIgniter?
7. What are drivers in CodeIgniter?
8. How to link images from a view in CodeIgniter?
9. Why CodeIgniter is called a loosely based MVC framework?
10. What is a helper in CodeIgniter?

CodeIgniter Interview Questions for Experienced

11. Explain CodeIgniter Architecture.
12. How to load a helper in CodeIgniter?
13. What are the advantages of CodeIgniter?
14. Give the list of hooks available in CodeIgniter.
15. What is Command-Line Interface(CLI)? Why we use CLI in Codeigniter?
16. What is meant by a library? How can you load a library in CodeIgniter?
17. What is CSRF token in CodeIgniter? How to set CSRF token?
18. How to extend the class in CodeIgniter?

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CodeIgniter Interview Questions for

Experienced (.....Continued)

19. What is the difference between Laravel and CodeIgniter?

20. List various databases supported by the CodeIgniter framework.
21. What is the work of anchor tag in CodeIgniter?
22. Explain CodeIgniter E-mail library. How to send an E-mail using CodeIgniter?
23. How to deal with Error handling in CodeIgniter?
24. Explain the default URL pattern used in CodeIgniter.
25. How you can add or load a model in CodeIgniter?
26. Explain the CodeIgniter framework.
27. How to pass an array from the controller to view in CodeIgniter?
28. Explain how to prevent CodeIgniter from CSRF(Cross Site Request Forgery).
29. What are the sessions in CodeIgniter? How to handle sessions in CodeIgniter?
30. Explain CodeIgniter folder structure.
31. What is the security parameter for XSS in CodeIgniter?
32. What is the default controller in CodeIgniter?
33. List all the auto-loadable resources available in CodeIgniter.
34. What do you mean by the controller in CodeIgniter?
35. Why is there a need to configure the URL routes?

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Let's get Started
CodeIgniter is an open-source and powerful MVC(Model-View-Controller) based
framework used for developing web applications on PHP. CodeIgniter provides
libraries for connection with the database and to perform operations such as sending
emails, uploading files, managing sessions, etc. It helps for PHP code simplification
and brings out a fully interactive, dynamic website in a shorter span of time. The
latest version of CodeIgniter is CodeIgniter4 version v4.1.3 which was released on
June 6, 2021.

Features of CodeIgniter:

CodeIgniter features will include the following:

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Framework with a small footprint:

Source code for the CodeIgniter framework is nearly 2MB in size. It makes it
easier to master CodeIgniter and how it works. In addition, it simplifies
deploying and updating it.
Loosely coupled:
The built-in features are designed to work independently without depending too
much on any other components. This makes it easier for maintaining and
upgrading.
MVC Architecture:
CodeIgniter framework uses the MVC architectural design. MVC architecture
separates the data, business logic, and presentation.
Blazing fast:
Users opt for applications that load very fast. If you have worked with few
modern frameworks, you will realize that it takes less than one second to load
immediately a er installation. You can load CodeIgniter on average around less
than 50ms.
Excellent and clear documentation:
CodeIgniter framework is having well-maintained documentation. Also, it has
good tutorials, books, and answered forum questions on this. This implies
whatever challenge you are facing, chances are someone has previously
encountered the problem, solved it and the solution is available for you.
Extendable:
CodeIgniter includes several libraries and helpers out of the box. If what you
want is not there or you wish to implement an existing feature your way, then
you can do so easily by creating your own libraries, packages, helpers, etc. You
are also permitted to create REST API in CodeIgniter.
Application-specific built-in components:
It has components for sending email, session management, database
management, and much more.
Short learning curve:
CodeIgniter is easy to master for anyone who knows PHP. Within a shorter
period, the student can learn CodeIgniter and start professional applications
development using CodeIgniter.

