Math 231 Worksheet 1 Chapter 1

1. Let p𨠨 every triangle is isosceles q𨠨 All rectangles are parallelogram

Then write the statement a) p∧q b) p∨q c) p ⇒q d) p⇔ q

2. Suppose there are n – simple statements in a compound proposition. Then how many different logical
possibilities do you have?
3. Suppose p, q, r have truth values F,T,F respectively. What is the truth value of

a) [ ¬ ( p∨q ) ] ⇔¬ ( p∨¬r ) b)( ¬ p∨r ) ⇒ [ ¬ ( p∧¬q ) ] c) [ ¬ ( p∨q ) ] ⇔ [ (¬ p )∧ [ (¬q∧r ) ] ]

4. Construct the truth table for the following statements

a) p ⇒ [ ¬ p∨q ] b)( p ⇒ q ) ⇔ [¬ ( p∧( ¬q ) ) ] c)[ p∧ ( p ⇒ q ) ] ⇒ p d) ( p ⇒q ) ⇔ ( (¬ p ) ∨q )

5. Given p : The earth is round (True) q : 8 > 11 (False) r : 2 is not prime (False)
Express the following compound propositions in good English and determine the truth value of each.

a) p ⇒ ( q∨r ) b) ( p∧¬r ) ⇔ ( ¬q ) c) [ ¬ ( p∧q ) ] ⇒ ( r∨¬ p )

6. Suppose the value of p ⇒ q is T. What can be said about the value of p∧q ⇔ p∨q ?

7. Suppose the value of p ⇒q is T. What can be said about the values of p⇔ ¬q and ¬ p ⇔ q ?

8. Show that [ ( ¬ p)∨q ] ⇔ [ p ⇒ q ] is a tautology.

9. Prove that a) p∨ ( q∧r )≡( p∨q ) ∧( p∨r ) b) ¬ ( p ⇔ q )≡ p ⇔¬q≡¬ p ⇔q

10. Prove the Algebraic properties of De-Morgan’s law(i.e¬ ( p∨q )≡¬ p∨¬q ¬ ( p∧q )≡¬ p∨¬q
11. Write in words the following remaining cases.

( ∀ x ) ( ∃ y 0 ) P ( x , y 0 ) ≡¿ ¿ (∃ x 0) ( ∀ y ) P ( x , y ) ≡¿ ¿
i) ii)

12. Find the truth value for each of the following

a) ( ∃ x )( ∀ y ) , x≤ y , where x , y ∈ N b) ( ∃ x )( ∀ y ) , x≥ y , where x , y ∈ z

c) ( ∃ x )( ∀ y ) , y≤x 2 , where x , y ∈ z
d) ( ∀ x ) p ( x ) ∨( ∀ x ) Q ( x ) ⇔ ( ∀ x ) [ p ( x )∨Q ( x ) ] where p (x) = x is prime & Q(x) is x is divisible by 2.

13. Let U = N
p (x): x is an even number q (x): x is a prime number r (x): x is a multiple of 5
Assign truth values

a. ( ∃ x ) [ p( x )∧q( x ) ] b. ( ∃ x )( r( x )⇔ q( x )]

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 Math 231 Worksheet 1 Chapter 1

c. ( ∀ x ) [ r ( x ) ⇒ ( p( x )∨q ( x ) ) ] d. ( ∃ x ) [ ( p( x )∨q ( x ) ) ⇒ r ( x ) ]

14. p (x, y): x likes y

i) Write in symbolic form
a) Somebody likes everybody. b) Everybody likes nobody.
c) Somebody likes nobody. d) Nobody likes everybody
ii) Write in ordinary English sentence

a) ( ∀ x ) ( ∃ y ) p ( x, y ) b) ( ∃ x )( ∀ y ) p ( x, y )
15. Write in symbolic form
Let p : I will stay at home q : I will go to stadium r: I will drink
a) I will either stay at home, or I will go to the stadium and drink
b) I will either stay at home or I will go to the stadium, and I will drink.

