Conclusion Technical drawings

Effective communication is possible when graphical Technical drawings allows efficient communication among
language is supported by written language/vocal language engineers and can be kept as a record of the planning
and vice versa. process. Since a picture is worth a thousand words, a
technical drawing is a much more effective tool for
Engineering drawing is a language that uses both graphical
engineers than a written plan.
language and written language for effective communication.
The technical drawing, on the other hand is not subtle, or
Engineering drawing is a graphical language that
abstract. It does not require an understanding of its creator,
also uses written language for effective
only on understanding of technical drawings. A technical
communication.
drawing is a means of clearly and concisely communicating
The importance of Engineering Drawing all of the information necessary to transform an idea or a
The economic success of any country is mainly dependent concept in to reality. Therefore, a technical drawing often
on its industrial development. Due to globalization, any contains more than just a graphic representation of its
industry in our country is expected to be of a global market subject. It also contains dimensions, notes and
standard. For the above-mentioned reasons, our Indian specifications.
products require very high quality for their size, dimension, Fields of use
fit, tolerance, and finish etc.
Technical drawing is the preferred method of drafting in all
To produce the best standard product, all the technical engineering fields, including, but not limited to, civil
personnel (Engineers to Craftsman) in an industry must engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering
have a sound knowledge of engineering drawing because and architecture.
engineering drawing is the language of engineers.
Purpose of studying engineering drawing
Engineering drawing is a universal language. Different
types of lines make up their alphabets. Technical personnel 1 To develop the ability to produce simple engineering
in any industry, including craftsman, are expected to drawing and sketches based on current practice
communicate anything concerning a part or a component
2 To develop the skills to read manufacturing and
by means of drawings involving lines, symbols,
construction drawings used in industry.
conventions, abbreviations etc.
3 To develop a working knowledge of the layout of plant
With our spoken languages, it is impossible to express
and equipment.
the details of a job or a product. Engineering drawing
knowledge and practise are a must for designing or 4 To develop skills in abstracting information from
producing a component or part. Even a small mistake in calculation sheets and schematic diagrams to produce
the drawing may reflect very badly on the product. Therefore, working drawings for manufacturers, installers and
reading and doing engineering drawings are very essential fabricators.
for craftsmen and engineers. Main types of Engineering drawing
A drawing is a graphical representation of an object, or
Regardless of branch of engineering the engineering drawing
part of it, and is the result of creative thought by an engineer
is used. However based on the major engineering
or technician. When one person sketches a rough map in
branches, engineering drawing can be classified as follows:
giving direction to another, this is graphic communication.
(Fig 2)
Graphic communication involves using visual materials to
relate ideas drawings, photographs, slides, transparencies, Mechanical Engineering drawings
and sketches are all forms of graphic communication. Any Some examples of mechanical engineering drawings are
medium that uses a graphic image to aid in conveying a part and assembly drawings, riveted joints, welded joints,
message, instructions, or an idea is involved in graphic fabrication drawings, pneumatics and hydraulics drawings,
communication. pipeline diagrams, keys coupling drawings etc. (Fig 3&4)
One of the most widely used forms of graphic Electrical Engineering drawing
communication is the drawing. Technically, it can be
defined as "a graphic representation of an idea, a Wiring diagrams of home and industries, circuit diagrams,
concept or an entity which actually or potentially electrical installation drawings etc.
exists in life" Example
Drawing is one of the oldest forms of communicating, The voltage supply to a filament lamp is 10.8V. The voltage
dating back even farther than verbal communication. The should be 12V. (Fig 5)
drawing itself is a method of communicating necessary
information about an abstract, such as an idea or concept
or a graphic representation of some real entity, such as a
machine part, house or tools. There are two basic types
of drawings: Artistic and Technical drawings.

2 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.01
Mechanical Engineering Drawings (Fig 3&4) Electrical Engineering Drawing (Fig 5)

Electronics Engineering Drawing

Audio amplifier (Fig 6)

Civil Engineering Drawing (Fig 7)

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.01 3
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.1.02
Engineering Drawing

Conventions

TYPE CONVENTION MATERIALS

Steel, Cast Iron, Copper and its Alloys,

Aluminium and its alloy, etc

Metals

Lead, Zinc, Tin, White-metal, etc.