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Scope of CodeIgniter:

CodeIgniter is a PHP framework with a significantly small footprint, specifically built

for developers who want to make use of a simple and graceful toolkit for creating
completely featured and functional web applications. This application focus on
enabling the users to develop the projects much faster and quicker than if you would
have gone for writing your code from scratch. It is used for doing this by providing a
set of libraries for the commonly needed applications and tasks.
It provides services for all the application modules to access the application database
or external information resources in an OOP manner. Here, the model classes will
have the functions that help us to insert, update, and retrieve information in the
database.

CodeIgniter Interview Questions for Freshers

1. What is CodeIgniter?
CodeIgniter is an open-source and MVC-based framework used for web application
development on PHP. This framework contains libraries, an easier interface with a
logical structure to access these libraries, helpers, plug-ins, and other resources as
well. It is easy to use compared to other PHP frameworks.

2. What are hooks in CodeIgnitor?

CodeIgniter’s hooks will provide a way to change the internal workings or
framework functionalities without any need for hacking the core files. It permits
script execution with a particular path within the CodeIgniter.
We can globally enable/disable the hooks feature by setting the below-given
item in the application/config/config.php file: $config['enable_hooks'] = TRUE;
It is defined in application/config/hooks.php file. For example:

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$hook[‘pre_controller’] = array(
‘class’ => ‘MyHookClass’,
‘function’ => ‘Myhookfunction’,
‘filename’ => ‘MyHookClass.php’,
‘filepath’ => ‘hooks’,
‘params’ => array(‘test’, ‘test1’, ‘webs’)
);

In the above code example, the ‘pre_controller‘ hook is called hook point. Various
types of hook points are available in CodeIgniter.

3. What is an inhibitor in CodeIgniter?

An inhibitor in CodeIgniter is an error handler class. It will make use of PHP’s native
functions like set_error_handler , set_exception_handler ,
register_shutdown_function to handle parse errors, exceptions, and fatal errors.

4. How to check the CodeIgniter version?

There are 2 ways to check the CodeIgniter version.
The first method is to run the following code:

<?php
echo CI_VERSION;
?>

You can echo the constant value of CI_VERSION in the CodeIgniter controller or view
file.
The second method is to navigate to the system/core/CodeIgniter.php directory
which stores the current version number of CodeIgniter in a global constant
named ‘CI_VERSION’. Open the file and have a look at the lines:

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/**
* CodeIgniter Version
*
* @var string
*
*/
define('CI_VERSION', '4.1.3');

5. Explain the difference between helper and library in

CodeIgniter.

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Helper Library

Library is a class that

Helper is a collection of common
has a set of functions
functions which we can use within
that permits for
Models, Views as well as in
creating an instance of
Controllers. Once we include the
that class by $this-
helper file, we can get access to
>load->library()
the functions.
function.

It is not written in object-oriented It is written in an object-

format. oriented format.

You must create an

object of the class to
It can be called in the same call library functions by
manner you call PHP functions. using the $this-
>library_name-
>method() .

All built-in helper file names are All built-in library files
suffixed with a word _helper do not have a specific
(ex: email_helper.php ). suffix.

6. What is routing in CodeIgniter?

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Routing is a technique used in CodeIgniter, by which you can define your URLs
based on the requirement instead of using the predefined URLs. So, whenever
there is a request made and matches the URL pattern defined by us, it will
automatically direct to the specified controller and function.
A URL string and its corresponding controller class or method are in a one-to-
one relationship here. The URI segments usually follow this pattern:
example.com/class/function/id/ . All routing rules are defined in the
application/config/routes.php file of CodeIgniter.

7. What are drivers in CodeIgniter?

A driver is a type of library that has a parent class and multiple child classes.
These child classes can access their parent class, but they can’t access their
siblings.
Drivers can be found in the system/libraries folder.
There are three steps for creating a driver:
Making file structure
Making driver list
Making driver(s)

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8. How to link images from a view in CodeIgniter?

