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Chemical engineering
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K viewsA P Kulkarni Process Instrumentation Control
Chemical engineering
Uploaded by
rajare1to4Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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ask
27. Caltraion of Thermos
221” Conparsso Med
272 Calltraon win Fini Tempe
28 Seketon Tempe Senet emORNOS
Price Prtems
Prostar nd Stan Measurements
312 Closstietion of rete Mera un
32, Femur Messen cigs
SST Ute Mane
3333 Walmer
3.3.24 ined agin
34 Prewur easement ing Hse net,
SU Bowron Pree
342 Diaphagn Press lage
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351" Rees Type eae Sa Gage)
352 Ince Toe tances ET
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354 Vanubie Cpstanee Fa
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355 Sold. Prue hanes
356 Thain remdces Eee PD
337 Diahal Press Teardces
358, Peele eau Taser
34 Bea Sei it ng Pram Seu ews
3 Calfoaten of reser Sec
LN San Mesuring iio
381 Mechanical Srn Goapes
342 Opie Sin Guages
343 _Hecekal Sinn Omg,
19 Force Balaned Presame Capes
381 Dead Weign Potn
382 Ring Dace Gauge
sao 23 gta
2.11 Vico Meronenea
312 Protection of Presue Ganges
313 Performance Chrste ¢
tis ofr Gauaes
5.14 Comparscn of Prestur Sensre
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Instrumental ethoge of Chemica Analysis
‘es earn
{Cniienon of Anis aha
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662 TheFlame Method
663 Penner Mens
eas Bias Meth
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PARTI: PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
1. Fundomentle of Process Dynamics
SCR
E) Rves,
‘iu re oe ten
inerrant: bs
SELES en
Semen See
een arba
mit
is ]
| PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
iT
a PART -|
|
oun FUNDAMENTALS OF PROCESS
INSTRUMENTATION
44 INTRODUCTION
"nis ett he si concipsof Paces maion jae Scand Te wed
sn wage of PI ae expo i dale. "Te bare meseemenpoclem ana
Asse slog ik the fneonl clement an opealng hres (at snd
‘yam ofthe meauing stuns. The eoaucon an warting of veo pe of
ses needs elena sd ecrdngcenns a exned rare
Tobe fac with he at developments nt Bd of PL eof mises)
ricrocontolas (1) based tuneon sem ae duce en fe Sane
{12 NEED AND SCOPE OF PI
Tnstrumestaton ees to the uchaogy of wig iatumens for te papas of
venation messrset snd ce ana the pal ane
emia oper of the
Process Instrum tation (PD cover he meturment of vars inv in pce
Indus such as chanel, eeu, poner gemini ending, meri,
fod etl, apr many ates dates
Imaartaton encompasses he areas of dato, gion conal a ara of
‘a Appleton of stamens esl i igs mean abou nce
eter stality soci highe pli wloatien, etarmaspover pedo, mater nd
‘Typical aplicaions of astrument stems ae:
1 Messiemeat of stem proce parte
2 Conta of process oroprsion
3, To simute expres te acta onions of eomrle ystems wih lp
sty the fue behave f the sem wna fee operating conditions. Th
Information eons om le motel which then pled imo the ese
2nd development ofthe paste. woe ent signal such as addition
«termes wren nso meee
a Sain _—
nn on cnt ginal Sin si
aon design and development studies.
rae weg pail phenomena and cet
1 Guyot. con
tn apr te mination san sd
ern heart te rds on por expectations.
2, Signal Conditioner:
Unully the ouput ofthe tansicer element is 60 small (in mae) or weak
Cin sng e operate an indent reorder Therefor, the sina condone i
‘ed 0 midfy and proces the auput of tana by umpition of magne,
Fring the unwaed oie sigs, lineation, differentiating, inegratcn,
sampling and VD converion, The ouput ofa conditioner may Be #8 ares or
Sigil ue.
2% Display eviews
The dar ay or readout devices dla he equed information abou the mensrnd
to be sean o ead bythe experimenter. Ths element may be either ofthe visa
‘lipiny spe apie ecrder,ccilneopes Or anapretc ape. The cup of igi
teancuer ar splaed on digs dl vies
4. Power Supply:
‘The eesti power sippy provides the ceqeed energy (excision) tothe
seasuer, signal contioner and display devices.
{14 NEASURENENT PROBLEM ANALYSIS
1.3 mensuneMent ySTENe ee
Seas ~
= =T
Taam =
[es =
te =} } agar
a al conte
ae
Sates
Se ee
an be ample, eani ove en
ve ng: dance with some motieatons to meet
the eqieets of eineaing contain clement
Bee
‘Messareeat problem valves chole of ite cecal wanaiucer ssoclaedSipul
enone, diy nd recording instruments wich wil atte odeteine te vaso
Ines fr usb fr py acne purposes, Therefore iis neces) 1
‘ea complete specifications ofthe devices an ster which wl pin etal desi of
the tol mestuement atom. The important spe flowed in messrement poem
nasi given below
IF Define in rmentation pole precios
21. Determine he primary an secondary goals ofthe system.
5: Esalish she nnimom prforance standart be achive bythe instrumentation
system in tems ofthe ested acuracy and cab
44 The physi dimensions and east of the atm slog. widh test procedure and
sched
5. Condutcomponeet esting colette ean! at abou the fect of parameters
on th overall performance of the system,
5, stabi design specifications bed on engineering judge.
1. Fabiet the instrumentation device nds ms with quality contol measures ond
‘ood workmanship al easonbl est.