Glass Glass

Porcelain, Stoneware, Marble, Slate etc

Packing and Insulating Asbestos, Fibre, Felt, Synthetic resin

materials products, Paper, Cork, Linoleum,
Rubber, Leather, Wax, insulating &
Filling Materials etc

Liquid Water, Oil, Petrol, Kerosene etc

Wood Wood, Plywood etc

Concrete Concrete

4
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.1.03
Engineering Drawing

Sizes and layout of drawing sheets

Size of drawing sheets (in mm): While being worked on
or handled, the drawing sheets are prone to tear along the
edges. So slightly larger(untrimmed) sheets are preferred.
They are trimmed afterwards. IS:10811:1983 lays down such
as designation of preferred trimmed and untrimmed sizes.
Designation of sheets: The drawing sheets are designated
by symbols such as A0, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5. A0 being
the largest and A5 is smallest. Table 1 below gives the
length and breadth of the above sizes of sheets. (Trimmed
and untrimmed)
The relationship between two sides is same as that
between a side of a square and its diagonal.

TABLE 1
Designation Trimmed size Untrimmed size
A0 841 x 1189 880 x 1230
A1 594 x 841 625 x 880
A2 420 x 594 450 x 625
A3 297 x 420 330 x 450
A4 210 x 297 240 x 330
A5 148 x 210 165 x 240

Special elongated series increasing its widths, double,

treble etc. are denoted as follows A3 x 3, A3 x 4, A4 x 3,
A4 x 4, A4 x 5. Please refer Table 2.

TABLE 2 The following is the method of folding printed drawing sheets

Special elongated series as recommended by BIS. (Fig 3)
Designation Size Method of folding of printed drawing sheets as per
BIS SP: 46-2003
A3 x 3 420 x 891
A3 x 4 420 x 1189 When drawings sheets are in more numbers, they have to
be folded and kept in order to save the trace required for
A4 x 3 297 x 630 preserving them (Fig 4).
A4 x 4 297 x 841
A4 x 5 297 x 1051

Fig 1 & 2 shows how the sheet sizes are formed by halving/
doubling and similarity of format.
White drawing papers that do not turn yellow on exposure
to air are used for finished drawings, maps, charts and
drawings for photographic reproductions.
For pencil layouts and working drawings, cream-coloured
papers are best suited.
Quality drawing paper: The drawing papers should have
sufficient teeth or grain to take the pencil lines and
withstand repeated erasing.
To get uniform lines, backing paper is to be placed on the
drawing board before fixing drawing/tracing paper,. Before
starting the drawing, the layout should be drawn. (Ref:
IS:10711)
5
Method of folding printed drawing sheets (Fig 3)

6 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.03
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.1.04
Engineering Drawing

Title block, its position and content

Layout of drawing sheet

As a standard practice,sufficient margins are to be provided
on all sides of the drawing sheet. The drawing sheet should
have drawing space and title space. A typical layout of a
drawing sheet is shown in the (Fig 1 & 2).

Title Block - 1

7
Title Block - 2

Fig 3

Title Block - 3

Fig 4

8 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.04
Title Block - Position and content - 1

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.04 9
Title Block - Position and content - 2

Item Reference on Drawing Sheet

05 TIGHTENING PIN 01 MILD STEEL

04 WORK PIECE 01 ANY MATL.

03 SCREW ROD 01 STD.

02 “U” CLAMP 01 CAST IRON

01 “V” BLOCK 01 CAST IRON

PART NO DESCRIPTION OF ITEM QTY/ASSY MATERIAL REMARKS

BILL OF MATERIALS

The drawing sheet on which the drawings to be prepared 3 Follow the same procedure for A3 drawing sheet where
should be prepared first by following the procedure given the title block is to be drawn right side bottom corner
below: and the border dimensions remain same.
1 Take A4/A3 drawing sheet. 4 Title block to be drawn whenever the title of the drawing
changes. Eg. for the geometrical construction chapter
2 Mark the borders and draw the title block as mentioned.
the title block may be drawn in the first sheet only where
as on the remaining sheets borders to be drawn before
they are used for preparing drawings.

10 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.04
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.1.05
Engineering Drawing

Drawing instruments
The following are the commonly used equipment in a
drawing office. Sl. No. Designation Blade length

Drawing board (Fig 1): Drawing board is one of the main 1 T0 1500
item of equipment for Draughtsman. It is used for supporting
the drawing paper/tracing paper for making drawings. It is 2 T1 1000
made of well-seasoned wood strips of about 25 mm thick 3 T2 700
or masonite, free from knots and warping. It should be
4 T3 500
softer enough to allow insertion and removal of drawing
pins. Two battens are fastened to the board by screws, in
The 'T' square is used with its head against the ebony edge
slotted joints. They prevent warping and at the same time
of the drawing board to draw horizontal lines, and parallel
permit expansion and contraction of the strips due to the
lines and to guide/hold the set squares, stencils etc.
change of moisture in the atmosphere.
Fig 2b shows how the 'T' square is used.
'T' square should never be used as a hammer or as a guide
for trimming papers.

One of the shorter edges of the drawing board is provided

with an "ebony edge" (hardwood) fitted perfectly straight.
Standard drawing boards are designated as follows as per
IS:1444-1989.

