PART 1:

BASIC ALGEBRA
 MATRIX
DEFINITION
A rectangular array of numbers enclosed within brackets
and arranged in m rows and n columns. Each number in the
matrix is called an element. A matrix having only one row is
called a row matrix {row vector} while a matrix having only
one column is called a column matrix {column vector}. If the
number of rows m and column n are equal the matrix is called
a square matrix
 MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRICES
I. SQUARE MATRIX:
A matrix with equal number of rows and columns. The
special property of a square matrix is that is has a
determinant. Non-square matrix has no determinant!
 MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRICES
II. DIAGONAL MATRIX:
A matrix by which the principal diagonal are scalar and
all other elements are zero.

III. SCALAR MATRIX:

A diagonal matrix by which the principal diagonal are
scalar and equal.
 MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRICES
IV. IDENTITY MATRIX:
A diagonal matrix by which the principal diagonal are
all “1”.

V. TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix whose elements below or above the
principal diagonals are all zeros.
1. Upper triangular matrix
2. Lower triangular matrix
 MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRICES
VI. ZERO MATRIX
– a square matrix whose elements are all zeros.
VII. SINGULAR MATRIX
– a square matrix whose determinant is ZERO.
VIII. UNIMODULAR MATRIX
– a square matrix whose determinant is ONE.
IX. SYMMETRIC MATRIX
– a matrix where AT = A
 ARITHMETIC ON MATRICES
COMFORMABLE MATRICES
TWO MATRICES ARE CONFORMABLE IF WE CAN PERFORM
THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS:
 ADDITION/SUBTRACTION
– if they have the same dimension (m x n)
 MULTIPLICATION
– if the number of columns of the multiplicand is equal to
the number of rows of the multiplier.
(m×k)∙(k×n) = m×n
 ARITHMETIC ON MATRICES
MATRIX AND SCALAR OPERATIONS
A MATRIX AND A SCALAR CAN PERFORM THE FOLLOWING
OPERATIONS:
 ADDITION/SUBTRACTION
– if we transform the scalar quantity to a scalar matrix
with dimension equal to the matrix.
 MULTIPLICATION
– by simply multiplying each element by the scalar.
 DETERMINANTS
DEFINITION
It is a special number that can be calculated from a
SQUARE MATRIX only. It can be used in systems of linear
equations, help us find the inverse of a matrix and even useful
in calculus and more.
 OPERATION ON SQUARE MATRICES
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
I. TRANSPOSE
It is done by interchanging the rows and columns of the
matrix.
II. INVERSE MATRIX (A-1)
– It is obtained by the formula:

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|
 OPERATION ON SQUARE MATRICES
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
III. EIGENVALUES
– for the given matrix:

5−𝜆 8 16
4 1−𝜆 8
−4 −4 −11 − 𝜆

The values of 𝜆 that will make the determinant of the

matrix equal to zero are the eigenvalues of the matrix.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN BASIC ALGEBRA
QUESTION NO. 1
For the given matrices below, find AB.
5 8 16 −6 7
𝐴= 4 1 8 𝐵= 2 14
−4 −4 −11 10 −11
146 −29 146 29
A. 58 −46 C. 58 46
−94 37 −94 −37
−146 −29 −146 29
B. −58 −46 D. −58 46
94 37 94 −37
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN BASIC ALGEBRA
QUESTION NO. 2
3 + 𝑗4 −2
Evaluate the determinant: 𝐴 =
−2𝑖 3 − 𝑗4
A. 21 C. 25 – j4
B. 29 D. 13 – j16
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN BASIC ALGEBRA
QUESTION NO. 3
5 8 16
𝑀= 4 1 8
−4 −4 −11

Find the determinant of Matrix M.

A. 9 C. 11
B. 10 D. 12
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN BASIC ALGEBRA
QUESTION NO. 4
5 8 16
𝑀= 4 1 8
−4 −4 −11

Find the eigenvalues of M.

A. 1, 3, 3 C. 1, –3, –3
B. 1, –3, 3 D. –1, –3, –3
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN BASIC ALGEBRA
QUESTION NO. 5
5 8 16
𝑀= 4 1 8
−4 −4 −11

Find the determinant of the inverse of matrix M.