16. Show that s ⇒r ,( p∨q )⇒ (¬r ) , ( ¬s ) ⇒ [ ( ¬q ) ⇒r ] , p |- q is valid.

17. Determine the validity of the argument.
a. Abebe took the pen or the pencil. If Abebe took the pen, then he will be late. Abebe is not
late. Therefore, Abebe took the pencil.
b. All dogs are cats. All cats are donkeys. Therefore, all cats are donkeys.
c. No dogs are cats. No cats are donkeys. Therefore, No cats are donkeys.
d. Some dogs are cats. Some cats are donkeys. Therefore, some dogs are donkeys.
5. Show that

a) p ⇒q , p ⇒r , p|−q∧r

b) p ⇒( q∨r ) , p , ¬r|−q

c) p ⇒( q∧r ) ,¬q|−¬ p

d) p∧q , r ⇒( ¬ p )|−¬r are valid by using indirect method.

5. Say Valid or invalid.
a) All dogs are cats. All cats are donkeys. Therefore, All cats are donkeys.___________
b) Some dogs are cats. All cats are donkeys. Therefore, some dogs are donkeys._______
c) No dogs are cats. No cats are donkeys. Therefore, No cats are donkeys. ___________
d) Some dogs are cats. Some cats are donkeys. Therefore, some dogs are donkeys. ____

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 Math 231 Worksheet 1 Chapter 1

e) All ministers reside at Addis. Abebe resides at Addis. Therefore, Abebe is a minister.__

10 10 n n
¿ Ai ¿ Ai ¿ Ai ¿ Ai
1. If An = {-2n, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . 2n} compute a) i=1 b) i=1 c) i=1 d) i=1
2. Given the family of sets: A1 = {1, 2, 3, . . .,20} A2 = {2, 3, 4, . . ., 20}
4 4
¿ Ai ¿ Ai
A3 = {3, 4, . . ., 20} A4 = {4, 5, 6 . . ., 20} Compute : a) i=1 b) i=1
∞ ∞
¿ An ¿ An A =(−
1
, n ]n∈ N
if i. n {
3. Find a) n=1 and b) n=1
A = x : x ∈ R∧|x|≥n } for n ∈ Ν ii. n
n
4. Let A = {1, 2, 3} list P(A) the power set of A .
5. For any two sets A and B, Prove that: a) A∩B ⊆ A b) A∩B ⊆ B
6. Let A = {P(x):x2 = 1} and B = {Q(x): x2 – 6x + 5 = 0}, then find a) AnB b) AuB c) BuA
1 1
- + f : A → B by f ( x )= g( x )=
7. Let A= R and A = R . Define 2− x and g : B → B by 1+ x

Find a) gof b) range of (gof)

x
f : R+ ∪{ 0 }→[0 , 1) f ( x )=
8. 1+ x show that f is 1 – 1 and onto, and find f-1.
9. f :(−∞ ,−1 ]→ [−4 , ∞ ] f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3. Show that f is 1 – 1 and onto.

10. Define for A≠φ , f ( A )= { f ( x ) : x ∈ A } Let A = {-1, 3, 0, 2} and f (x) = x + 2. Find f (A)
x
f ( x )= .
11. Let x−1 show that f (f(x)) = x for x≠1

√ 2
12. Let f ( x )=x + x +1 and g(x) = x + x −1 √ 2
show that

g (√ x 2 +1 )=f ( x )for x≥0 b) f ( √ x 2 −1 )=g ( x )for x≥1

a)
f ( x)=√ x+2 ,g( x )=√ x+3 and h( x)=√( x+2)( x+3)
13.
Let

Find the domain of fg and compare with the domain of h.

