International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 3, September 2023, pp. 1322~1330

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i3.pp1322-1330  1322

Optimal AGC of a power system incorporated BESS-

EHVAC/DC link using evolutionary techniques

Ashwini Kumar, Omveer Singh

Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University, Uttar Pradesh, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This research paper reveals the design of controller with optimization
techniques for automatic generation control (AGC) in multi-area power
Received Sep 18, 2022 system incorporated with diverse energy sources. The diverse sources are
Revised Jan 23, 2023 conventional thermal, hydro and gas power station (THG). The frequency
Accepted Feb 6, 2023 deviations should be remains constant in modern power systems.
Optimization techniques used for proposed model for proportional integral
(PI) controller which is tuned for AGC with diverse energy sources. The
Keywords: battery energy storage system (BESS) and extra high voltage alternating
current/ direct current (EHVAC/DC) link investigated with proposed model.
Area control error The proposed model has been tested with 1% step load perturbation (SLP)
Automatic generation control and MATLAB/Simulink verified their results. All the simulation results
Battery energy storage system justified the area control error (ACE) with frequency deviation & tie-line
EHVAC/DC-link power flow for area-1 and area-2. The comparative study done for PI
Frequency control controller with GA & PSO in the proposed model. It has shown its efficacy
with proposed model including BESS and EHVAC/DC-link using GA
and PSO.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Ashwini Kumar
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University
Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Frequency should be remained constant for the progressive power systems. Qualitative power
supply can be accomplished via the support of AGC for multi-area interconnected power systems with
assorted energy sources. Exigence of power supply without perturbation in frequency stands worldwide,
when load perceives from its delineated extent with perturbation, the status of the system could undergo
alteration from standard to aberrant situation. AGC should distinguish the digression in frequency and
retained it to untiring system frequency.
As the devotion of allied power systems must be equalized amid generated powers with entire load
mandate along with system deficits. If driving point swing the system frequency can departs, amassed reason
exhibits biased power in the exchange of areas, outcome may detrimental consequence [1]−[3]. Study of
proportional-integral-derivative (PID) done [4] with two areas AGC and operating source like hydro, gas and
thermal. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used for augmenting the gain of integral squared error (ISE) in
combination of integral time absolute error (ITAE). Author had worked for two area system under distinctive
usual loading situations with 1% step load disruption. The genetic algorithm and PID controller optimized for
various cases. Ramakrishna and Bhatti [5] worked for generation rate constraint (GRC) and governor dead
band (GDB) in AGC with differential evolution algorithm-based power system thru non-linearity.

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1323

Ramakrishna and Bhatti [5] developed AGC with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) for
thermal, gas sources and hydro source including nominal loading conditions which was optimized with GA.
Mohanty et al. [6] developed the differential evolution algorithm for AGC with non-linearity. For [7] worked
for Type-1 fuzzy-PID controller (T1FPID), T2FPIDF & T2FPID and standard PID controller for AGC. Babu
and Saikia [8] developed for AGC incorporated with HVDC and energy storing units in a deregulated by
using of performance index HPA-ISE. Also, the justification was done [9] for AGC.
Arya et al. [10] utilized for THG power systems. In [11] worked the parallel combination of AC/DC
links for AGC with reheat thermal turbines as optimized with GA. BESS used with AGC [12], and [13]
considered for improvement in AGC. In [14] system was analyzed for a minor load disruption and the
comparative outcomes were demonstrated for different power transactions also used a performance index
based using a finite nonlinear optimization. Rahman et al. [15] developed a robust droop control scheme for
BESS to hinder the deviation of frequency in multi-machine grid power system with active power supplied
from PV panel. Kail et al. [16] proposed the effect of DFIG-based WEC in AGC also its dynamic response is
reduced by area control error. The optimization techniques have been used for AGC [17]−[24] as to augment
the firmness of power system also review work has done by [25].
For this research article the following objectives have been investigated with input parameter and
results justified by MATLAB/Simulink: i) Design and development of mathematical model of multi-area
power system with diverse energy sources; ii) Modify the proposed model with parallel EHVAC/DC-links
and BESS; and iii) To investigate proposed power systems model using conventional PI controller, GA and
particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques.

2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND MODELLING

This research article intends a multi-source based two area power systems for AGC investigation
under different approaches. The conventional generating stations like thermal and hydro stations are
integrated with gas power plant to form area-1 of the structure. The area-2 also comprises thermal with gas
and hydro power plant to produce desired electrical power of the system. Apiece generating units are
allocated with appropriate allocation factor for efficient distribution of applied load. The individual
components of each generating unit are addressed through their transfer function expressions. The individual
generating unit relies on separate controller to obtain secondary AGC loop of the system. The controllers are
largely responsible for necessary control actions in the system.
The following equation for generator frequency Δf and ACE are given as (1).