1 Peron elation tests to ensue the required accuracy and precision wnder the
‘iver opcating condons. Fro the test ests prepare eer report in rahi or
noi data fret,
9, The calito data mast be eoplied wih desired accrsy in a usable form which
il be edo soe th igi probe hana Pesan,
wre RUNGTINAL ELEMENTS OF A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
pred oer soe ein comes of
eee 8
= +
—_
oi tn emt et Det
tte
2 Suton
} Spun mew
(wana
1. calision ene
2, era power cue
3, Feedback element
4. Micropreasorelemen
(ay Feneionl Een
eerie onl lent fh ipa arts oft messireent yt whic
ae ess ek Ines n hembra Sing. Fallowing ee ae
4 Trance
seth yay lent wih iat esis the ery fom he meres
‘Tela comer in endian whichis in covenant and paca om,
Fr tain tenes be vale of the mensrand i9 one physical fons
Tae rpc) and ems ao se er comeie! pyar eh
wr noonen lage cet face charge whieh is wef foe functng
Sttelincrumen The tenses cnet maybe mechan, less, mage
ata. sooue, eal orca In nae Tale 1.1 shows varios types of
‘nda ements elo measuring common poe ab,
“abl: Transocr Elneats
etapa | _—_ Transducer Sutptvarinbie
Tiina Dacnent
tema
Presse rng Fema
"Teepe ea
Teste tenis | Reiss can
senor) =
Pye Tat ay
Misonster Movement of ig
column
‘Cont
ro
cn ‘Bourdon, Blin, | Dilooenent eae
‘pln apie gas | elements
os Femi use Changs nce
areata Resanece ings | Chong insite
‘ied Dickie pus Changs in apace
Flow velocity Ho wire anemometer | Resistance change
7 (Gorgon)
Faw vl Ht lmanemeer | Reisance cane
aris fo)
Diphcement vbr Toes change
THunidiy—__[Resies tyzomeer | Resistance cg
‘Gassiqiderany sve | Dole eqeney shi | Fequeney it
{sase tow shone low eter _|
“The tanadwton of pl mena sig nt ouput sgl say take pce
ingle motile ages amet rina, sendy, ean ee, eduction. For
‘tpi resuespeng heater te bl cts aa pinay tance which
Comer temperere change (ipa) ito prssue charge (up). ong », Xo> Xi i. the npr sgl gts amped
5 4.Xy< Xe he input sigalg attenuated
tn ease of angle msn 0, apple oa gear ving Ny mabe of tech, which
‘men with athe lage er ving N, mer et th upg en
by
ay
a
Since > N02 0, Le. empition eect
The xhumiget of tsi amplier ate snpl i consrin,rugod and
inexpensive
‘The diodvontages of rechancl ampere con and ston effets, inertia
flee duc to higher sae a ac tes. The outpt ofthese mie elo
‘Mfeted by suroanding tres ets.
The examples of mechasical pliers a compound lever mechanism vse in
‘exensmeter, sytem of pas inl ge fdas, combination of levers and
‘arin Bourdon gauge ' eet
ip Pemri Pe ee yyy ain ed um
ita naemaer vay
si:19 tom yt nia te i a
13 we ne wr ie mda Te
crete on sho Wie np sgl boo ene he
ved nto safc n thins DX, The ee
se
noid te pe ls pnerting ott il % igo mal pe
whe
ews tie = pat oe
fox -Fex,
xO
sce 42> Xy eri psp samlied ia eups sial X
‘ie peri of cae mie ef aonb yee bas on
Integr
Tie aon of ese np imp cancion nd mn dado i
|eakage problem. a
(i) Prema Anges
TEL
Vig 14: Papers
ib 14: Fipper-ozale relay sa amplifer
oer
o
Fig. 14 ahows Rapperauze ype prewar which consis of « faper
wich peed shoe ond an he tthe ber ent, Aol ell nee he Bs
TEAR Tapper tough which mr coatinsusty leds oot tough ee
‘hare p-As Raper moves owed the aoa, lw of i ge obs whch
‘rut nls in presse f-On he oe anda ape moves say fm
‘Gone buck presse ps dcene Tha mst pee Xia fe nd
‘Fas pp corer no puna signal py Hen, is knows a emai
seen Tn ou sgl sampled ing a al pe rely system sown
Trg Tac bk pessre py a0 he grap conse othe Bal pas
IE sphere sent pe tresses the apap and bene the Ball move
erat to tht a fw icomplclybosked 30 at cue pressure pny
TREE'S aimee ese py On th ter ads py dese, he phaBM
‘Shee te al etd athe ots ha ut pres pins 16 het
‘ppt pest Ts responce smal change apt spacer signal Xs
SEE Ecce and cone epet peste py change from simespheie
teehee gags press) 0 suppres Pusey an Be We 4
eur pls.
vial leronie Amir:
nner vacuum tute odes ds) were wl as ecticlamplifis, Dano
they have become oboe. Nowadays, ecole transis ccs oF suitable
Image celts (03) a used as alii.
\ ‘
i oe
es talon
Fig. 15 shows electical amplifies wed to amplify input vag V, iv wolinge
Sigal The vliage gai fhe apie is define 5
rr Oupalvolge «Va
~ Aapuvotage Vs
inal 0 = sal
put eure
Curent anpietin = MESSRS
_ uapa.gower _ Val
Power a = “Taputpawer~ Vi
"
InaD sal, Powergal = 1005p) o
ia feof Proce ner
sy in Fig 16 wth or witout etc ae sg
“Two-sagewatoranpliies s
ferns. nd de apie.