A. 9 C. 18
B. 1/9 D. 1/18
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN BASIC ALGEBRA
QUESTION NO. 6
Evaluate the determinant:

A. 489 C. 326
B. 389 D. 452
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN BASIC ALGEBRA
QUESTION NO. 7
2 −7
If 𝑋 = , calculate the determinant of:
4 9
2𝑋 2 + 3𝑋 + 5
A. 23931 C. 13249
B. 23419 D. 12394
 PART 2:
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
The Cartesian Coordinate system is consists of two
perpendicular lines which intersect at the point O called the
origin. The horizontal line is called the x-axis and the vertical
line is called the y-axis. Together, they are called as the
Cartesian Coordinate Axes.
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
THE THREE UNDEFINED TERMS IN GEOMETRY

POINT LINE PLANE

- Set of - Has Flat
- No size
points Surface
- Only
extending - No
Location
in one Thickness
dimension
infinitely
 POINT
DEFINITION
It is simply a location, has no size, no width, no length
and no depth. A point is shown by a dot in the coordinate
axis. A point has two parameter:
 ABSCISSA – distance of a point from the y-axis.
 ORDINATE – distance of a point from the x-axis.
 APPLICATE – distance of a point from the xy plane.

𝑃 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
 POINT
THE DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance between two distinct points can be
computed using the distance formula.

𝑑= ∆𝑥 2 + ∆𝑦 2

𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
 LINES AND LINE SEGMENT
MIDPOINT
The midpoint of a LINE AND LINE SEGMENT is a point
that divides the segment into two part of equal length.

𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝑥𝑚 =
2
𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑦𝑚 =
2
 LINES AND LINE SEGMENT
DEFINITION
A line is a straight one-dimensional figure having no
thickness and extending infinitely in both directions.

The general equation of a line is given by:

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
 LINES AND LINE SEGMENT
ANGLE OF INCLINATION
It is defined as the smallest positive angle that the line
makes with the positive x-axis.

−1
∆𝑦
𝜃 = tan
∆𝑥

−1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝜃 = tan
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
 LINES AND LINE SEGMENT
SLOPE OF A LINE
It is a number that measures its "steepness“ of a line.

𝑚 = tan(𝜃)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
 LINES AND LINE SEGMENT
SLOPE OF A LINE
PROPERTIES OF SLOPE OF A LINE:
 Horizontal line: m=0
 Vertical line: m=∞
 Upward to the right: m is POSITIVE
 Upward to the left: m is NEGATIVE
 For parallel lines m 1 = m2
 For perpendicular lines m1 = –1/m2
 EQUATIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE
GENERAL AND STANDARD FORMS
GENERAL EQUATION:
 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

STANDARD EQUATIONS:
 Point – Slope Form
 Slope – y Intercept Form (Slope – Intercept form)
 Two – point Form
 EQUATIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE
STANDARD EQUATIONS
 POINT – SLOPE FORM:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

GIVEN:
POINT – (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the line
SLOPE – 𝑚 of the line
 EQUATIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE
STANDARD EQUATIONS
 SLOPE – INTERCEPT FORM:

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

GIVEN:
SLOPE – 𝑚 of the line
Y-INTERCEPT – y = b when x = 0
 EQUATIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE
STANDARD EQUATIONS
 TWO – POINT FORM:

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

GIVEN:
TWO POINTS – 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
 PARALLEL LINES
EQUATIONS OF PARALLEL LINES

L1: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0
L2: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶2 = 0

Slope:
𝐴
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = −
𝐵
 PERPENDICULAR LINES
EQUATIONS OF PERPENDICULAR LINES

L1: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0
L2: ±𝐵𝑥 ∓ 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶2 = 0

Slope:
1
𝑚1 = −
𝑚2
 DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
FORMULA:

𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2
 DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL LINES
FORMULA:

L1: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0
L2: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶2 = 0

𝐶2 − 𝐶1
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2
 INTERSECTING LINES
ANGLE BETWEEN INTERSECTING LINES

−1
𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝜃 = tan
1 + 𝑚1 ∙ 𝑚2
 INTERSECTING LINES
POINT OF INTERSECTION OF TWO LINES
The point of intersection of two
lines is where the x and y
values of the two lines are
equal. Solve using system of
linear equations (mode 5:1)
 PLANES
DEFINITION
A plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends
infinitely far. A two-variable or three-variable linear equation
is a plane in 3-D coordinate system.
 PLANES
2-D VS 3-D COORDINATE SYSTEM
2x + 3y + 5 = 0 is an equation of:
 PLANES
2-D VS 3-D COORDINATE SYSTEM
2x + 3y + 5z + 10 = 0 is an equation of _______.
 PLANES
DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A PLANE

𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶𝑧1 + 𝐷

𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 𝐶 2
 PLANES
DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL PLANES

𝐷2 − 𝐷1
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 𝐶 2
 SUMMARY
COMMON ELEMENTS IN GEOMETRY
 CONIC SECTIONS
DEFINITION
Conic sections or simply conics are curves obtained from
the intersection of a plane with a right circular cone.
Depending on the orientation of the plane with respect to the
cone, four basic types of conics can be generated.
In modern mathematics, conics is defined as the locus of
a point which moves in such a way that the ratio of its
distance from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix)
is constant. The constant ratio is called eccentricity.
 CONIC SECTIONS
GENERATION OF CONICS
 CIRCLE – cutting plane parallel to the “base”.
 ELLIPSE – cutting plane not parallel to any element of the
circular cone.
 PARABOLA – cutting plane parallel to the slant height.
 HYPERBOLA – cutting plane parallel to the y–axis.
 CONIC SECTIONS
GENERATION OF CONICS
 CONIC SECTIONS
GENERATION OF CONICS
Passing the plane through the right circular cone in a
certain specific ways produces what we called as degenerate
conics, which include a point, a line, and two intersecting lines.
 CONIC SECTIONS
GENERATION OF CONICS
 CONIC SECTIONS
CONICS EQUATION OF CONICS
 GENERAL EQUATION:

2 2
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

Conic sections are two-variable second – degree

equation.
 CONIC SECTIONS
CONICS EQUATION OF CONICS
 GENERAL EQUATION:
The safest way to determine what type of conic section
is a given general equation is trough its discriminant.

𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶

where: B = coefficient of 𝑥𝑦
A = coefficient of 𝑥 2
C = coefficient of 𝑦 2
 CONIC SECTIONS
CONICS EQUATION OF CONICS
 GENERAL EQUATION:
2
 𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0 → Circle if 𝐴 = 𝐶
→ Ellipse if 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶
2
 𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 → Parabola
 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0 → Hyperbola
 POLAR COORDINATE AXES
DEFINITION
A polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional
coordinate system in which each point on a plane is
determined by a distance from a reference point (origin) and
an angle from a reference direction.
 POLAR COORDINATE AXES
COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
 RECTANGULAR TO POLAR COORDINATES:
(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑟
𝑦
𝑦 𝜃
𝜃 = tan−1 𝑥
𝑥
 POLAR COORDINATE AXES
COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
 POLAR TO RECTANGULAR COORDINATES:
(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃) 𝑟
𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin(𝜃) 𝜃
𝑥
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 1
Determine the intersection of the lines 4x – 5y = 26 and 3x
+ 7y + 2 = 0.
A. (4, 2)
B. (4, –2)
C. (–4, 2)
D. (–4, –2)
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 2
Find the length and inclination of the line segment with
terminal points (4, 1) and (-3, -3).
A. √60 ; 0.52o
B. √65 ; 0.52o
C. √60 ; 29.745o
D. √65 ; 29.745o
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 3
Find the distance between the points (–2, 4, 1) and (–3, 5, –
4).
A. √3
B. 2√3
C. 3√3
D. 4√3
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 4
Determine “k” such that the line 3x + 2y – 7 = 0 is parallel to
the line 2x – ky + 2 = 0.
A. -4/3
B. -3/4
C. 4/3
D. 3/4
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 5
Find the equation of a line through (0,4) which is
perpendicular to line x – 3y = 0.
A. 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0
B. 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0
C. 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0
D. 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 6
Find an equation of the line that passes through (–5, –6) and
(4, 3).
A. 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0
B. 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
C. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0
D. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 7
Find the x-intercept of a line which passes through point (2,1)
and is perpendicular to a line 3x + 4y + 8 = 0.
A. 4/5
B. -4/5
C. 5/4
D. -5/4
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 8
What is the distance between line x + 2y + 8 = 0 and the
point (5, –2)?
A. 4.025 units
B. 4.205 units
C. 4.250 units
D. 4.502 units
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 9
Find the distance between the lines, 3x + y – 12 = 0 and 6x
+ 2y – 8 = 0.
A. 2.35 units
B. 2.53 units
C. 3.25 units
D. 3.52 units
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 10
Find the smallest angle between the lines 2x + y – 8 = 0 and
x + 3y + 4 = 0.
A. 30o
B. 45o
C. 50o
D. 60o
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 11
What conic section is represented by the equation 𝑥 2 +
4𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 10 = 0?
A. Circle
B. Ellipse
C. Parabola
D. Hyperbola
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 12
Determine the conic section represented by the polar curve
𝑟cos 2 𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 = 16 sin 𝜃.
A. Circle
B. Ellipse
C. Parabola
D. Hyperbola
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
QUESTION NO. 13
Given the polar equation of the curve:
𝑟 2 4sin2 𝜃 + 9cos 2 𝜃 = 36
Determine the conic section represented by this equation.
A. Circle
B. Ellipse
C. Parabola
D. Hyperbola
 PART 3:
FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
 FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION
A function is a relationship between two variables such
that to each value of the independent variable there
corresponds exactly one value of the dependent variable
 FUNCTIONS
NOTATIONS
Let y = dependent variable
x = independent variable