Sl. No. Designation Size (mm)

1 D0 1500 x 1000 x 25
2 D1 1000 x 700 x 25
3 D2 700 x 500 x 15
4 D3 500 x 350 x 15

The working edge (ebony) must be straight.

Now-a-days drawing boards are available with laminated
surfaces. The flatness can be checked by placing a
straight edge on its surface. If no light passes between Drafting in the machine (Fig 3): It serves the functions of
them, the surface is perfectly flat. a Tee square, set square, protractor and scale. They come
'T' Square: It is of 'T' shape, made of well-seasoned wood. in different sizes and have a pattern called the 'Pantograph'
It has two parts., head/stock and blade. One of the edges type. It is fitted on the top left side, edge of the drafting
of the blade is the working edge. The blade is screwed to board, mounted on an adjustable frame or table. It requires
this head such that the working edge is at a right angle to a large area of working place. The angle of the drafting board
the head. (Fig 2a) can be adjusted by the pedal operating system. There are
two counterweights to balance the angular position of the
The standard 'T' square is designated as follows with board and the drafting head. It is more suitable for the
dimensions shown in mm; as per IS:1360-1989. production drawing office.

11
On the other end, a protractor head H with swivelling and
locking arrangement is fitted with two scales at right
angles.
The protractor head has a spring-loaded clutch relieving
handle, which rotates and locks at 15° intervals
automatically. For setting any angle other than multiples of
15°, the clutch spring is released and by rotating the centre
knob, the zero line is set to the required angle and the
Erasing shield: When, on a drawing, if a part of a line or
friction clutch knob is tightened. It is capable of rotating
some lines among many other lines needs to be erased or
180°, thereby any angle can be set.
modified, in a normal way erasing will damage the other
The scales are bevelled on both sides, graduates to 1:1 & nearby lines. In such a situation an erasing shield is
1:2. They can be reversed with the help of dovetail slide effectively useful. It is a thin metallic sheet having small
fitting. openings of different sizes and shapes. A suitable opening
is aligned to the line to be erased and the line is removed
There is a fine adjusting mechanism on the drafting head
by the eraser. (Fig 7)
to set the scale parallel to the edge of the board. The scales
also can be adjusted if there is an error in measuring 90°
between them.
The mini drafter is an important device used for making
drawing quickly & accurately. This instrument has the
combination of T-square, set square, protractor and scales,
it helps to draw the drawings at a faster rate. (Fig 4,5 & 6)

Set square (IS:1361-1988): Transparent celluloid /Plastic

set squares are preferred and are commonly used rather
than ebonite ones. They are two in number, each having
one corner with 90°. The set square with 60° & 30° of
250 mm long and 45° of 200mm long is convenient for use.
(Fig 8)

12 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.05
Scales: Scales are used to transfer and or measure the
dimensions. They are made of wood, steel, ivory, celluloid
or plastic, stainless steel scales are more durable. different
types of scales used are shown in Fig 9. They are either flat,
bevel-edged or triangular cross-sections. Scales of 15cm
long, 2cm wide or 30cm long 3.5cm wide are in general use.

An instrument box contains the following: (Fig 13a to h)

Protractor: A protractor is an instrument for measuring • Large compass (with attachment facility) (a)
angles. It is semi-circular or circular and is made of a flat
• Large divider (b)
celluloid sheet.
• Bow compasses(pencil/ink), bow divider (c)
The angles can be set or measured from both sides,
aligning the reference line and point '0' with the corner point • Lengthening bar (d)
of the angle.
• Pen point for attachment (e)
Figure 10 shows how to read or set the angle. A protractor
• Screwdriver (f)
can also be used to divide a circle or draw sectors.
• Lead case (g)
• Liner (h)
Large compass (Fig 14): It has a knee joint in one leg that
permits the insertion of a pen or pencil point or attaching a
lengthening bar with a pen or pencil point attached to it. It
is used for drawing large circles/arcs and also for taking
large measurements.

French curves (Fig 11)

These are made in many different shapes, normally come
in sets of 6,12,16 etc. French curves are best suited to draw
smooth curves/ arcs (which cannot be drawn by a compass)
with ease. To draw a smooth curve using a french curve first As a rule, while drawing concentric circles,
set it by trial against a part of the line to be drawn, then shift small circles should be drawn first before the
it to the next portions. centre hole gets worn.
Fig 12 shows how to use the french curve and draw smooth Large divider: It is used to transfer dimensions and divide
curves. They are made of transparent celluloid (no bevel lines into several equal parts. Divider with adjustable joints
edge). is preferable rather than plain legs. (Fig 15)

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.05 13
 Fig 16 shows different types of bow instruments. Adjustments
should be made with the thumb and middle finger.