In Codeigniter, you can link images/CSS/JavaScript from a view by using the
absolute path to the resources required with respect to the root folder as given
below:

/css/styles.css
/js/query.php
/img/news/566.gpg

9. Why CodeIgniter is called a loosely based MVC framework?

Codeigniter is called a loosely based MVC framework because it does not need to
obey a strict MVC pattern during application creation. It is not important to create a
model, we can use only view and controllers for creating an application. In addition,
one can modify CodeIgniter to utilize HMVC(Hierarchical Model View Controller) as
well.

10. What is a helper in CodeIgniter?

Helpers are the group of functions that are useful in assisting the user to
perform specific tasks.
There are three types of helper files. They are:
URL helpers: Used for creating the links.
Text helpers: Used for the formatting of text.
Cookies helpers: Used to read and manage cookies.

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CodeIgniter Interview Questions for Experienced

11. Explain CodeIgniter Architecture.

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CodeIgniter is mainly designed to deliver high performance in less time within a

good environment. For achieving this, each developing process is designed in a
simplified manner.
From the technical point of view, it is dynamically instantiated (libraries are
loaded only on request which makes it light-weighted), has loose coupling
(components depend very less on each other), and component singularity (each
class and its functions are focused only on their purpose).
Data flow in CodeIgniter: Below image represents that whenever a request is
raised from the CodeIgniter application, firstly, it will go to the index.php file.
index.php is the default file of CodeIgniter. This file initializes the base
resources.
The router determines what should be done with the information.
If the requested cache file exists, then the information is moved directly to
the browser and ignores the further processes.
If the page requested by the user does not exist in the caching file, the HTTP
request and data submitted will be passed under security check.
The application controller will load the models, libraries, helpers, plugins,
and scripts required according to the request.
A view is used for fetching the data from the application controller that will
be represented to the user, and they pass the data to the caching file to the
fastest access for future requests.

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12. How to load a helper in CodeIgniter?

You need to load the helper files for using it. Once loaded, it will be globally
available to your controller and views. They can be obtained at two places in
CodeIgniter. A helper file will be searched by CodeIgniter in the
application/helpers folder and if it is not available in that folder then it will
check in the system/helpers folder.
Helper file can be loaded by adding the following code to the constructor of the
controller or inside any function that wants to use: $this->load-
>helper('file_name');
Write your file name at the place of file_name.
To load URL helper we can use the code given below: $this->load-
>helper('url');
You are allowed to auto-load a helper if your application needs that helper
globally by including it in the application/config/autoload.php file.
Loading multiple helpers is also possible. For doing this, specify them in an array
as given below:

$this->load->helper(
array('helper1', 'helper2', 'helper3')
);

13. What are the advantages of CodeIgniter?

Few advantages of using CodeIgniter is given below:

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Built-in libraries: It comes with various types of default helpers for multiple
things including strings, arrays, cookies, directories, file handling, and forms
among others.
Data abstraction: You can make use of the CodeIgniter database abstraction
layer for creating, adding, deleting, and replacing statements in a hassle-free
manner. This framework allows you to manage multiple connections using a
single application.
Active Developer Community: Bigger the community, the better the help you
get. Newly graduated developers look forward to the framework’s forum to get
their doubts solved and learn about new things in the process. With so many
people actively participating in it from around the world, your doubts will be
solved within few hours. And due to the same reason, CodeIgniter
documentation is 10 times bigger than any other framework.
Collaboration with Expression Engine: The collaboration permits developers
using CodeIgniter to use libraries and everything else provided by Expression
Engine and vice versa. Because of this, developers will get few benefits like
better parser class, improved built-in user authentication, and easy access to
modular applications.
Security: The security strength modification can be done according to your
client’s needs. These changes are made when the system is initialized by
switching off the magic_quotes_runtime directive irrespective of the
register_globals directive. You don’t need to remove the slashes during
information retrieval from the database. You can enable encryption of cookies,
where you can handle databases and escape SQL queries directly.
Immigration Features: Database schema update management is easier over
different fields by using the migration aspect. It is an easier process to immigrate
from the server to the server in Codeigniter.
Easy to Use: It is easier to use compared to other popular frameworks such as
Symfony, Zend framework, and Cake PHP.