a. 16 Trop ann sper
Teal amples telé poses flowing cates
i net
T Rrooupeingednce
1 Theo tre gin (erty tite)
pod eqn rope
{ii Ger npat nisl
‘foul provide ue ott rong
‘pert Anpies Opam) =
Fig 17+ Operational ampli
‘Aryl opamp IC shown Fig Tha sever conponenis such 2 asi,
{Delors | expec ni tw apt tena sad bat Which Wop e and
tre apled (ei nvering ig ad noninverting pt). Ths pie hs
phate pin oto 10) wt ih ipa pence a Tow cuit impedance. Tn the
el opanp, caret fos noe npat emia (0), andthe ouput vohage
‘emt alfected ye lo nonce oe eri. Siete op-mp has high A,
rea edt i provide hgh scarce rake the ampli tase. Te
pap i uid alone nih cue restanes an eapactneen. The maximum
‘tena inpt 30 V cas applied tothe ampli. These amples ae usd as
ampli, sunning and irene amplifiers iegrating amplifies, diferent
‘mpl, enor Ineeatn, sta lls Fig 1.7 se lvering amphi
sng ended vlog: saplied inane ofthe ints an nce input = ound
(Ge-6)=0}.ten summing ie cure pon
hm tel
Foridetlopamp, = 0
tat sition becomes
4
0
-ApyingOhn's aw ce the esses Ry and Re
sce ace
aT
wher, aw
ek
Bok w
[Nepive spn in shove eon nes th the input ad eutout sanal ae ot of
plc ic. hie phase dence of 18 Therefore, these ampere ae ld
Invertiog amplifiers
1 Re= 6M andR, ~ 06 MO, then equation Gives
YVotuge ain, G =
(0) Nos averting amplifier
Fie 13
Fig. 1.8 (shows senting amplifier in which veing inputs woud wile
apt signal e bani tthe non-iveing inp. Frm te eqaen cit
shown ia Fg, 18(6) ey
mi ro ss stein
mcs heaton
, aS
——
scent eeepc
sens er
cr suomacamnce come
8 nonin Th
armament
Pat genital
bees ates Sage ie epee
2 Seagencmige oe onde en
7
eosin
ee
+
Fig. 1.9: Ditereetiting lament ing op-am-
Fig 19 stows ditt creating hin opamp wih epee Cathe
Peed ack eine Th gn © ofc ofan ehh and nets
‘rea te pact point cn be sided o be very alo cin Be
Miia vel vt (enw pte- Since poten api Wi ety
‘Steen eting te eprom oso wey 2 the ir Ds am
‘nie ipa ipa Seige cues it
eke
‘ect ote tale cig sou
tft
(ees marmot ata) 18
3 Integrating Phen:
In some splitiens the up of a tracer neds be neg Fo nape,
inan eletreynani wade, the up vole i proportional tip velo
sla tom the moving object Uf the spat signal shuld be propcacl 10 e
Siepcemart of moving oe, sal Be ines snes peel
tren a
ig, 46: Intoratig amie sig opamp.
Fig. 10 soe itgrto colt wing hgh aio opp wih resitinge Kae
inp ans eapacar Ci be fein pt If the pan Of a opp i ip,
etal piety ete, Werte ret = 0 Summing wp eure
po,
Kd
Ree
faa
“hort spat fei imegron of he
Fre mone wan signs (1 i) ee the desired nessa
shown in Fig. 1.1, Fis cae be mechanic, electra, pean eh
epening onthe peo ga Fit maybe eased ston he Reese of
‘ioe hy ps hgh as pss ih ps, end r sepe The ow pas
filers pos sig af ow fegpencs, we he high pass ers ps ses of
Ligh fequnces The bond-past furs pas spats ing beween erin
esc Taf we the notch pane ters beck the feces in certain
tang ech fe yan alow th omsning equ pus he (6) Ban. psec her
_—_
te
(@Noteh-pas deta fer
ip. 11 Type of eta fers
‘The RCs stow nF. 1.11 ae et a eel ies,
A
5. ADD and DIA Converters:
‘AD converters convert analog vole euput of wanslucr Into dg fem wih
Is fier proceed by dig erput. Digi unters re epeseted in eas of
te sinc sates, viz, ON and OFF or ruta feo Oe inary farm, A
‘inary obo scaled iad a group of is presi given analog spa
ovo a8 byte A seetive arangmen of 7 Bie provides 128 dint etc
‘ambition: or 128 kyr AD conven can be achieved sing poten
‘op, sees approxinton ‘pe, enening ype and ds slope nei pe
VA cooverters convert yi signals gece by dial devices such a
‘outer nts an analog sig whch Sater pea thal pay and oat
eves DIA conversion ex be achieved asin poem pe conver
6. Data Transmision Elements (Flomery Uni)
“Te datatrnsmison laments ar wed to trem dla ver ang Sntanes fom he
‘measuring pins oa emote locaton fo pay ox recoting paores. A pic
‘a tansvision stem wonsis da fom the snuree tothe destination (ak)
"brug sible edu, The vnsmiion cements are ad of te pet and
in o cable type (trou pptine er we) oF raso-equncy (RF) tpn
bic the dats i amie sig aio waves. The Inne clement y be
lei, poeomati postion tp ns
(0) Bhcteiea Data Tatenesin System
Fig 1.12: Hlecrcal daa tapas system
Fig. 1.12 shows elects das wansmiasba gem wre fer tasting maton
signal fom the taster end he recler en ihe fom of ele! cure
The ransmiter consists os vrale estat AB with ling contactor €cagh
hice uments used The mation signal Yo beanie psn the
certacir C on ie Wir A Which seine cuert rough connecting wie
‘Thus, mmeer comet athe recive end shows change incarent asa mena of
‘he input mersaemet sna. stead of ammeter, + potentiometer tet ith
falvanometer maybe ued receiver, tht ait of ptetaneter ting
ota for geing zo ot sll defection isthe galanomete nics he ap
‘ection signal given the conactor 4. AD and DIA Converts:
[AD comverters convert snl voluge ouput fest ao ial fam whieh
|e fier rors by egal compe. ipl ners erie in te of
‘one ses, vz ON an OFF ae an ae oO nary om. A
Fetiniy ‘nay sym alld it end group of be epreseingm pve malo gas
own as byte A ste arangament of 7 bits provider 28 diet hrc
carpio 128 byte AD conenion ca be achive utagpretomerie
‘ype succes approuinatoa tp, coming pe sad al ope nerting pe
D/A convertars conver dg sgnle generated by digi devices uch a gia
‘mates intom ag ga we ther operas he alg spy and contol
“evics DIA conenion at be achieved wing potntomete ype covets
C 6 Data Tramumilon Elmers (Telemetry Unis)
r ‘The dts tanamision omens re wed totem dt ovr lang stuns om be
reaaney Imeastieg pois emote loon fr dy or recoding pees A pel
ata tansnssion system warmed fe the souree 10 tnation (ik)
‘rough able medi Te taramision clement oad fo pa and
Tne af ele Ope (i. tough piptine oe wies) a ai esteny (RE) pe in
‘which the dan sts wing ratio weve The line elements ny be
‘lect rome or penton type nt,
(0) Here Dat Trainin Sytem
C ESL
(ae. pe etic er ig 132 ec ata tram oom
Fig 12 shows ela ta tanimson em dr teeming man
‘lo he waite nl he cere in Sr of eel ae
‘The waster cost of ableton AB wih sliding cota Coe
se ich lei ure spas. The main siglo Re tani poston
“onal Con se wie AB wich detain crea hugh he omecting wis.