Drop spring bow pencil and pen (Fig 17): Drop spring
bow pencil and pen are designed for drawing multiple
identical small circles. Example: rivet holes, drilled/ reamed
holes. The central pin is made to move freely up and down
through the tube attached to the pen or pencil unit.

Inking pen or liner or ruling pen (Fig 18): It is used to

ink the straight lines drawn with the instruments but never
for freehand lines or lettering.

Bow instruments: Bow pencil and bow pen compass are

used for drawing circles of approximately 25 mm radius.
A bow divider is used for marking or dividing smaller
spaces. There are two types (i) Integral legs with spring
action (ii) two legs are held with a curved spring on top with
a handle on it.

14 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.05
Lengthening bar (Fig 19): To draw larger circles, it is fitted Pencils, Grade and Selection (Fig 23)
to the compass. The pencil point or pen point is inserted
into its end.

Replaceable spare pencils, pens and needle points for the

compass are available in the instrument box.
Screwdriver (Fig 20): Used for adjusting the screws of the
instruments.

Grades of pencils: Pencils are graded according to the

hardness or softness of the lead.

Lead case (Fig 21): Lead case is the box for holding the The hardest pencil is 9H grade and the softest pencil
pencil leads. is 7B grade. The selection of the grade of pencils depends
on the type of line work required and the paper on which it
is used.
Softer lead pencils are used to produce thicker and darker
line work, but they wear out quickly. Medium grades of H
and 2H are used for general line work as well as for lettering.
Pin, Clip, Cello tape: Drawing sheet should be fastened Selection of pencils: Pencil grades vary from one brand
onto the drawing board firmly temporarily so that it does not to another brand. Select the grades of the pencil depending
shake during preparing the drawing. For this purpose, the upon the type of line work. For construction lines, you can
pins, clips and cello tapes are used (Fig 22) choose 2H or 3H, for lettering and object lines grade H
pencils. In general H, HB and 2H are used.
H - medium-hard
HB - medium-soft
2H - hard
Now-a-days automatic (Mechanical) pencils or clutch
pencils are available in different sizes (lead dia. 0.3, 0.5, 0.7
or 0.9). Leads can be replaced as per the required grade of
hardness. They produce lines of uniform width without
sharpening.

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.1.05 15
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.2.06
Engineering Drawing

Free hand drawing of - Geometrical figures and blocks with dimension

Drawings are made up of different types of lines. Just a Technical drawings are drawn with different types of lines.
language with alphabet and grammar. By proper choice and application of lines, product features
can be correctly defined in a drawing. Different types of
Lines of different thicknesses and features are used for lines recommended for specific applications are given in
specific use. Table 1.

Table 1
Types of lines and their application
Lines Description General applications
See figure and other relevant figure

Continuous thick A1 Visible outlines

A2 Visible edges
Continuous thin B1 Imaginary lines of intersection
(straight) B2 Dimension lines
B3 projection lines or extension line
B4 Leader lines
B5 Hatching
B6 Outlines of revolved sections in place
B7 Short centre lines
B8 Thread line
B9 Diagonal line
Continuous thin C1 Limits of partial or interrupted views &
free hand sections, if the limit is not a chain thin
Continuous thin D1 Line (See figures)
(Straight) with zig-zags

Dashed thick E1 Hidden outlines

E2 Hidden edges
Dashed thin F1 Hidden outlines
F2 Hidden edges
Chain thin G1 Centre lines
G2 Lines of symmetry
G3 Trajectories
Chain thin, thick at ends H1 Cutting planes
& changes of direction

Chain thick J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to

which a special requirement applies
Chain thin double- K1 Outlines of adjacent parts
dashed K2 Alternative and extreme positions of
movable parts
K3 Centroidal lines
K4 Initial outlines prior to forming
K5 Parts situated in front of the cutting plane
1 This type of line is suited for production of drawings by machines.
2 Although two alternatives are available, it is recommended that on any one drawing, only one type of line be used.

In the above range, for craftsmen, 0.5 is preferred. This The numbers on the right side of the lines refer to the line
table shows the 0.5 line range and other lines under this thickness in mm.
range.

16
Geometrical figures and blocks with dimension Cylinder (Fig 5)
Freehand sketching: Apart from making drawing using
instruments, often craftsmen will be required to make
drawings with their free hand.
Freehand sketching is the easiest method to express the
shape of a piece part or a component by an engineer or
craftsman.
Freehand sketches are not usually made to scale. However,
they should be as nearly to the proportions as possible.
Cube (Fig 1)
Materials for free hand sketching: A4 size sheet
(preferably a pad instead of loose papers) pencils of soft
grade. Example H, HB, and a good quality eraser are the
only materials required. For drawing different darkness, the
pencil points should be sharpened to a conical shape.
Fig 6 shows some free hand sketches of different types of
views.