14. Give the list of hooks available in CodeIgniter.

The list of available hook points are given below:

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: It is called initially during system execution.

pre_system
pre_controller : It is called immediately before any of the controllers being
called. Example:

$hook['pre_controller'] = array(
'class' => 'ExampleClass',
'function' => 'Examplefunction',
'filename' => 'ExampleClass.php',
'filepath' => 'hooks',
'params' => array('mango', 'apple', 'orange')
);

post_controller_constructor : It is called soon a er instantiating your controller,

but before any occurrence of the method call.
post_controller : It is called immediately a er the complete execution of the
controller.
display_override : It overrides the _display() method.
cache_override : It enables calling of the user-defined method instead of
_display_cache() method which is available in the Output Library. This permits
you for using your own cache display mechanism.
post_system : It is called soon a er the final rendered page has been submitted
to the web browser, at the end of system execution when the final data has been
sent to the browser.

15. What is Command-Line Interface(CLI)? Why we use CLI in

Codeigniter?
Command-Line Interface or CLI is a text-based interface for interacting with
computers through a set of commands. We can use CLI in CodeIgniter for:

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Running your cron-jobs without wget or curl usage

Make your cron-jobs inaccessible from being loaded in the URL(Uniform
Resource Locator) by checking the value returned by is_cli()
Make interactive “tasks” that can do various things such as set permissions, run
backups, prune cache folders, etc.
It helps to integrate CodeIgniter with applications in other languages. For
example, a random C++ script can call a command and run code in your models.

16. What is meant by a library? How can you load a library in

CodeIgniter?
Libraries are packages created in PHP that give higher-level abstractions and
thus contribute to faster development. This removes the necessity of focusing
on small, minute details by taking care of those by themselves.
Three methods are available to create a library:
Create an entirely new library
Extend native libraries
Replace native libraries
To load a library in CodeIgniter, you have to include the below code inside a
controller: $this->load->library(‘class_name’);
All pre-defined libraries developed by CodeIgniter can be obtained at the
system/libraries directory.
For loading multiple libraries at the same time, you can make use of the same
code. But replace the parameter with an array for loading multiple libraries.

$this->load->library(array(‘library1’, ‘library2’));

17. What is CSRF token in CodeIgniter? How to set CSRF token?

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CSRF(Cross-Site Request Forgery) token is a randomly generated value that gets

modified with every HTTP request sent by webform.
A CSRF attack forces a browser of the logged-on victim for sending a forged
HTTP request, including the session cookie of the victim and other information
related to authorization, to a web application. A CSRF token is used for setting
or activating the protection in CodeIgniter.
CSRF token is saved in the user’s session when it is added in the website form.
When we submit the form, the website compares both submitted tokens and
saved tokens in the session. If they are the same, a request is considered valid.
When the page gets loaded token value will also be changed each time. Thus it
becomes difficult for the hackers to identify the current token.
To set CSRF, you have to set the corresponding config value as true in your
application/config/config.php file.
Syntax : $config['csrf_protection'] = TRUE;
If you use the form helper, the form_open() method will automatically insert a
hidden CSRF field in your forms.

18. How to extend the class in CodeIgniter?

You have to create a file with the name Example.php under application/core/
directory and declare your class with the below code:

Class Example extends CI_Input {

// Write your code here
}

19. What is the difference between Laravel and CodeIgniter?

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Based on Laravel CodeIgniter

Database It is object- It is relational

model oriented. object-oriented.

Built-in It comes along It does not come

module with a built-in with a built-in
module. module.

Structure Follows the MVC

Follows MVC structure but it
structure of filing provides easier
with a command- boarding based
line tool known on object-
as Artisan. oriented
programming.