te “Thanet comes athe ever eal shows hangs ince ase mer
= tbe pt mesorencnt sgl lead of anc, a penetra wih
(© Noth strc er pavanmiter ay bed ee, st ise fptoner eg
Meiniedatinien act ati ou tlc 0 vm
The RC et showin Fig 1.11 ese ale es, pci ieee eee
Tet i ta
re amare etn
remain i sncie vostro
ee
Aer . rom
care rer
ig 1H: Moe 9p niin tem
Fi atone snot. maton wish onthe ate
25 belo mtr ee teogh chy stems |
ihe c Acre ot cn oan i re st 1 ne
SEL mer'an me fey. Te tengo sed by a. |
Fever ies tng dog prey en
Fes fae mr gone ee as cle ee |
feet ote ence ia
eto ach ain of pd oe of ens
‘oo gr a eg ol igo Seto ee
Someta pts wit apt oe ope se cl en
‘lage is indeed in he strc wish frees caret in he ator wis. The
‘ren the i aif the receing yeh pnd a torque othe ro
Teciig spc so that it etter ough angle 0 thereby the tars oi
Signe (0) hsm sig sited a ut mon
a
(6) Rao tequency RH Tamang System:
toa [ramon] [og | _ JP
ce on — 5 ae
fea |{ ae} [8
Daty| OP —
Fig. LAS Raio-srequency transmit
Fig 1.15 shows rai equeney tansmision stem which is wed 1 tans
unter of siguls fom diferent tanadaer ing raiosequeney waves I this
‘putea, amdoeer ouput ave seamed at Haed interval and miles y
etorcy dis method. In is meted, the wansmision bandwith i vied
‘toe the various eae, or cant Each chanel is sociated with 50>
{Sover Begnney (SCO) which madd by ouput signal om tans Fe
‘Site, canna {ouput modalase he SCO equeny ie chanel 2 mds
SCOP teqoney and so on The cpus of all SCOs are mixed and ths
touted by EM wanes which recived by mutable atena atthe reseving
tt Thon tnunited sipnl is demodulied and teed oeever he origin ga
fordsply orecorting.
eee ,
:
pace ers tm
rennin aces —_——
{U7 SIGNAL ANALYSIS. ar io Bega
nr dgtal pune meter (DPM) or hghaped highesnion device are used for
soi este
Se NS aid gcmmnscniey re ennlan ae
each having «given acpi frase of ee ah Pier
= se - Etta
Spr og | as
ant \ wen = ie) ely
abe oe — ene
co ek Te 16 Danse gee
ones reser ngstaige aes Ce urcaabroomid
—-, tnt oniprs uw elated mac wows eaing amuse eewrwmts roe as
poten peepee pooner
ese rca eee dgetimoannnt iateatg le
Sc en Wiki Shoei
Senay Sm: Tt ope ard a 7 a ly te he nem lo il i i
es eign eect te Sopeen.g guna ene cme wenn eo nome i a
a ict frequencis are rented to the fundatreey) —provecting the integrity ofthe analog dats. The devices used for this purpose are capable of
sre ere banrmnate salen’ sig
fee, hale, ese ald 8 Us per
ee tary Sgn a sigal s 2 etwons REQ SPE it
eee ea ecard ye PON ey Cee
Ret a es Caen sage Tanan Sale can be sled wg {
Sil hving ge fio 20 taper es sre very cre
Fipple ey ceo Caso pe
Sow tna Sia Te ave opis of a nal vay with tne a
ten pnd on be ol chen or ash ple ane hg
‘eal dng why ae coer sation,
anaes teeny ony pg toh mnt
rogers nh rn cn Inquest ese Mes we carded Oe
‘ecu terns sce fey caged rel or ney contna.
