Solid State Physics

Sheet-1 —
Crystal Structure

1 Matter
There are four states of matter.
1. Solid

2. Liquid

3. Gas

4. Plasma
State of Matter is characterized by
a. Thermal energy (Temperature)
b. Intermolecular Force of Attraction

We need to study the following properties of solid:

1. Electrical Properties:- To Differentiate between Insulator, conductor and semicon-
ductor.

2. Magnetic Properties:- Magnets are ferromagnetic materials. To know about para,

dia and ferro we need to study this property.

3. Thermal Properties:- To know which solid is thermal insulator or thermal conduc-

tor.

4. Mechanical Properties:- To know which solid is mechanically strong.

5. Optical properties:- Which material is required to make solar cell is decided by

optical properties.

1.1 Types of Solid

1. Crystalline

2. Non Crystalline (Amorphous)

Crystalline solids are further categorized into two categories

1. Single (Quartz, diamond)

2. Poly Crystalline (Cu, Au, Ag)

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1.2 Crystalline Solids

are characterised by regular or periodic arrangements of atoms or molecules. Every solid is
made up of atoms or molecules. Atoms/molecules are repeating themselves after a certain
distance.

1.3 Non-crystalline Solids

are characterised by random arrangement of atoms or molecules. Arrangements of atoms
will decide their properties.

1.4 Single Crystal

: Throughout the crystal we have same type of arrangement then the crystal will be single
crystal.

1.5 Polycrystalline crystals

Polycrystalline is the aggregate of large no of single crystals. The small single crystals are
known as grain and boundaries separating these crystals are grain boundary.

If we consider graphite and quartz then their properties are different because their proper-
ties depends upon their bonding. In nature most of the solids are in the form of crystalline
solid because they are more stable as compared to amorphous solids as energy is released
during the formation of crystalline material is more than amorphous solids. As more energy
is released in the formation of a crystal will be more stable.

2 Study of crystal Structure

Lattice: It is the periodic arrangement of imaginary points in the space. This is a periodic
arrangement of atoms. This is a mathematical concept. The lattice will be Bravais lattice
or Space Lattice if each lattice point has identical surroundings.

Basis: Basis is an atom or group of atoms. By attaching the basis to each lattice point, we
will get crystal structure. It is also called Motif.

Lattice + Basis = Crystal

Basis of 1 atom is called monoatomic crystal. Basis of more than 1 atom is called polyatomic

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crystals.
As lattice points are periodic are periodic so atoms will be periodic so this
arrangement will become crystalline solid.

2.1 Unit cell:

Ideal crystal is infinite in dimensions but real crystal can not be infinite. Unit cell is the
smallest unit of crystal or lattice which on continuous repetition can generate whole lattice.

2.2 Types of Unit cells

1. Primitive: Lattice points are belonging only to the corners of the unit cells. Effective
number of lattice points per unit cell is one. Example: Simple Cubic

2. Non-primitive: Lattice points are belonging to the corners as well as to the other po-
sition of the unit cell or effective number of lattice points are more than one. Example:
BCC, FCC, End centered cubic, Edge centered cubic.

Interplanar Spacing: It is denoted by dhkl . hkl are miller indices. Spacing between two
successive planes. Layer of atoms form crystal planes.

2.3 Interfacial Angle:

Angle between any two faces.

Law of Constant Interfacial angle

Co-ordination Number: Number of neighbouring particles.

For ionic crystals: Number of oppositely charged particles.

2.4 Miller Indices

Tells the orientation of planes in the crystal. d will be different for different orientation.
Note: (1,0,0) : Position coordinate
(100) : Miller indices
[hkl] : Direction indices
hkl : Family of planes
hkl: Family of direction indices

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2.5 How to sketch the Miller indices

a b c
h:k:l= OA
: OB
: OC
a: Lattice parameter along x-direction
b: Lattice parameter along y-direction
c: Lattice parameter along z-direction
OA: Intercept on a-axis
OB: Intercept on b-axis
OC: Intercept on c-axis
hkl: Mileer indices

2.5.1 Interplanar spacing:-

1
dhkl = q (1)
h2 k2 l2
a2
+ b2
+ c2

This formula is valid only for cubic, tetragonal and orthorhombic crystals.
For cubic crystal
a
dhkl = √ (2)
h2 + k 2 + l2

3 Sketch Miller indices

3.1 Relation between lattice parameter and mass density of a
cubic crystal
nma 1
a=( )3 (3)
NA ρm
where
n is the number of atoms per unit cell.
MA Atomic mass / atomic weight
NA Avogadro number
ρm mass density or specific gravity

3.2 Calculation of APF (Atomic packing fraction)

volumeof theatomsinunitcell
AP F = (4)
V olumeof theunitcell

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4 Important Points and Formulae

Translation vector:

T~ = n1~a + n2~b + n3~c

You must be knowing how to draw the miller indices and how to recognise
the drawn indices

Two dimensional lattices: Four crystal systems of two dimensional lattices are there.
Three dimensional lattices: There are seven groups of basic systems.