Development It is a good
and option for front-
It is easier to use
Template end developers
and there is no
and it comes
template engine
along with the
provided.
Blade template
engine.

Utilized by OctoberCMS, PyroCMS,

Laracasts Expression engine

Libraries Provide their

own official Provides a lot of
documentation built-in
which is very functionality
helpful.

Routing Supports both

Supports Explicit
Explicit and
routing
Implicit routing
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20. List various databases supported by the CodeIgniter

framework.
Following Databases are supported by the CodeIgniter framework:
MySQL (version 5.1+) database that uses MySQL (deprecated), mysqli, and PDO
drivers
Oracle database that uses oci8 and PDO drivers
PostgreSQL database that uses Postgre and PDO drivers
ODBC database that uses ODBC and PDO drivers
SQLite database that uses SQLite version 2, SQLite3 version 3, along with PDO
drivers
MS SQL database that uses Sqlsrv (version 2005 and above), MsSQL, and PDO
drivers
Interbase/Firebird database that uses iBase and PDO drivers
CUBRID database that uses Cubridand PDO drivers

21. What is the work of anchor tag in CodeIgniter?

Anchor tag creates a standard HTML anchor link based on the URL of your local
site.
Syntax:

anchor($uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = '')

Here, $uri represents a URI string, $title represents an anchor title and
$attributes represents an HTML attributes. It returns an HTML hyperlink (anchor
tag) of string type.
The first parameter can have any segments you would like to append to the URL.
These segments can be a string or an array.
The second parameter is the text that will be displayed with a link. The URL will be
used in case you leave it blank.
The third parameter can contain an attribute list you would like added to the link.
The attributes can be a string or an associative array.

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Example:

echo anchor('details/local/123', 'My Details', 'title="Details title"');

// Prints: <a href="http://example.com/index.php/details/local/123" title="Details titl

22. Explain CodeIgniter E-mail library. How to send an E-mail

using CodeIgniter?
Features of Email Class in CodeIgniter are given below:
Multiple protocols such as Mail, Sendmail, and SMTP
TLS and SSL Encryption for SMTP
CC and BCCs
Multiple recipients
Attachments
HTML or Plain-text email
Priorities
Word wrapping
BCC Batch Mode, enabling larger e-mail lists to be broken into smaller BCC
batches
Email Debugging tools
Sending Email:
Sending an email is a simple process here. You can configure an email on the fly
or set your preferences in the app/Config/Email.php file. A basic example for
demonstrating how you might send email is given below:

$email = \Config\Services::email();
$email->setFrom('[email protected]', 'Your Name');
$email->setTo('[email protected]');
$email->setCC('[email protected]');
$email->setBCC('[email protected]');
$email->setSubject('Email Test');
$email->setMessage('Testing the email class.');
$email->send();

23. How to deal with Error handling in CodeIgniter?

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CodeIgniter enables you to develop error reporting into your applications by using
the below-given functions. Also, it has a class dedicated to error logging that permits
messages related to error and debugging to be saved as text files.
Functions related to error handling are:
This function will display the error message provided by the
application/errors/errorgeneral.php template.

show_error(‘message’ [, int $statuscode= 500 ] )

This function shows the 404 error message supplied to it by using the
application/errors/error404.php template.

show_404(‘page’ [, ‘logerror’])

This function permits you to write messages onto your log files. You must
provide anyone among three “levels” in the first parameter that indicates the
message type (debug, error, info), with the message itself in the second
parameter.

log_message(‘level’, ‘message’)

24. Explain the default URL pattern used in CodeIgniter.

CodeIgniter will make use of a “segment-based” approach instead of a “query
string-based” approach.
CodeIgniter framework has four main parts in the default URL pattern. First, we
have the name of the server, and next, we have the name of the controller class
followed by name of the controller function and function parameters at the end.
Codeigniter is accessed using the URL helper. The basic URL structure is:

http://servername/controllerName/controllerFunction/parameter1/parameter2/.../parameter

Example:

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interviewbit.com/user/edit/suresh

Here, interviewbit.com is a server name, a user is a controller class that needs to

be invoked, an edit is an action or method, and suresh is an optional action
parameter that is passed to controllers.