Sip shove flee of rs och componen sch ny
corpo’ ands fo sls of stot vires Tis can be ne)
See pl ef ee te) on Wi ea
{15 DATA AcaUISION AND CONVERSION
Fig M16 shows dus esllin saom fr calc data Giga) a VS)
nade, citing thom rice ter we en sro ale fect
[eater
a
cen)
Fig 1.24: PC-based instrumentation systems
ig. 1.24 shows PC-bsed DAQ stn, ia wie estes mesuement sil om
‘avons tansdicers is eommuncated 1 a FC ater condoning by the ifs element. Te
FC ADD.ON cards re sed for hs purpose wbich cect interac anlog sgl to PC
‘The PC bas pat of, dt actin Herta aaa ava, Te star
lnetude the program to agi da, efor same compustnlnarpalaons onthe se
tnd the rest reseed onthe VDU. Thus tage power of PC in communication and
aml of dat can be sed for measucret of pete dese ou frm, Use of
PE in iastuentaton system fo big plat crbles simulmeous dala of vious
aranetrsin plan by stable clas grapisand asi along with he wed pots __fenna dPrnrmra
_____—____.
{3 VIRTUAL METRUMEXTATION ain igi SNe
ars such
i ls of fare ch Sr,
i an peszion on 3 VDU (Vi,
Sc A ge
te ee
aces onl, *
sch as tegen i, SS CaVIEW be in whch he freon ly
phil pope a fool we iced fm spall me. Thy
sore a oon
ren anv we
iy Frnt Panel Prsentoit
ete tw 4G hic cnt a
eu ng ae ta iis forme
‘niger pandas sero
Onc mpg ene ows at Ha
Yas mee iow, od te pupae se at,
Seidman ng. anor, ibe
(a9 Dango ndcne.
(Dawes
{0 Dipl nl pon
(69 Deaton
(i) Nance ai
i) Saal ii
Ne CAUDRATONOF ANNSTRUMENT.
‘Cis dln compo of apt oe neasag ayn ora ges
tare dd Talo or pote ordering te alo
Son
‘Aly ethan is he res of sing omens of te scale of he
‘sect cri tn aha ye stm
tw aa ein Fra eyo let compe nga
| eink Ge eesti whose ar yn of ee
| inept ecg yea felling cent
| Catton pees ti “
| nary lira: Apes of eigen ant rin ands
oss fens and ners, Wha vai
ack samen, Booka, sing,
Sow i ion Ti pin tr oi oy rsa Roe
Wt st Soe ens tw af teen tae
fo
FF
Peal quer such ar mas ea, length (ees), ime (second, hanious iment
(ean). Tete tana re cette bt x aril fr dy ody comparivons
‘Secondary eairation A proses ef llrating aster using Secondary sands is
ow as sendy caeaon The sconlary standards are baie reference stands
ployed by indo mensresnt borores wick are perodcly compared wih
play sare, Thee sania ar fly aval tthe oriary ers or ebecking ond
‘ata of inseusents
Direct cllration : Mesuing systems can be dry eaitated witha known iat
soute, Ssh sts canbe wed at sconary calvaton devices For example, x bie
Tow meter can cals by meaeng the ine egies for erin quantity igh of
Iiguldw fowdroagh nic (alow of iu = tie equted x numberof ations of
‘hetutae whee). Such trie moter can esd fr caating ther Now mete
net ealbetion + Ie hin tind, 8 mitem is caheted by comparing is
pestemance with ute slr standart when bth are ejected ieee
Rowtine calibration: Rowe alin involves peril checking the acuacy
se oper nti oan nstument wth Ero standards. The ep followed leone
tain eto
(lores ae eta by taking eadings both a te ascending and descending
Any psa etn te yom are etd by ial nspestion
(hes rr setng ofthe insrmer.
®
ry
(i) Check proper ielaion ad leveling in ascordaoe with te manures
specication
19) The standart wud fo libration shld be mre acura thn th trent ob
‘alist
“115 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.
‘The base fonction of the messcing insranent et seme or detest «pace
Inka proces (ach temper, preset, evel ow, ad change in lay
nd accel. The ouput of aunt eke dipped or waed to nett 2 contd
‘ice for conve purposes. The epersingshanctersie of messing isuments e
toting bt the octal chai whch epeseat hei capabilis and ations or
1 parieaeepplstion. The knowlege ofthe pearance chances enables
empath performance of difeet isnt ed fo hese pups and hence fot
Selection of thesia sumer or te purpose
“The pefomance characteris of maxing instment ae cased:
(Susi barat, ant
(2) Dynamic chants cas inrson oC.
ised for messing
teri 6
aes rity ain. Wi
tor sowiy time-varying quant,
‘When nse head, when instrument
septa
‘ee onng te
toni
‘Last State Characteristics
A arnt lie 5 cen of instrament ag
‘oa lm nes) oe
manana cnn! Seno cite of
Seno i eons deems bre
ect fn ea med oe cnt
come ga
i
tn ine, te dae charactere y)
Measured ne — Trl. 599
Yerccacy = NTE abe
ensued value Tr ale
“ mee vie
“he scmey piton 2% Sls cue han the % tre val.
Types otter: j
"Stent or Canale Err: These errs a the sane magni ands
‘Bea ghen tof enon ese hey ge accrue, They alter the isl
reading ed magi. Tee errs ar cased othe flowing ts
mires error Tse inet inte sytem eo improper eine
nro Sich esc eave! by caliating the isrmert gsi
‘sible stad an ten ppg uiblecoreions.
airmen errs: Theses oc eo vaistion of onions sun
inane such hangin npr esse, homily
Loan rors; Tse errs ee do ee of measurement onthe ps
yt lg. me
Se ieee
Proc Sh rv rg al i -e)Te sae a
errors area follows a ie
Er ced iment fl uni eo a ten
rtm n ao ps an
Te ome ade need
irene ene ml eninge gat fet
=
Miscellaneous Errors: Thee amor ae pay strate and arly ead. These
errors Incoe personal or human ert, eo due 10 fay components and
Improper application ofthe instrenet,
(0) reason
Preclon is defined athe bility of th strumento reproduce a cri set of
readings within agen accuracy
Precision can be expesied 8 he mean value of the seater of te Invi
Imeasirements or othe clones with which the nvidia! mearirenens re
Cisutedr out hei mesh vale alo lst the dere of aramert oat of
measurements among tances The atunest ie conierd to hie high
Precion i tgves he ame oat nfrmation Wea the rain rep large
umber of tines.