𝐴𝐶𝐸 = 𝐵𝛥𝑓 + 𝛥𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑒 (1)

B stands for frequency bias parameter. For the transfer function; frequency-domain analysis is used in the
model for all module of the area. The turbine is epitomized by the transfer function given as (2),

∆PT (s) 1
𝐺𝑇(𝑠) = = (2)
∆PV (s) 1+ sTT

with Elgerd [2] the transfer function denoted for governor is as (3).

∆PV (s) 1
𝐺𝐺(𝑠) = = (3)
∆PG (s) 1+sTG

The speed governing system has two contributions 𝛥𝑓 and 𝛥𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 with 1 yield 𝛥𝑃𝐺(𝑠) given by [2] following:
1
𝛥𝑃𝐺(𝑠) = ΔPref(s) - Δf (s) (4)
R

The load and generator are epitomized by the transfer function as [2] follows:
KP
𝐺𝑃(𝑠) = (5)
1+sTP

1 2𝐻
where 𝐾𝑃 = and 𝑇𝑃 = .
𝐷 𝑓𝐷
The generator load system has 2 inputs 𝛥𝑃𝐷(𝑠) and 𝛥𝑃𝑇(𝑠) with 1 output 𝛥𝑓(𝑠) given by [2]
following:

𝛥𝑓 (𝑠) = 𝐺𝑃(𝑠) [𝛥𝑃𝑇(𝑠) − 𝛥𝑃𝐷(𝑠)] (6)

Optimal AGC of a power system incorporated BESS-EHVAC/DC… (Ashwini Kumar)
1324  ISSN: 2088-8694

The simulation diagram of transfer function representation for proposed two area power system is depicted in
Figure 1. A brief discussion on individual generating station has been carried out and critically demonstrated
in this section:
- Thermal unit: The reheat based thermal plant is developed with integrating various individual units’
governor, reheat turbine and non-reheat turbine.

ΔP (s) 1
V
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝐺(𝑠) = = (7)
ΔP (s) Tg s +1
G

ΔP (s) K r Tr s + 1
T
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡) 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝑇(𝑠) = = (8)
ΔP (s) Tr s +1
V

ΔP (s) 1
T
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡) 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝑇(𝑠) = = (9)
ΔP (s) Tt s +1
V

- Hydro unit: The hydro system is modelled with various individual components.
ΔP (s) 1
V
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝐺(𝑠) = = (10)
ΔP (s) Trh s+1
g

ΔP TR s+1
V1(s)
𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝐷(𝑠) = = (11)
ΔP (s) Tgh s+1
V

ΔP (s) −TW s+1

T
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝑃(𝑠) = = (12)
ΔP 0.5 TW s+1
V1(s)

- Gas Unit: The individual components of gas unit are modelled as:

ΔP (s) a
g
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝑉(𝑠) = = (13)
ΔP (s) bg s + cg
P

ΔP (s) Xc s + 1
s
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝐺(𝑠) = = (14)
ΔP (s) Yc s +1
g

ΔP (s) −Tc s + 1
R
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝐶(𝑠) = = (15)
ΔP (s) Tf s +1
s

ΔP 1
CD(s)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐺𝐶𝑂(𝑠) = = (16)
ΔP (s) Tcd s +1
R

Figure 1 explored by [4]. The simulation model of EHVAC-DC link with AGC model is derived by
Abazari et al [12]. Integration of battery energy storage system (BESS) to AGC model is also referred
from [12]. The input data for proposed system [10]:

Pri = 2000 MW; TR = 4.9s; TCR = 0.01s;

KPS = 68.9655 Hz/puMW; TRH = 28.749s; TF = 0.239s;
TPS = 11.49 s; TW = 1.1s; TCD = 0.2s;
B = 0.4312 puMW/Hz; TGH = 0.2s; KH = 0.2873;
α12 = -1; Y = 1.1s; KT = 0.5747;
R = 2.4 Hz/puMW; X = 0.6s; KG = 0.2873;
TG = 0.06; a = 1; T12 = 0.0433;
TT = 0.3s; b = 0.049s; Initial loading = 1740 MW;
Tr = 10.2s; c = 1; F° = 60 Hz.
Kr = 0.3;

Also, for EHVAC/DC [4]: Tdc = 0.25; Kdc = 1; and for is BESS [12]: Tcbs = 0.2.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1325