Square block (Fig 2)

Rectangular block (Fig 3)

Procedure
Freehand drawing of solid figures, cubes, cuboids, cone,
prism, pyramid, frustum of a cone with dimensions
Cube (Fig 1)

Cube block (Fig 4)

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group - 19 Exercise 1.2.06 17
• Draw squares of a, b, c and d. Rectangular prism (Fig 4)
• Draw 30° from points b, c and d for the length of 25mm.
• Mark point g from b, f from c and e from d as shown in
the figure.
• Joint all points.
Cuboid (Fig 2)
Draw the isometric drawing of a cuboid of base 60 mm x
40 mm and the height of 20 mm. (Fig 2)

Square Prism (Fig 5)

Draw the three isometric axes through the point 'A'. Triangular Prism (Fig 6)

• Mark AB = 60mm, AE = 40mm and AD= 20mm

representing the three sides of cuboid.
• Draw two vertical lines EF and BC parallel to AD from
points E and B respectively.
• Similarly, draw two more lines parallel to AB and AE to
mark G's interesting point from F and C.
• Draw lines parallel to DC and FG Draw lines parallel to
DF and GC.
• Join all the points.
Cylinder (Fig 3)
Pentagonal prism (Fig 7)

18 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.06
Hexagonal prism (Fig 8)

Cone: When a right-angled triangle revolves about one of

its sides forming the right angle, a cone is generated. Cone
forming has a circular face and a slant curved surface.
(Fig 9)

Pyramids: Pyramids are polyhedron solids having a base

surface whose shape may be triangular, square or polygon
and as many slant triangular faces as there are sides in the
base. All the slant triangular faces join at a common point Fig 12 shows frustums and truncated pyramids.
called APEX.
All items we use are solids. Their shapes may confirm
Similar to prisms, pyramids also are known by the shape individual geometrical solids like prisms, cones or other
of their base viz triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, combinations.
hexagonal etc. The imaginary line joining the centre of the
base to the apex is called the AXIS.
Fig 10 shows some pyramids and their views.
When a semi-circle revolves about its diameter a sphere is
generated. A sphere has no flat surface. (Fig 11D)
Frustums: Pyramid/cone is cut parallel to the base and the
top portion is removed. The remaining bottom portion is
called the frustum of a pyramid/cone.
If the cutting plane is at an angle to the axis/base, the
pyramids or cones are called "Truncated pyramids or
cones".

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.06 19
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.2.07
Engineering Drawing

Free hand drawing of - Transferring measurement from the given object to

the free hand sketches

20
Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.07 21
22 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.07
Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.07 23
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.2.08
Engineering Drawing

Free hand drawing of hand tools

Hand Tools Screw driver (Fig 6)

Files (Fig 1)
a Curved cut file b Rasp cut file
c Single cut file d Double cut file

Bench vice (Fig 7)

Hacksaw (Fig 2)

Cutting plier (Fig 8)

Ball pein hammer (Fig 3)

Chisel (Fig 4)
Open end spanner (Fig 9)

‘C’ clamp (Fig 5)

Measuring Tools
Steel rule (Fig 10)

24
Try square (Fig 11) Screw tips aided screw heads (Fig 15)

Feeler gauge (Fig 12)

Instrument screw driver (Fig 16)

Hand Tools
Screw driver (Fig 13)

Screw driver interchangable tips (Fig 17)

Screw driver with cross type tips (Fig 14)

Special type screw driver (two rectangular recesses)

(Fig 18)

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.08 25
Special type screw driver (two round recesses) (Fig 19) Soldering work station (Fig 23)

Analog multimeter (Fig 20)

Ratchet brace (Fig 24)

Neon Tester (Fig 25)

Pincers (Fig 21)

Soldering iron (Fig 22)

Gimlet (Fig 26)

26 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.08
Electrician’s knife (Fig 27) Hand drill (Fig 30)

Mallet (Fig 28)

Rawl plug tool (Fig 31)

Electric drilling machine (Fig 29)

Pliers (Fig 32)

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.08 27
Tweezers (Fig 33) Stillson pipe wrench (Fig 36)

Socket extension bars (Fig 34) Puller (Fig 37)

Round nose plier (Fig 35)

Standard wire gauge (Fig 38)

Tenon-saw (Fig 39)

28 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.08
Plumb bob (Fig 40) Tape measure (Fig 42)

Ring spanner set (Fig 43)

Centre punch (Fig 41)

Adjustable spanner (Fig 44)

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.2.08 29
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.3.09
Engineering Drawing

Drawing of geometrical figures - Angle & triangle

Angles: Angle is the inclination between two straight lines
meeting at a point or meeting when extended. AB and BC
are two straight lines meeting at B. The inclination between
them is called an angle. The angle is expressed in degrees
or radians.
Concept of a degree: When the circumference of a circle Reflex angle: It is the angle that is more than 180°, but
is divided into 360 equal parts and radial lines are drawn less than 360°. (Fig 6)
through these points, the inclination between the two
adjacent radial lines is defined as one degree. Thus a circle
is said to contain 360°. (Fig 1)