Difoence haem accuracy ad precon >
Accuracy represent the dere of loses ofthe measured vale he ve vos,
hile precion coprens degree of repeabity of several independent
Inesurents ofthe dese inp at these rence contons Acie i
1,
stp i gli
Such sys ae calle as pte gum esems. Thee ae very few ply
‘stems tat uly vib pu in ehsctstes. One of the example of ch
‘ystems fin bore eaply ough ch nomen fii owing at ow
{at F The namic ier tad othe uptown sie of
the cil The diferent rence ed ete the cde Of he capil i
Incr toms of irene hn gd vl the be i bse ta
‘terial presi head varies ropa ow ae. Cosiing 2 pe
(orcs and soe (rfl is ten cane lth equation
= (eons) F
hich mice wit te stndick agurwtpt made of acoder pees:
(ies Ba (0) Other examples of pe ul tre ae mec ing ad
lei resistor in pte,
Sup response:
ee step are ining
(0) Sep reponse :
(Sinaia spe
P13
peering toon 8.
neo et
Sim, 120
agp reponse (F123 011
Feeraep ching init
woo tO
ek, 20
Acsrting equation (15),
aes chang inet,
mn 10
= Asnat 20
‘Tre cupat respons willbe
end ted
= (hips 2 0
(0 Fender stem:
‘meget (14) ial conta ha
then he cuin pred oiocer OD
rs
$a =
‘Any sem having sich a model is row a isto stem.
3 ar hy sumed to be 8
‘Pememueneniaw Gey _)___ rant ss mn
Rearanging the sbve equation
Be,
‘Substtuting f= += te consan and
etn and king Laplce tafe
ith 22 tl enim,
sida Rio = LD
ey - a
‘nse foetin Gi)
x0
atacand te iil xenon ferment sown in
Fig. 134 ™ . “em “
|. cite
‘them
tens
(W Thermometer (0) Bateson
Fig. 14: Liq epusion termemeter
| themomcer sae cri of bl elses or penal rss ton
tance 1 fine bre ein, The sytem ply le wih them gd
(Sieh a mec) and epi ele er vara. Whe th bul ed
in lgul th st hgh tamer, the ema Hg ss Red om aia
temperate Ts and expands n the pin tte, Level of mal igo! ide
the eal inca the tego of th ui o the clad sel, The
energy alice eaten and ke lesb rien sing os of ea,
apt et ow te ~ Opt to te
ita one
mei «nat (Sino eponse
Fig 133
Acsrdng eqn (8)
to
eng reponse 13(0)
Feeramp hogs in pat
maa 120
=k, 20
Aeceting sqation (1.4,
= kx, 20
Sins! response
Farinas change in ips,
wee to
= Asinos, 120
‘The output response wile
wo 10
= (ysoon 20
© Foster mien:
in eno (19 ale cng th
fan ad sed 9
‘then the equation gets reduced to fst onder ODE. *
28h hx
‘yen ring hl sk tet,
Rearnging the shoe equation
atu,
name
Stung = s~simeconsan aot 2k un ad taking Lips tanto
theo eondie,
RL + Rs) = RD
fw «to ih
Trans tncton cs) = 22
Xe
Pract! example of fisvrdr system i gui exeson tenance shown
Fi 134
|. cept
inane
Bate setion
(@) Thermometer
Fig 1.34: Liga expansion thermomet
[A thermoset consis of «tlh of elnino sper rss ston
‘oometed to fine br oily. The eter pally ied wil teal gid
(Goch as mec) ond eapilay ele under vow, When he bulb need
fr Tig ath higher temperate Th hema ui pts sted fo init
{per Tyan expanses th nil tbe Level of thermal Tid inde
tbe apilay ines the tempest of ak bg ce te caine ele. THe
‘reg tance gunn rand ie ban be wien a (suing nos oe).
at of hea accumasin™ Igt eat low Ostet ow a
nef? = RAC-TD merocnmnoneionny ts Sent
vee a = mater insite bh
Pr hho tera id
1 icici i
Sean aes ah
round the bulb
eg testo
weil rte
setting OB
fe,
‘ang Lace esto
teeta = To)
w=
tw. pe
‘Tne feo 5) = 7
tw et
Sine tis euion maces wih equation (1), te thermometer em 5 fe
dere ang unity ui"
Other expe of finder sytem ae thermocouples, thermostats, lee R-C
rei, dei gaan syste.
Sep spose
Forstep hg in ins,
m= to
nom 120
‘The Lge tmnt of npc is
ke <3
‘The ouptezne ig yen (1.10)
Koy ok Raat
ene sh eledp)
nigh ack 0 ih nd ig pac Ecton exp a
taking ie Lap toon * =
ne x40) = ba [Ie 0) att)
‘tpt pons ian xpos curve eeseted os shown in Fig. 133,
Pal up repone Fon ain.)
mt = he
Thefoe, =D Seats ange noua
‘Gang in pa
~ sensors in
Fork=1, wf) = 4 = eng ining
‘Sigieaneof an constant: From quton (L118 Xe = 0632285,
‘hot wiwe e ens pte apt apne aces 2
wesavoti tus ei)
ey] |
ig. 1381 Step response ot festorder sytem
Fort 24,24 DAGS kx oF 555% of says ae,
1935 m= 095 or 95 Hof tends aloe,
{tax = D9b x or98 of seadysnte ae
“Thus tie const +8 meas speed f response tie messy fr the
‘pet tat fo change np Sale vale of fst she cust
Teaponse and vie vers, Note ht opt hanes slower tan ip ouput gs
(Siete ipa Tce sondern also ald as fratone og or
monger ag 30
amp respons.
ramp change aap
me tO
(0, 120
“Te Laplace transform of amp chang nips
Sk
ua = meee
=a
ae
Sona 8- aoler)
nen ge
ii9 = wo /S+3°—]
puts heme pamtrtiia
a) nee te eH)
eee ay
ena entee eC ee e
Tayi ibore fg 138
Gaal
Fe, 136: Ramp respons Gntoner system
Dynan tun ined ™
outa own have be changed te sere k accor to ap ist.