3. DESIGN CONTROLLER STRUCTURE OF AGC

Development of advanced control with conventional PI controller is fancied, as easy in configure
and consistent and involves lessen user proficiencies rather others. Proportional and integral are two fashion
of PI controller, the acquisition of closed loop system boosts, as it corrects transient occurrence and degrades
rise time but never eradicates steady state errors. An integral controller decreases the steady state error to
zero. Consequently, the outcome of the system through integral controller is sluggish throughout a transient
phase. The (P+I) control does not eradicate the differ amid stagnant and vibrant precision. The tactics of PI
controller has minimal digression in the former apex than the integral controller, but reduced value of settling
time is attained in event of solitary the integral controller. Also, the reaction of the system is further
oscillatory by PI controller judged thru solitary the integral controller.
d(ACE)
For | | > ɛ.
dt

ΔPC = KPACE (t) (17)

ACE is the area control error signal.

d(ACE)
| | ≤Ɛ
dt

ΔPC = KI ∫ ACE(t) (18)

While designing a controller, a fitness function is first idea established on description and confines. Control
tactics are ISE, ITAE, integral time square error (ITSE), and integral of absolute error (IAE). Ali and Abd-
Elazim [13] deliberated ITAE as a fitness function (an objective function). Similar fitness function is
appraised in this manuscript for proposed system. The constraints of PI controller can be elevated applying
GA, PSO or GWO algorithm devoting as a fitness function (J s) as specified in equation as below:

Js =∫ (|Δf1 | + |Δf2 | + |ΔPtie |) (19)

where the deviation in frequency is noted by Δf1 and Δf2 , Also the incremental change in tie line power flow
thru ΔPTie.

EHVAC-DC link
Area-1
KDC
1+sTDC
1
R1 Thermal unit 1
B1

- 𝟏 𝟏 𝐊 𝐫 𝐓𝐫 𝐬 + 𝟏 -
𝐓𝐠 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐓𝐭 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐓𝐫 𝐬 + 𝟏 KT1
+
+ +
Hydro unit -
PI
+
- 𝟏 𝐓𝐑 𝐬 + 𝟏 −𝐓𝐖 𝐬 + 𝟏 KP1
PI 𝐓𝐫𝐡 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐓𝐠𝐡 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐓𝐖 𝐬 + 𝟏
KH +
+ 1+sTP1
Controller + 1

Gas unit 1
+ PS- 1
+
𝐗𝐜 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐚 −𝐓𝐜 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝟏
- KG
𝐘𝐜 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐛𝐠 𝐬 + 𝐜𝐠 𝐓𝐟 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐓𝐜𝐝 𝐬 + 𝟏 +
1
+
2πT12
s
Area-2 _
α12 𝟏 𝐊 𝐫 𝐓𝐫 𝐬 + 𝟏
- 𝟏
𝐓𝐠 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐓𝐭 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐓𝐫 𝐬 + 𝟏 KT2 α12
+
+
-
+ - 𝟏 𝐓𝐑 𝐬 + 𝟏 −𝐓𝐖 𝐬 + 𝟏
PI KH +
𝐓𝐫𝐡 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐓𝐠𝐡 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐓𝐖 𝐬 + 𝟏 +
+ 2
+ KP2
PI 1+sTP2
Controller +
𝐗𝐜 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐚 −𝐓𝐜 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝟏 +
- KG
𝐘𝐜 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐛𝐠 𝐬 + 𝐜𝐠 𝐓𝐟 𝐬 + 𝟏 𝐓𝐜𝐝 𝐬 + 𝟏 1
2 PS-2
+
-
B2
1
1
R2
1+sTcbs
BESS

Figure 1. Multi-area thermal, hydro and gas plant (THG) model incorporating with EHVAC/DC-link and BESS

Optimal AGC of a power system incorporated BESS-EHVAC/DC… (Ashwini Kumar)

1326  ISSN: 2088-8694

4. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
Optimization techniques are a dominant set of tools for solving difficult real-world problems. The
application field has matured diverse in recent years, covering almost all engineering and science disciplines.
Optimization problems usually have three essential basics. The main is a solitary statistical measure, or
objective function, that is to be amplified or abated. Another element is a set of variables, which are sizes
whose standards can be manipulated in mandate to enrich the objective. The third element of an optimization
difficulty is a set of limitations, which are boundaries on the costs that the variables can take.

4.1. Particle swarm optimization (PSO)

This is an exploratory procedure which is known as a swarm (working with having a population)
candidate solutions (called particles). Movement of particles across the hunt-space and are also directed by
their individual best-known pose in the hunt-space provides swarm's best-known stance. The flow chart of
PSO is given in Figure 2. Number of iterations used = 100.