 y=x+7
 f(x) = x + 7
 xx+7
 f:xx+7
 f = {(x,y) | y = x + 7}
 FUNCTIONS
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
y = an · x n + an −1 · x n −1 + … + a1 · x + a0

 RATIONAL FUNCTION
y = g(x) / h(x)

 POWER FUNCTION
y = a·xn
 FUNCTIONS
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
y = a·bx

 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
y = a ln (x) + b

 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
y = a sin (b x + c)
 DOMAIN AND RANGE
DEFINITIONS
The CODOMAIN of a function is the set of numbers that
contains the “possible” x-values (independent variable) which
will output real y-values (dependent variable).

The DOMAIN of a function is the set of all actual x-

values which will make the function "work", and will output
real y-values.
 DOMAIN AND RANGE
FINDING THE DOMAIN
When finding the domain, remember:
 The denominator of a rational function cannot be zero.
 The number under a square root sign must be positive or 0.
 DOMAIN AND RANGE
RANGE
The RANGE of a function is the complete set of all
possible resulting values of the dependent variable (usually
y), after substituting the domain.
 ODD AND EVEN FUNCTION
EVEN FUNCTIONS
An EVEN function is a function [y = f(x)] that is
symmetrical to the y-axis, that is when the value of the
dependent variable is the same for the positive and negative
value of each independent variable.

𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
 ODD AND EVEN FUNCTION
ODD FUNCTIONS
An ODD function is a function [y = f(x)] that is
symmetrical to the origin, that is when the value of the
dependent variable is the negative of the other in positive
and negative value of each independent variable.

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
 ODD AND EVEN FUNCTION
NIETHER ODD NOR EVEN
Take note that all functions can be classified as either
odd, even or neither even nor odd.
 DEFINING A FUNCTION
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
It is a combination of two or more functions in which the
output of any of the given functions is used as input of the
other function.
Examples:
f(g(x))  read as “f of g of x”
(g○h)(x)  read as “g of h of x
h○g(x)  read as “h of g of x”
 DEFINING A FUNCTION
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
When working with composite functions, keep these
things in mind:
 To evaluate composite functions, always evaluate the inside
function first.
 The order in which two or more functions are composed
matters. That is: f(g(x)) ≠ g(f(x))
 DEFINING A FUNCTION
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
A function in which the values of the independent and
dependent variables are interchange from the original
function.
In getting the inverse of a function, simply interchange x
and y and express y in the resulting equation in terms of x.
 DEFINING A FUNCTION
PIECEWISE FUNCTION
Also termed as HYBRID FUNCTION is a function which is
defined by multiple sub-functions, each sub-function applying
to a certain interval of the main function's domain.