(rump) b=
‘eta eit (1:12) stl vale tuts
yeu te)=thi
Soe eam Somes amp ey funn wih spe
Seu, foe wi a 0 Ta neo te
Premiere Sto can
a)
Posts nomenon ait 1
Progeny retponse
‘he fequney reponse of x Batrder sytem fr sinwoida change i input
=A sin(o) scaled om ston (11) a8 allows
ik Aw
Creme]
Pig eae it ne i tl an
wo
or
[Esa ~
retin the ales oc nd king ete Laplace tate,
(OF Troe Tone
x
AAst-91,¢"*-»Oand he fst tem nth tov gation disper. Ths, flr &
longi, he output respens forse optical isola a8
cas «88 nen
1)
singe wigouametc dey,
e088 bsind = exin(a +9)
coVEP ww tuw'(l
quon (122) taker for
wa
(sald) = FAS snr 9)
= ar" Gon
Comparing input sisi neon
x) = sing)
‘2s oupt snl ition
Ps
wont) set 4) o Bente
MO TF sali
econ ta
The inate respon of fst tem to sisal input sas sinusoidal
ith same quency o, buthaing rent tute Band pate angle 4).
wher
(is) Pcs aren ot basta
w The ato of cut amine B10 pet ample A iS KOWT 88 ompling
forme) rato wich ge Y
neous «B= la au
«peeing mae
4 = tar on) 1h)
nar
Sn ee
or
ee note upto a ie
bee ae
SE ed nme rane re A bem
Beers easel
ea BEI ns rence
om in (1s farm ep ay aR=
‘owt aml 87 tbe npc ne ances en es
wera hte hea rar py We or
tal iene in pea et
sea anak tase
‘The nit imple pense offre ye ical wig equation (1.9)
i -
59 = Fev
ooh
Bert Sy
ont aren ad Cats a
“Tokig iver Lape tasfem
©
xy = can)
‘Te output responses ae shown in Fig. 38.
Fig 1.38: Unit impulse response of first-order tem
(i) Secondorder ston
equation (1.6 all he constr te than yy yar, hn te eution
sons
Bs BB etn
né@y nda, by
satya ty
Asciming Bok, B= 2, Borge
2B age Boas = ay
“aking Lapa ansrm ith in condos
(28 62641) 319 = RO
“Terefore raf Fnction
oS 1200)
09 - 38 aETEGA (i200)
Asiming og = roe on beet
120) sig Bem
emer pce) SS SEES
7 = a nosey
we, a
eo pfig” ease
f= mis ps totais
a2
«= tequacy of wap illatons having ¢~0,
ca ample of canter mesxement ste ist UWE MANOMEe hong,
iv coma eer ocho mera) of sty Ti em wt
re ee pene Apacs te arms (oles f the manometer. Ps > Pg
caer ee army dept tele he eel of Tui the igh am roughly
Pach recede ileal ese ead. The difenial peste AP= Py Py,
sn intra
| | |
imorinh
e139: Usabemanoneter
ser eel anne eek ig nee
ste Api ene te pe
"Net free setng on uid on plane P .
Mass of id Aeclton of uid
Poi Q~CFre tpn),
Des dsl eds en i=
| ~ oc od tel thie) (Fr id ition)
pe
ire pesre (,—P,)— (Foe
rer ntunanton ad Cnt 151 Fanta ns woaraon
Foye duet id eon cael
Pressure drop ue to tone A = a 2
ecrding ogi Posen
ee
where = volumetric ow me oF guid
wd
ution (120 aves
nama tome tnt =e
Rearnging equation ed puting PFs“ AP
(oaty SF aml) G+ (0AD = APIA
Dividing tugboat by AB)
(iy, (tal) se «GDA
(GA) Soa aa
L By
Aasiig =,
‘Paton 12) hus he sare Fr eqn (119). thee the manometer is then
sth example of «scone sytem, Obviously, th tans fn of manometer x
Gren by qin (120) a
ia
7 02)
ar
é
0 = Be arcs re
pan rt pnt SESSA Si
ue pre 49) AP HOU EOR
step rae For scan in
secemattameronen 295
he) = gyyaweT =
bay ta?