14. Let A = [-4, 4], B = [0, 4], C = [-2, 0], D = [-4, 0]. Determine whether the following relations are
functions.

a) r 1 ={ ( x , y ) : x ∈ A∧ y ∈ B : x + y =16 } b) r 2 ={ ( x , y ) : x , y ∈ B : x + y =16 }
2 2 2 2

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 Math 231 Worksheet 1 Chapter 1

r =
c) 3
{ ( x , y ) : x ∈ B∧ y ∈ A : x 2 + y 2=16 } d) r 4 ={ ( x , y ) : x ∈ A∧ y ∈ C : x + y =16 }
2 2

15. If A = {a, b, c} and f and g are functions from A to R given by f = {(a, -1), (b, 2), (c, 9)}
g = {(a, 2), (b, 0), (c, 4)} find a) f + g b) f – g c) f . g d) f/g

Let R={( x , y ) : x , y ∈ Ζ∧x 2+ y 2 =41 }

16. E={ 1 ,−1 }

Find a) R|E b) R(E) = Range R|E

17. Consider f : X →Y . for any subsets A, B of X

Show that

a) A ⊆ B⇒ f ( A ) ⊆ f ( B ) b) f ( A∪B )=f ( A )∪f ( B ) c) f ( A∩B )⊆ f ( A )∩f (B )

18. Show that A = {1, -1, 3, 2} and B = {6, 5, 4, 7} are equivalent
19. Show that [2, 7] [1, 3] are equivalent
1−x
Let f ( x )= -1
20. x+ 2 find a) f (x) b) Range of f (x)

21. Let f = {(2, -1), (3, 5), (1, 8)} and g = {(5, 4), (8, 3), (4, 4), (-1, 9)}. Find gof .
22. On R define a relation R. For each of the following relations decide whether or not it is reflexive,
symmetric and transitive

a) aRb ⇔a≤b+ 1 b) aRb ⇔ab≥0 c) aRb ⇔ab >0

d) aRb ⇔ab=0 e) aRb ⇔a−b ∈ Ζ f) aRb ⇔a≠b

a
aRb ⇔ =2n
23. On N, define a relation R by b for somen ∈ Ζ . Show that R is an equivalence relation
and find the equivalence classes.

24. Define a relation R on Z by aRb ⇔ab >0 or a = b = 0. Show that R is an equivalence relation.

25. Let A = N, R = {(x, y): x, y∈ A∧3 x+ y=4 m ,m ∈ N ¿¿ . Show that R is an equivalence relation and find
the equivalence classes.
26. Explain why each of the following relations on S = {1, 2, 3} are not equivalence relations on S.
a) R = {(1, 1), (1,2), (3, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (2, 1)}
b) R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3), (1, 2) (2, 3), (3, 1) (1, 3)}
27. Let A = The set of all human beings in the world. R = {(x, y): x is a brother of y}
Is R a) reflexive? b) Symmetric? c) Transitive?

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 Math 231 Worksheet 1 Chapter 1

28. Let A be the set of all straight lines in the plane and R = {(x, y): x is parallel to y}
Is R reflexive? Is R symmetric? Is R transitive?
+
29. Show that 0 is equivalent to Z?

30. Show that N is equivalent to Z?

31. Give an example of a relation R on N which is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
32. Show that

{Ζe , Ζo } Ζe Ζo
i) is a partition of Z, where is the set of even integers and is the set of odd integers.

ii) Let R* = the set of all non-negative numbers.

∀ n =0 , 1, 2 , .. .
Let An = [n, n+1) ,

Then show that {An} is a partition of R.

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
1. a&d 1. b&c 1. b& 2.a 1. c & 2.b 1. b&c 1. a&d
3b 3.a 3b 3b 3.a 3b
10 8 7 8 7 8
7 10 9 10 9 10
9 11 10 11 10 11
12. a 12. b 13 12. b 12.a 12.b
12. R\E and 12. R\E and 12. R\E and 12. R\E and 12. R\E and 12. R\E and
R(E) R(E) R(E) R(E) R(E) R(E)
21 19 21 19 21 21

G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12 G13

1. c & 2.b 1. b&c 1. a&d 1. b& 2.a 1. b&c 1. c & 2.b 1. a&d
3a 3.b 3a 3b 3.b 3a 3a
7 7 9 8 7 9 7
9 9 10 10 8 10 8
10 10 11 11 10 11 10
13 13 12.b 12. a 12. a 12.a 13
12. R\E and 12. R\E and 12. R\E and 12. R\E and 12. R\E and 12. R\E and 12. R\E
R(E) R(E) R(E) R(E) R(E) R(E) and R(E)
21 19 19 19 21 19 21

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