Start

Prepare the data of power system, parameters of PSO, size of swarm and maximum iteration

Arbitrarily initialize the particles with position (xi) and velocity (vi)

Run the system model and estimate the predefined fitness function f(xi) of each particle

Pick the best fitness, set the related result as old global best (g best, old) and set the initial population (xi) as old local best
(p best, old)

Update the velocity and generate new particles (xi, new)

Calculate the fitness f(xi, new) of each newly generated particles, recognize the best solution, set it as new global best
(g best, new) and update the local best founded on the operation of xi, new and xi

Yes No
Is g best, new execution
Update g best Keep previous g best
better?

Store the best particle

Revise the iteration count

No
Is maximum iteration
attained?

Yes

Choose the best solution

End

Figure 2. Flow chart of particle swarm optimization

4.2. Genetic algorithm (GA)

Exploration-based optimization practice is known as genetic algorithm (GA) on the ideologies of
Inheritances and natural assortment. It is often exercised to acquire optimal or near-optimal results to
challenging hindrances which otherwise would take a lifetime to resolve. It is utilized in this research. The
flow chart of GA is given in Figure 3. Both PSO and GA are used to optimize the proposed model of AGC
with PI controller. The simulation results show their suitability for optimization. All simulations have been
performed for 1% SLP, in area-1. Settling time, Undershoot and Overshoot for model with inclusion of BESS
& EHVAC/DC–link with 1% SLP is shown in Table 1.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1327

Start optimization

Generate Random population

Calculate fitness function

No
Select a pair of chromosomes

Form an off spring yi Done

Yes
No
End? Replace old population

Yes

End optimization

Stop

Figure 3. Flow chart of genetic algorithm

Table 1. Settling time, Undershoot and Overshoot for model with inclusion of BESS & EHVAC/DC–link
with 1% SLP
Parameter Settling time (sec) ST Undershoot US (-ve) Overshoot OS
PI GA PSO PI GA PSO PI GA PSO
THG ∆ F1 (Hz) 5.5 4 2.6 0.038 0.036 0.0365 0.011 0.009 0.005
∆ F2 (Hz) 5.3 3.5 2.8 0.042 0.033 0.0335 0.0105 0.005 0.003
∆ P Tie (p.u. 7.00 4.64 2.8 0.007727 0.004976 0.00498 0.0009027 0.001113 0.0009214
MW)
BESS ∆ F1 (Hz) 4.802 2.1 1.88 0.03779 0.02832 0.03157 0.007794 0.01441 0.02088
∆ F2 (Hz) 5.082 2.1 1.9 0.04264 0.0111 0.02622 0.007542 0.008211 0.01044
∆ P Tie (p.u. 6.602 2.997 2.434 0.007682 0.00333 0.008869 0.0006032 0.0004364 0.002821
MW)
EHVAC/DC- ∆ F1 (Hz) 9.64 5.323 4.329 0.01356 0.01433 0.01398 9.512×10-4 0.002049 0.002043
link ∆ F2 (Hz) 9.624 5.523 4.329 0.009909 0.00846 0.01102 7.176×10-4 0.002244 0.001914
∆ P Tie (p.u. >10 5.523 4.329 0.9997 1 1 0.1979 0.2476 0.1182
MW)

5. RESULTS AND THEIR ANALYSIS

This paper has a detailed discussion of simulation for proposed model of AGC. Also, incorporations of
EHVAC/HVDC and BESS. The simulation has been performed for given model by considering with/without
GA tune PI controller and PSO tuned PI controller. Again this model is connected with BESS and then it again
with GA tuned PI controller followed by PSO tuned PI controller. Similarly proposed model integrated with
EHVAC/ DC-link and again with GA tuned PI controller followed by PSO tuned PI controller.

5.1. Test case: a (results with GA and PSO tuned PI controller)

In THG with PI model the ∆ F1 (settling time = 5.5 sec) and for area-2 frequency deviation (settling
time= 5.3 sec) and Tie-line power deviation ∆ Ptie is 7 Sec. and it has compared with GA and PSO in Table 1.
Also, in Figure 4 and Figure 5(a). The real simulation has been showed in Figure 5(b) with modeling for 1%
SLP of THG with GA and PSO tuned PI.