25. How you can add or load a model in CodeIgniter?

In CodeIgniter, models are loaded as well as called inside your controller
methods. For loading a model, you must use the below-given method:

$this->load->model('name_of_the_model');

Include the relative path from the directory of your model, if your model is
placed inside a sub-directory. Consider an example, you have a model which is
placed at application/models/blog/AllPosts.php you can load it by using:
$this->load->model('blog/AllPosts');
You can access the methods provided by the model, once the model gets loaded
by using an object which has the same name as your controller:

class MyBlogController extends CI_Controller

{
public function MyblogModel()
{
$this->load->model('blog_model');
$data['que'] = $this->blog_model->get_last_five_entries();
$this->load->view('blog_model', $data);
}
}

26. Explain the CodeIgniter framework.

The CodeIgniter application is based on the MVC (Model – View – Controller) model,
which separates the application logic from the presentation view. Because of
presentation view separation from the PHP scripting, it allows your web pages for
script minimization.

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Model:
Generally, a model is used for database interaction. When a user raises a
request for the specific data from the application, the model takes the
accountability to fetch out the records from the database table.
Also, a data structure represented by the model can be used to perform
several operations like retrieve, insert, update, and delete.
Controller:
The working of the CodeIgniter application is controlled by the controller. It
acts as an intermediary for the communication between the model and the
view. Therefore, it has the accountability to receive the user request and
handle that request by furnishing a result generated by the model. The
appropriate records will be displayed to the user by using the view
component. (Note: The Controller file name and class name should be the
same and must be in uppercase letters. Example- Main.php)
View:
Typically, a view is similar to a web page that has the information displayed
to the user. A view can also be an integral part of a web page such as header
and footer. The view page can be represented in both RSS(RDF Site
Summary) and a user interface.

27. How to pass an array from the controller to view in

CodeIgniter?
A view is a webpage that shows each element of the user interface. It cannot be called
directly, you need to load the views via the controller. You can pass an array from the
controller to view in CodeIgniter using below given steps:
Create a view:
Create a new text file and name it ciblogview.php . Save the created file in the
application/views/ directory. Open the ciblogview.php file and add the below-
given code to it:

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<html>
<head>
<title>Blog</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to Blog in CodeIgniter</h1>
</body>
</html>

Load the view:

Loading a view is executed using the following syntax: $this->load->view('name');

Where ‘name’ represents the name of the view.

The below code creates a controller named Blog.php . This controller has the
method for loading the view.

<?php
class Blog extends CI_Controller
{
public function index()
{
$this->load->view('ciblogview');
}
}
?>

Passing an array from the controller to view:

You are allowed to paste the below-given controller code within your controller file or
put it in the controller object.

$data['mega_header'][] = (object) array('title' => 'image portfolio' , 'img' => 'https:

$this->load->view('multiple_array', $data);

Arrays are displayed as a brick[‘…’] and objects as an arrow(->). You are allowed to
access an array with the brick[‘…’] and object using the arrow (->). Therefore, add the
below-given code in the view file:

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<?php
if (isset($mega_header)){
foreach ($mega_header as $key) {
?>
<div class="header_item">
<img alt="<?php echo($key['title']); ?>" src="<?php echo($key->img); ?>"
</div>
<?php
}
}
?>

Add dynamic data to views:

Usually, data transfer from the controller to view is done through an array or an
object. The array or the object is passed as the second parameter of the view load
method similar to the below-given method:

$data = array(
'title' => 'TitleValue',
'heading' => 'HeadingValue'
);
$this->load->view('ciblogview', $data);