Adjacent angles: These are the angles lying on either

side of a line. (Fig 7)

Acute angle: An angle that is less than 90° is called an

acute angle. (Fig 2)

Complementary angles: When the sum of the two

angles is equal to 90°, angle POQ + angle QOR = 90° angle
POQ and angle QOR are complementary angles to each
other. (Fig 8)

Right angle: The angle between a reference line and a

perpendicular line is called a right angle. (Fig 3)

Supplementary angle: When the sum of the two adjacent

angles is equal to 180°, for example, angle SOT + angle
Obtuse angle: This refers to an angle between 90° and TOY = 180°, angle SOT and angle TOY are supplementary
180°. (Fig 4) angles to each other. (Fig 9)

Straight angle: This refers to an angle of 180°. This is also

called the angle of a straight line. (Fig 5)

30
Triangle - different types
Triangle is a closed plane figure having three sides and
three angles. The sum of the three angles always equals
to 180°.
To define a triangle, we need to have a minimum of three
measurements as follows:
• 3 sides or
• 2 sides and one angle or
• 2 angles and one side
Types of triangles
1 Equilateral triangle is a triangle having all the three
sides equal. Also all the three angles are equal (60°).
(Fig 1)

2 Isosceles triangle has two of its sides equal. The angles

opposite the two equal sides are also equal. (Fig 2)

Procedure to draw the triangle

1 Equilateral triangle (Fig 1) AB = BC = CA = 35 mm.
• Draw a line and mark AB 35 mm side of the triangle.
• Draw radius from centre A and B, arcs cutting mark at
C (Fig 1).
3 Scalene triangle has all three sides unequal in length. • Join CA and CB.
All three angles are also unequal. (Fig 3)
• ABC is a required triangle.

4 A right-angled triangle is one in which one of the

angles is equal to 90° (Right angle). The side opposite
the right angle is called the hypotenuse. (Fig 4)
5 An Acute angled triangle is one in which all the three 2 Isosceles triangle : AB = AC = 60 mm & BAC  40 .
angles are less than 90°. (Fig 5)
• Draw the side AB equal to 40 mm. `A' as the centre,
6 Obtuse angled triangle has one of the angles more draw an arc of radius AB.
than 90°. (Fig 6)
• Draw a line AC at 40° to AB.
The sum of the three angles in any triangle is
• Join BC to form the triangle ABC. (Fig 2)
equal to 180°.
The sum of any two sides is more than the third
side.

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.3.09 31
 4 Draw a triangle when one side and 2 angles being given
in Fig 4.

Exercise
1 Scalene triangle: AB = 30 mm, AC = 55 mm & BC=
35 mm. (Fig 1)

5 Draw a right angled triangle when the base and

hypotenuse being given in Fig 5.

2 Scalene triangle: AB = 70 mm. (Fig 2)

ABC  40  & BAC  110 

6 Draw a triangle with the altitude and two sides being

given in Fig 6.

3 Right angled triangle: AB = 60 mm, BC = 45 mm.

(Fig 3)

32 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.3.09
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.3.10
Engineering Drawing

Drawing of geometrical figures - Circle

Circle: Circle is a plane figure bounded by a curve, formed
by the locus of a point which moves so that it is always at
a fixed distance from a stationary point the "Centre".
Radius: The distance from the centre to any point on the
circle is called the "Radius".
Diameter: The length of a straight line between two points
on the curve, passing through the centre is called the
"Diameter". (D: Dia or d) It is twice the radius.
Circumference: It is the linear length of the entire curve,
equal to D .
Arc: A part of the circle between any two points on the
circumference or periphery is called an 'Arc'.
Chord: A straight line joining the ends of an arc is called
the chord. (Longest chord of the circle is the diameter)
Segment: A part of the circle or area bound by the arc and
chord is the segment of the circle.
Sector: It is the part of a circle bounded by two radii (plural
of radius) meeting at an angle and an arc.
Quadrant: Part of a circle with radii making 90° with each
other is a quadrant (one-fourth of the circle). Circle and Arcs

Half of the circle is called a semi-circle. Exercise

Tangent: The tangent of a circle is a straight line just 1 Draw a tangent to a given circle of φ 50 mm at any
touching the circle at a point. It does not cut or pass through point `P' on it. (Fig 1)
the circle when extended.
Fig 1 shows all the above elements.