𝑓(𝑥), 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏
𝑦=ቊ
𝑔(𝑥), 𝑏≤𝑥≤𝑐
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 1
The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 + 6 − 𝑥 is
A. [0, ∞) C. [1, 6]
B. (-∞, 6) D. None of these
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 2
Find the range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4.
A. (0, ∞) C. (0, ∞]
B. [0, ∞] D. [0, ∞)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 3
The domain of the function f(x) = [sin-1(x – 3)]/sqrt (9 – x2)
A. [2, 3] C. [1, 2]
B. [2, 3) D. [1, 2)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 4
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥6 + 4𝑥2 – 1 is an ____ function.
A. odd C. both even and odd
B. even D. not even or odd
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 5
The function y = x/(x^2 – 1) is an _____ function.
A. odd C. both even and odd
B. even D. not even or odd
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 6
The function y = x/(1 +2^x) + x/2 is an:
A. odd C. both even and odd
B. even D. not even or odd
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 7
Let f and g be the functions from the set of integers to the set
of integers defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = -x2 + 5.
What is the composition 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 )?
A. -3x2 + 14 C. -4x2 – 12x – 4
B. -3x2 – 14 D. -4x2 + 12x – 4
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 8
Find h-1(x) of the function h(x) = (x + 4)/(2x – 5)
A. (4x + 5)/(2x – 1) C. (4x + 5)/(2 – x)
B. (4 + 5x)/(2 – x) D. (4 + 5x)/(2x – 1)
 PROGRESSIONS
DEFINITION
A progression is a sequence in which there is a common
difference or common ratio of each term to its preceding term
in the same way.
 PROGRESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
A sequence in which there is a common difference “d”
between any two consecutive terms.

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚 ∙ 𝑑

an = nth term (unknown) n = unknown term

am = mth term (given) m = given term
d = common difference
 PROGRESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
An A.P. follows a linear equation with general form of:

𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥

Using calculator technique:

y = an (any term) x=n
A = a0 (0th term)
B = d (common difference)
 PROGRESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
ARITHMETIC MEAN (amean) is a number to be inserted
between two numbers to make an arithmetic progression.

𝑎 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑚
𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
2

an and am are any real numbers.

 PROGRESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
Sum of “n” number of terms of an arithmetic progression:
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2

Sn = sum of n terms d = common difference

n = number of terms
a1 = first term
 PROGRESSIONS
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
A sequence in which there is a common ratio “r” between
any two consecutive terms.

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑟 𝑛−𝑚

an = nth term (unknown) n = unknown term

am = mth term (given) m = given term
r = common ratio
 PROGRESSIONS
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
A G.P. follows an exponential equation with general
form of:
𝑥
𝑦 =𝐴∙𝐵

Using calculator technique:

y = an (any term) x=n
A = a0 (0th term)
B = r (common ratio)
 PROGRESSIONS
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
GEOMETRIC MEAN (amean) is a number to be inserted
between two numbers to make a geometric progression.

𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑎𝑚

an and am are any real numbers.

 PROGRESSIONS
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Sum of “n” number of terms of a geometric progression:

𝑟𝑛 − 1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟>1
𝑟−1

Sn = sum of n terms r = common ratio

n = number of terms
a1 = first term
 PROGRESSIONS
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Sum of “n” number of terms of a geometric progression:

1 − 𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟<1
1−𝑟

Sn = sum of n terms r = common ratio

n = number of terms
a1 = first term
 PROGRESSIONS
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Sum of infinite number of terms of a geometric
progression:
𝑎1
𝑆∞ = 𝑟<1
1−𝑟

Sn = sum of n terms
a1 = first term For r > 1: 𝑆 ∞ = ∞
r = common ratio
 PROGRESSIONS
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
A sequence in which each term is the reciprocal of the
corresponding term of a series in arithmetic progression. For
example:
1 1 1 1 1
, , , , ,…
2 4 6 8 10

Observe that the reciprocal of each term (2,4,6,8,10,…)

is in arithmetic progression.
 PROGRESSIONS
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
HARMONIC MEAN (amean) is a number to be inserted
between two numbers to make a harmonic progression.

2𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑚
𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑎 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑚

an and am are any real numbers.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 9
If the 4th term of a geometric progression is 4 and the
common ratio is 2, what is the 7th term?
A. 16 C. 32
B. 26 D. 28
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 10
What is the 11th term of the harmonic progression if the 1st
term and the 3rd term is 1/2 and 1/6 respectively?
A. 1/20 C. 1/4
B. 1/12 D. 1/22
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
QUESTION NO. 11
How many terms in the expression 3, 5, 7 must be taken in
order that their sum will be 2600.
A. 47 C. 52
B. 50 D. 60
THANK YOU!