The controller will look like this:

<?php
class Blog extends CI_Controller {
public function index()
{
$data['title'] = "TitleValue";
$data['heading'] = "HeadingValue";
$this->load->view('ciblogview', $data);
}
}
?>

The view file will look like this:

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<html>
<head>
<title><?php echo $title;?></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1><?php echo $heading;?></h1>
</body>
</html>

28. Explain how to prevent CodeIgniter from CSRF(Cross Site

Request Forgery).
There are many ways to protect CodeIgniter from CSRF, one method of doing this is
to use a hidden field in every form on the website. This hidden field is considered as
CSRF token, it is a random value that changes with each HTTP request sent. A er gets
inserted into the website forms, it will be saved in the user’s session as well. So, when
the user submits the form, the website checks whether it is the same as the one that
was saved in the session. If it is the same then, the request is authorized.

29. What are the sessions in CodeIgniter? How to handle

sessions in CodeIgniter?
In CodeIgniter, you are allowed to maintain a user’s “state” by Session class and keep
an eye on their activity while they browse your website.

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 CodeIgniter Interview Questions

Loading a session in CodeIgniter:

For using session, your controller should be loaded with your Session class by
using the $this->load->library(‘session’); .
Once the Session class is loaded, the Session library object can be obtained
using $this->session .
Read session data in CodeIgniter:
$this->session->userdata(); method of Session class is used to read or obtain
session data in CodeIgniter.
Usage: $this->session->userdata('name_of_user');
Also, the below-given method of the Session class can be used to read session
data.
Usage: $this->session->key_item
Where an item represents the key name you want to access.
Create a session in CodeIgniter:
The set_userdata() method that belongs to the Session class is useful in creating
a session in CodeIgniter. This method uses an associative array that has the data
you want to include in the session.
Adding session data:
Example:

$sessiondata = array(
'name_of_user' => 'lekha',
'email' => '[email protected]',
'log_state' => TRUE
);
$this->session->set_userdata($sessiondata);

If you want to add a single user data at a time, set_userdata() supports this syntax:

$this->session->set_userdata('demo_username', 'demo_value');

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 CodeIgniter Interview Questions

Remove session data in CodeIgniter:

The unset_userdata() method that belongs to the Session class is useful for
removing session data in CodeIgniter. Usage examples are given below:
Unset particular key:

$this->session->unset_userdata('name_of_user');

Unset an array of item keys:

$arr_items = array('name_of_user', 'email');

$this->session->unset_userdata($arr_items);

30. Explain CodeIgniter folder structure.

The CodeIgniter folder structure is given below:

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 CodeIgniter Interview Questions

application: This directory will have your application logic. All of your
application codes will be held in this directory. Internal subdirectories in the
CodeIgniter directory structure are given below:
cache – It stores cached files.
config – It keeps configuration files.
controller – All application controllers are defined under this controller.
core – It consists of custom core classes that extend system files. For
example, if you create a base controller that other controllers should
extend, then you should place it under this directory.
helpers – This directory will be used for user-defined helper functions.
hooks – It is used for custom hooks in the CodeIgniter folder structure.
language – It is used to store language files for applications that use
multiple languages.
libraries – It is used to store custom-created libraries.
logs – Application log files are placed in this directory.
models - All application models must be defined under this directory.
third_party – This is used for custom many packages that are created by
you or other developers.
views – application views will be stored in this directory.
system: It consists of the framework core files. It is not advised to make any
modifications in this directory or put your own application code into this
directory. System subdirectories in CodeIgniter are given below:
core – This is considered to be the heart of the CodeIgniter Framework. All
of the core files that construct the framework are located here. If you would
like to extend the core file functionality, then you must
create a custom core file in the application directory. A er this, you are
allowed to override or add new behavior that you wish. You should never
make any changes directly in this directory.
database – It stores the files such as database drivers, cache, and other files
that are needed for database operations.
fonts – This directory contains fonts and font-related information.
helpers – This directory consists of helper functions that come out of the
box.
language – It contains language files that are used by the framework
libraries – It contains the source files for the different libraries that come
along with CodeIgniter out of the box.
user guide: This directory consists of a user manual for CodeIgniter. You should
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 CodeIgniter Interview Questions