2 Draw a loop of 3 circles pattern. (Fig 2)

Draw any line MN and mark points A,B and C. So that
AB = 20 mm and BC = 25 mm.
Concentric circles: When two or more circles (drawn)
have a common centre, they are called concentric
circles. Ball-bearing is the best example of concentric
circles. (Fig 2)
Eccentric circles: Circles within a circle but with
different centres are called eccentric circles. (Fig 3)

33
3 3 Draw three circles tangential to each other if
centres A, B & C are given. (Fig 3)

5 Draw internal tangents to circles of the same

diameter 40 each and a centre distance of 60 mm.
(Fig 5)

4 Draw external tangents to circles of dia 40 and 30

and centre distance 60 mm. (Fig 4)

34 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group - 19 : Exercise 1.3.10
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.3.11
Engineering Drawing

Drawing of geometrical figures - Square, rectangle and parallelogram

A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four sides and Procedure to draw the square, rectangle and
four angles. The sum of the four angles in a quadrilateral is parallelogram
(interior angles) equal to 360°. The side joining opposite
corners is called diagonal. To construct a quadrilateral out Square
of four sides, four angles and two diagonals a minimum of 1 1st method (Fig 1): A square of side 50 mm by erecting
five dimensions are required of which two must besides. perpendicular.
Quadrilaterals are also referred as Trapezium. (Fig 1)

2 2nd method (Fig 2): A square of side 60 mm using

Types of quadrilaterals (Fig 1)
45° setsquare and compass.
• Square
• Rectangle
• Rhomboid / Parallelogram
Square: In a square all the four sides are equal and its four
angles are at right angles. The two diagonals are equal and
perpendicular to each other.
Rectangle (Fig 2): In a rectangle, opposite sides are equal
and parallel and all four angles are right angles.
Fig 2 shows a rectangle ABCD, Sides AB = DC and BC =
AD. Diagonals AC and BD are equal. Diagonals are not
bisected at right angles.

3 3rd method (Fig 3): A square of side 60 mm long by

erecting perpendicular and also using 45°
setsquare.

Rhomboid/Parallelogram (Fig 3): In a parallelogram,

opposite sides are equal and parallel. Opposite angles are
also equal. Diagonals are not equal but bisect each other.

35
4 Square having diagonal 60 mm (Fig 4) 7 Parallelogram (Fig 7)
Sides = 75 mm and 40 mm
Angle between them: 50°

5 Rectangle (Fig 5)
8 Parallelogram (Fig 8)
Side AB = 75 mm, side AD = 45 mm using setsquare and
compass. Parallelogram - Side AB = 60 mm
Diagonal AC = 90 mm ∠ABC = 120°

6 Rectangle - Diagonal - 60 mm and one side 20 mm

1st method (Fig 6a)
9 Parallelogram (Fig 9)
2nd method (Fig 6b)
Sides AB = 55 mm, BC = 40 mm and vertical height = 30
ADBC is the required rectangle of side 20 mm and
mm.
diagonal 60 mm.

36 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.3.11
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.3.12
Engineering Drawing

Lettering and numbering - Single stroke

Styles of lettering: Many styles of lettering are in use Lower case letters and numerals
today. However, a few styles which are commonly used are
shown in Fig 1. Width Letters/Numerals Width
(W)
1 i 1d
3 j,l 3d
4 f,t,l 4d
5 c,r 5d
6 a,b,d,e,g,h,k,n,o,p,q,s,u,v;3;5 6d
7 a,0 (zero), 2,4,6,7,0,8,9 7d
9 m 9d
10 w 10d

The width of different letters in terms of stroke (line) is as

follows:
Standard heights/Width: The standard heights Uppercase Lettering BIS SP: 46-2003
recommended by BIS SP: 46-2003 are in the progressive
ratio of “square root 2”. They are namely 2.5 - 3.5 - 5 - 7 - Width (W) Capital letters
10 - 14 and 20 mm. The height of lower case letter (without
1 I
tail or stem) are 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10 and 14 mm.
4 J
There are two standard ratios for the line thickness “d”.
They are A & B. In A = line thickness (d) is h/14 and in 5 C,E,F,L
B=line thickness (d) is h/10.
6 B,D,G,H,K,N,O,P,R,S,T,U & Z
Lowercase means small letters, as opposed to capital
7 A,M,Q,V,X,Y
letters. The word yes, is for example, is in lowercase,
while the word YES is in upper case. For many 9 W
programmes, this distinction is very important. Programmes
that distinguish between uppercase and lowercase are Lower case letters and numerals
said to be case sensitive
The width of different letters in terms of “d” is as follows: Width (W) Letters/Numerals

Lettering A 1 i
2 l
Width Capital letters Width
(W) 3 j,l
4 c,f,r,t
1 I 1d
5 a,b,d,e,g,h,k,n,o,,q,s,u,v,x,y,x
5 J,L 5d
0,2,3,5 to 9
6 C,E,F 6d
0,2,3,5 to 9
7 B,D,G,H,K,N,O,P,R,S,T,U & Z 7d
6 a,4
8 A,Q,V,X,Y 8d
9 M 9d
12 W 12d

37
Spacing of letters: Recommended spacing between
For curved letters use a smooth freehand curve.
characters, a minimum spacing of baselines and minimum
spacing between words as per BIS SP: 46-2003 are given Print straight line letters using either scale or
below in Fig 2. set-squares.
To maintain the uniform thickness of the line,
use a conical point soft grade pencil and avoid
too much sharpness.
Guidelines of both top and bottom should always
be drawn with a sharp pencil.