oiRF ee Af stead)
ara
*Fgrea ted TH
sid son npn ses )
Bin = marl (2-395 +55)
“igo ap as,
nq) = kAP ns Ce, Fen e+ 692)
en fo 5 et yt rp shove enn hee
“quadratic expression ? + 2648+ ot calculated as
n= GVE=D ad 20, 6-VE=D
“Tene ofthe ro 5 dped on wht > 1 (a a el acl ig,
Ga 1 Genta Gl (tnd a cpl cjg) wich ein thee diferent pe
spores lows
(0 ForC>1 (oerdamped respons:
‘he act snd eva nd St, hale entton (1.23) gives the eupd
Pie Kel SHE eg ce +08
SEF te Fine]
cr
=,
[feb as ese shoTo} xe a] on
on.) n-th pto fno dol a
an
ona =
Ih et pn ply
Bee (29 wm in ig, id
oi ope ne am ca
Md tn ss il
Poses htmeniios nfm) __348__Pana oe nntor
(above 1 he response becomes mor nd ore slagith and takes longer tne 0 rch
Sead respoie (ka). For gine vl of soy Gobled nds ave, sae
‘ouput espns sacle, This indies Ut ihe men of ped of espose of he
{ste AS sine (or deren) he op respon becomes ster
ig 140 Step respone ofoverdomped tem
(6 or = 1 (Creat damped respon)
or G= the rot 5 an el and eet (= = Cs) therefore equton
(0.23) gies the cup reponse
ha) = AAP, (1 -(L+ ae Con
“Theo espe present by equation (125) sown in Fig. LAD whic i ser
‘haa he respon fr bghr values of 1) ttt damped sens speach
‘elit vale fer thn does an overaped sem.)
(WyFor 6-4 Cnderdamped respons)
org <1. th rots 5a ae complex Gongs,
9 = atin VIS
and ss = age
Setting hese values in eqn (129, we ae ua ponte
My = san [toon fon a VIB gran VI=Z
(12) nf Pat
sme enmenin escent et Pe
Treen
Min eta [tec sn Vico? 0}
tee 4 TB we ww A 6%
Or cept by es (129.8 ee nF 14g
wa dee Y1-E Tek nce
St eters uy of iin de
ee ee hed repeal OP
sxc en ee an whch eld ro ow. eg
‘sees tet eri ee rps The Yeo ie
ee at pn nd ml tk LE ene
ay damage intruest
(©) Caractere.
snderdamped system
Fig. 141: Regonsoof an underdemped sytem
=
Tit 1 (show ccs of ended
sso
Peak everson The manu smut A by which opt repose ec
tina vc Bis id’ pea neous Tera 0b eds eoho Wh
oon
ped expr when ae died
vent = ep -RAT=O)
Not ht a neat con dab + on ely
amped pes: . "
Decay Rte: The ao th anos sh hina feo scene ks
§ = eo( gi) = eter
dies igomaiang ise de memes
ralenReqsney
= afi (ating) aay
Therein, peso of oat ith ane Ups teen to see eS
sivenby
1 Bae timo «as
ysl eqn fonliions
BEE cinta) 129
7p
‘Natural period of ociatins + A scontore sstem wih © = 0 8 an undanped
syste wie nes fey what eguony even by equation (127 =
For €= 0, he sot sare ple nainry. Tefre,the ep respons of ich
nde stm isetecined ying = in eqstion (126) at es
1) ~ AR snfon 6) a3
uation (130) shows tha te ofp lore contncrty wit 8 const
amplitude and aa equensy (0 shown a Fig, 1.42),
ig 142: Naar oelations of ndarped sem
————————— pens grt nd Ca
un eatin (1:20) epee ee
ett re
i eeresfag ies meme ast
. Tae al salolomempenoeee
eae ilmenite tain aus eer 7 |
Consequenty Sob: t=1 s20.=%4= -0~ 50 |
sr pin os to ech ial vale
rt Pt ne gure fx ean ora 8 al ae ry “Toe ep pnt ofa sore ee ae
ne wih eet sing the expeson ea = tal epe¥)
we Asnming k= repeater =O el be
ees wich ed slnerepns wih (06) = 39-040) -2058
ag 1 i i vom wi ay “To date spec leer i 143) he upto a tra of
ne rine: A> he cig ene fw deanped SE hg need Bers 1
nee ninderietoyacco meh win? 51K alae [Tame [02] e4 [as] oF [oO] va] ia [ia] v8] 20
iter non espn tne oa
pone [0 To [236 755] vx nar a5 [3]
ets Amtotmeer har arange ef 109mV ant ocoreny ts 203 fy ED { eee
‘slr tedio near age f Om de cut of se
sous Acumy of emilee »
005» mma se vale) 2
= sana 1) 2
= 205m¥ 2
uputtte soonest ~The le = Scucy :
= 030s ° t
rate pat rentng of emiletneie Between 5
BELA fan ope ese sug 6 wed nee presre
Sel Dt mec fa Be rs eating shown by Bos geo mais
4 ‘jc npr ror Duets or the page ous ph rae Tact shod ope mmr em kat tie el 20
io an Thin eo Seon a ra tant oe of eg eh i ten
nef 30 so ve erepond fe a and Cr ee cae pven oni geet
0/281 Fel be raf ese fo del ang 10 vee of eper. %
So: Th sent rey a of ste maps sd sn href dy the a a wes ee Sith bet ent pd ene Ses
sccm iol of yp 1008
Erorts adng = AN Sok: The boing merase enon of
ora dig of 150 ants= 150 ~28~ 122 280-200 = 2254 and asamp of sitions ~
Reading of 130 wits= Tre vale of 8 ot ee -
Renting of 100 its = Tr vale of 8.6 ns. Aysemias em Seas ae
orig te ang Fregacneyofosilvons 0 = = 3
Ta ae fr eating of 100 = 18.46 +6= 24.6 in
|
osidands sn Ps een
cars nenn sn CO se
pital of spt iio
arr
Bast
ST a in mt
ri ed mr yas
Spare ad 22 °C
erwin and ul ae .
Tap ee cantare (-03 3)"
pte 5 00S
Tine agence opt 8 0
hse difrence = Time)
30" = 20
23820,
wae - S35
6
au i not
4
apnea -
™ ke ~ B sin (at —§)= 12.87 sin (0314 1 45.28"
Fp tows opt a up sponse.
reponse at ina 10 po 1005 25 lows
‘han (at) = 250 0319
rT
ie
°
®
penis tne nove 0
Fens Pt tenon
See