5.2. Test case: b (result of AGC-THG for BESS & EHVAC/DC-link with PI controller)
This test has been verified with Figure 6. Which shows the frequency deviance in area-1 and area-2;
also Figure 7 show the result of deviation in tie line power, for GA and PSO. Results of Ts, Us/Os and Js for
test system AGC – THG-PI (with 1% SLP with PSO) has been shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Results of Ts, Us/Os and Js for test system AGC – THG-PI (with 1% SLP with PSO)
Controller type Ts (s) |Us| |Os| (Hz) |Os| Js
|Us| (Hz)
(puMW) (puMW)
∆ F1 ∆ F2 ΔPtie ∆ F1 ∆ F2 ΔPtie ∆ F1 ∆ F2 ΔPtie
AGC-THG-PI with 2.6 2.8 2.8 0.0365 0.0335 0.00498 0.005 0.003 0.0009214 0.81
PSO
DE: PID [6] 6.87 6.89 4.40 0.0193 0.0154 0.0042 2.6×10–3 1.8×10–3 1.4×10–4 n/a
hBFOA-PSO: PI [17] 14.22 15.32 11.05 0.0321 0.0330 0.0085 0.0101 4.2×10–3 2.6×10–4 0.3948

Optimal AGC of a power system incorporated BESS-EHVAC/DC… (Ashwini Kumar)

1328  ISSN: 2088-8694

0.02
PI
GA tuned PI
0.01
PSO tuned PI

F 1 (Hz)
-0.01 For 1% SLP in Area-1
(a)
-0.02


-0.03

-0.04
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s)
0.02
PI
0.01 GA tuned PI
PSO tuned PI
0
F 2 (Hz)

-0.01
(b)
-0.02


For 1% SLP in Area-1

-0.03

-0.04

-0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s)

Figure 4. Frequency response for (1% SLP) in THG system with GA and PSO, (a) in area-1 and (b) in area-2

-3
x 10
2

0
PI
P tie (p.u.)

-2 GA tuned PI
PSO tuned PI
-4


For 1% SLP in Area-1

-6

-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s)
(a)

(b)

Figure 5. Tie-line power flow deviation in THG system for PI (1% SLP): (a) with GA and PSO and
(b) simulation picture

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1329

0.02

0.01

 F 1 (Hz)
(a) -0.01 PI
PSO tuned PI
PSO tuned PI with BESS
-0.02 PSO tuned PI with EHVAC/DC- link

-0.03

-0.04
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s)
0.02

0.01

0
F 2 (Hz)

-0.01 PI
(b) PSO tuned PI
-0.02 PSO tuned PI with BESS


PSO tuned PI with EHVAC/DC-link

-0.03

-0.04

-0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s)

Figure 6. Frequency response of (1% SLP) in THG system for BESS & EHVAC/DC-link with PSO tuned PI:
(a) in area-1 and (b) in area-2

-3
x 10
2
PI
PSO tuned PI
0 PSO tuned PI with BESS
0.2 PSO tuned PI with EHVAC/DC-link
P tie (p.u.)

-2
0.1 0.5

-4 0 0


-0.1 -0.5
-6
0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 2 4 6 8 10

-8
0 1 2 3 4
Time (s)

Figure 7. Tie-line power flow deviation (Δ Ptie p.u.MW) in THG system for BESS and EHVAC/DC-link with
PSO tuned PI

6. CONCLUSION
A successful analysis of AGC in multi-area interconnected sundry energy sources of power system
is well synthesized in this article. This work specially focused on evolutionary techniques-based PI
controllers for tie-line power flow and frequency of the power system under altered operating conditions.
This article also reveals the design of controllers using evolutionary techniques like GA and PSO for AGC in
multi-area power system for optimal dynamic results. The utilization of BESS and EHVAC/HVDC link is
also investigated and verified in the proposed model. The anticipated model has been examined with 1% SLP
through MATLAB/Simulink software platform. All the dynamic results justified the ascendency of the PSO
tuned PI controllers over other tested controllers in all studies.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ashwini Kumar is currently pursues Ph.D in Electrical Engineering Department
from School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar,
U.P. India. He has fine experience in teaching and research field of electrical engineering. He can
be contacted at email: [email protected].

Omveer Singh has more than 17 years of experience in teaching as well as research
and development. He achieved his Ph.D. (Power Systems) from Faculty of Engineering and
Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (NAAC A++ Grade, A Central University), New Delhi, India.
Currently, he is working as an Assistant Professor (Senior Scale) in Dept. of Electrical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University (Established by Government of
Uttar Pradesh), Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has diversified research interests and
teaching experience of the subjects of Power Systems, Renewable Energy Sources, Electric
Vehicles and Artificial Intelligence. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 3, September 2023: 1322-1330