31. What is the security parameter for XSS in CodeIgniter?

Codeigniter has got a Cross-Site Scripting(XSS) hack prevention filter. This filter
either automatically runs or you can run it based on item, to filter all data
related to POST and COOKIE.
The XSS filter will target the frequently used methods to trigger JavaScript code
or other types of code that attempt to hijack cookies or do any other malicious
activity. If it identifies anything suspicious or anything disallowed is
encountered, then it will convert the data to character entities.
To filter data through the XSS filter, we will make use of the xss_clean() method
as given below:

$data = $this->security->xss_clean($data);

This function is used only when you are submitting data. The second Boolean
parameter is optional and used to check the image files for the XSS attacks. This is
very useful for file upload. If its value is true, that means the image is safer and not
otherwise.

32. What is the default controller in CodeIgniter?

When the name of the file is not mentioned in the URL then the file will be
specified in the default controller that is loaded by default. By default, the file
name will be welcome.php , which is known as the first page to be seen a er the
installation of CodeIgniter.
localhost/codeigniter/ In this case, the welcome.php will be generally loaded
as the file name is not mentioned in the provided URL. Generally, the
programmers can change the default controller that is present in the
application/config/routes.php file as per their needs.
$route['default_controller'] = ' '; In the above-given syntax, the programmer
has to specify the file name that he/she wants to get loaded as the default one.

33. List all the auto-loadable resources available in CodeIgniter.

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 CodeIgniter Interview Questions

The below-given items can be automatically loaded in CodeIgniter:

Classes obtained in the directory named libraries/
Custom config files obtained in the directory named config/
Helper files obtained in the directory named helpers/
Models obtained in the directory named models/
Language files obtained in the directory named system/language/
For resource autoloading, you should open the file
application/config/autoload.php and include the item that you want to be get
loaded into the array of autoloads. In the file related to each type of item, you
can find instructions.

34. What do you mean by the controller in CodeIgniter?

The mediator present between the model and the view for processing the HTTP
request and is used for generating a web page is called a controller. It is
considered as the center of each HTTP request that exists on the web
application of the user.
Consider the following URL in this reference: projectName/index.php/welcome/
In this URL, the CodeIgniter is trying to find the welcome.php file and the
Welcome class.
Controller syntax is given below:

class ControllerName extends CI_Controller

{
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct();
}
public function MethodName()
{
}
}

35. Why is there a need to configure the URL routes?

Changing the URL routes has many benefits such as:

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 CodeIgniter Interview Questions

From the SEO(Search Engine Optimization) point of the view, to make URL SEO
friendly and obtain more user visits.
Hide some URL elements like controller name, function name, etc. from the
users for security purposes.
Provides different functionality to the specific parts of a system.
Conclusion:
CodeIgniter has become the predominant choice of interest for developers while
creating websites. Even though there are plenty of other choices when considering
the right programming framework for the applications, CodeIgniter has gained its
own preference in the market. The sole reason that most of the developers are
choosing it is because of the several advantages that it offers to the people.
Freedcamp, Nissan, Bonfire, Buffer, etc. are some of the websites that use the
CodeIgniter framework. There is a great amount of demand for PHP developers with
CodeIgniter skills.
This set of interview questions will definitely help you excel in the CodeIgniter job
interview. We hope these interview questions and answers on CodeIgniter will assist
you to crack the relevant interview.
References:
“Professional CodeIgniter” by Thomas Myer.
“CodeIgniter for Rapid PHP Application Development” by David Upton.
Codeigniter Guide
Codeigniter Download

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