Numerals 2.1 (Fig 2)

Lettering
Procedure
1 Print 10 mm single stroke capital letters and numerals
in vertical style using either scale or set-square and by
freehand. (Fig 1)

• Follow the same procedure of letters.

• `h' is height of numerals and `d' is the stroke thickness.
• Width of numerals in terms of `d' is as follows shown in
square grid (Fig 3).

2 Print 10 mm single stroke capital letters and numerals

• Draw horizontal parallel lines (thin lines) of 10 mm in inclined style (Fig 4).
distance.

10 mm distances denote the height of the letter.

• Mark the width of the letters recommended by BIS

(IS:9609-1983)

The width of different letters in terms of `d' is as

follows: `d' indicates stroke thickness i.e d: h/
10.

Width Capital letters

(W)

1 I
4 J
5 C,E,F,L
6 B,D,G,H,K,N,O,P,R,S,T,U & Z
7 A,M,Q,V,X,Y
9 W

38 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.3.12
Practice the following lettering exercises in A3/A4 paper as per the given ratio

1 Single stroke inclined letters of ratio 7:6, 7:5, 7:4, 7:3, 7:1 (Fig 5)

Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.3.12 39
2 Single stroke vertical letters of ratio 7:6, 7:5, 7.4, 7:3, 7:1 (Fig 6)

40 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.3.12
Group 19 - Engineering Trades Exercise 1.4.13
Engineering Drawing

Dimensioning Practice - Types of arrowhead

Dimension line: These are thin continuous lines,

terminated at ends by arrowheads, dots or oblique lines
touching the extension line. (Fig 1)

A dimension line may cut or cross another dimension line Dimension to the hidden lines be avoided. (Fig 2)
where there is no other way.

Arrowheads may be placed outside where space is included angle between 15° and 90°. They may be open,
insufficient. closed or closed and filled in. Oblique strokes are drawn as
short lines inclined at 45°. (Fig 1)
Leader line: It is a thin continuous line. It connects a note
or dimension with the features to which it applies. (Fig 2) Indicating dimensional values on drawings: All
dimensional values shall be shown on drawings in characters
Termination and Origin indication: The size of the
of sufficient size to ensure complete legibility on the
terminations (arrowheads/oblique strokes) shall be
original drawings as well as on reproductions made from
proportional to the size of the drawing. Only one style of
micro-filming.
arrowhead shall be used on a single drawing. However,
where the space is too small for the arrowheads, it may be They shall be placed in such a way that they are not
substituted by a dot or by an oblique line. Arrowheads are crossed or separated by any other line on the drawing.
drawn as short lines forming barbs at any convenient

41
Dimensioning - Position of dimensioning (aligned, Methods of indicating values
unidirectional)
Methods of indicating values: There are two methods
Definitions related to dimensioning used for indicating the values. Only one method should be
Dimension: It is a numerical value expressed as an used on anyone drawing.
appropriate unit of measurement and indicated graphically Method 1 Aligned system
on technical drawings with lines, symbols and notes.
Dimensional values shall be placed parallel to their
Dimensions are classified according to the following dimension lines and preferably near the middle, above and
types: clear of the dimension line. However, values shall be
Functional dimension (F): It is a dimension that is indicated so that they can be read from the bottom of the
essential to the function of the component or space. They the right-hand side of the drawing. Dimension lines should
are generally shown with limits. (Fig 1) not be broken. Dimensioning of angles is also given in the
same way. (Fig 1) This method is known as an aligned
Non-functional dimension (NF): It is a dimension that is
system of dimensioning.
not essential for the function of the component or space.
Auxiliary or Reference dimension (AUX/REF): It is the
dimension given for information only. It is derived from the
values given on the drawing or related documents and it will
not be given for production or inspection. (Fig 1)

Method 2 Unidirectional system

Dimensional values shall be indicated so that they can be
read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Non-horizontal
dimension lines are interrupted, preferably near the middle
so that the value can be inserted. (Fig 2). This method is
termed a unidirectional system of dimensioning.

42 Engineering Drawing : (NSQF - Revised 2022) 1st Year Group 19 : Exercise 1.4.13