Interatomic separation

1
dhkl = 2 2 2
( h2 + k2 + l 2 )1/2
a b c

Number of nearest neighbour atoms and atomic radius

Atomic packing fraction

1. For simple cubic

2. For BCC

3. For FCC

4. For HCP

Diamond Cubic Structure

Zinc Blende structure

Sodium Chloride structure

Relation between lattice constant and density

Planes and their densities in different structure

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Reciprocal Lattice

X-ray Diffraction

Moseley’s Law

Question 1 The number of lattice points in a unit cell of a FCC lattice is :

a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 8
Question 2 In SC Lattice of lattice constant a , one plane among a set of parallel planes
intercepts x, y, z axis are 2a, a and a respectively. The Interplanar spacing is :
a. √a
6
b. a
√
c. a 6
d. a/3

Question 3 A metal of atomic weight w and density ρ has FCC structure. The side of
its conventional cubic cell is :
a. ( wρ ).33
b. ( 2w
ρ
).33
c. ( 4w
ρ
).33
d. ( 6w
ρ
).33

Question 4 If a crystal makes intercepts of 2,3 and infinite units on the 3 crystallographic
axes a, b and c. The Miller indices of the planes are :
a. (23 ∞)
b. (320)
c. (006)
d. (660)

Question 5 : What is the second nearest neighbour distance in a face centered cube whose
conventional unit cell parameter is a :

a. √a
2
b. a

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c. a/2
√
2
d. a

Question 6 The positions of number of nearest neighbours in a unit cell of bcc struc-
ture is :
a. ± a2 (î + ĵ + k̂)
b. ±a(î + ĵ + k̂)
c. ± a3 (î + ĵ + k̂)
d. None
Question 7 The primitive translation vector of fcc lattice are : a1 = a2 (î + ĵ)
a2 = a2 (k̂ + ĵ)
a3 = a2 (k̂ + î)
Volume of the primitive cell of reciprocal lattice is :
a. 4( 2π
a
)3
b. 4( 3π
a
)3
π 3
c. 4( 2a )
d. 4( πa )3

Question 8 Which of the following lattice has least packing fraction is

a. Simple cubic
b. FCC
c. Diamond
d. BCC

Question 9 Which of the following has bcc structure :

a. NaCl
b. MgO
c. MnO
d. CsCl

Question 10 0.71 Åwavelength of X-ray is diffracted with sc crystal having a= 2.814 Åfor
the plane [110] then
a. d110 = 1.59Å
b. For second order θ = sin−1 (0.5)
c. d110 = 1.99Å
d. For second order θ = sin−1 (0.357)

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Question 11 Choose the correct statement for reciprocal lattice.

a. Any diffraction pattern of a crystal is a map of the reciprocal lattice of the crystal.
b. When a crystal is made to rotate both the reciprocal and direct lattice rotates.
c. The dimension of vectors in a reciprocal lattice is of (length)−1
d. None

Question 12 Which of the following is correct for fcc structure

a. No of atoms in unit cell are 4
b. Packing fraction is 74%
c. Number of atoms in unit cell are 2.
d. Packing fraction is 68 %

Question 13 Nearest neighbour distance in Na crystal is 1.83 Å. Density of electrons

in Na Crystal in m−3 is (Upto 3 decimal places is )

Question 14 The value of lattice constant a for a fcc having density 650 kg/m3 and atomic
weight 60.2 (in Å) (Answer must be an integer)

Question 15 A lattice is characterized by ~a = 2(î + ĵ) , ~b = 2(k̂ + ĵ), ~c = 2(î + k̂)

then it is

a. bcc with cube edge π

b. fcc with cube edge 2π
c. fcc with cube edge π
d. BCC with cube edge 2π

Question 16 The Miller indices for a crystal plane which makes intercept of a/2 along
x-axis, b/3 along y-axis and c/4 along z-axis

a. (342)
b. (432)

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c. (234)
d. (324)

Question 17 What is the reciprocal lattice of sc lattice?

a. bcc
b. hcp
c. sc
d. fcc

Question 18 Atomic packing fraction of the following crystals:

P Simple cubic
Q bcc
R FCC
S Diamond
T Hexagonal closed packing
Which of the following have the same APF
a. S and T
b. P and Q
c. R and S
d. R and T

Question 19 For a NaCl crystal cell edge a= 0.563 nm. The smallest angle at which
Bragg reflection can occur corresponds to a set of planes whose indices are
a. (110)
b. (111)
c. (100)
d. (200)

Question 20 The interplanar spacing for a (321) plane in a sc lattice whose lattice constant
whose lattice constant is 4.2 × 10−8 cm is
a. 1.12 Å
b. 2.32 Å
c. 4.53 Å
d. 5.55 Å

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√
Question 21 Consider a monoatomic FCC solid with lattice constant 3 Å. Which of
the following is/are correct (λ = 1Å)
a. First order peak for (111) plane would be observed at π/6 .
b. Second order peak would be at θ = π/4 for (111)
c. The interplanar spacing of a set of parallel plane (111) plane is 1 Å.
d. The interplanar spacing of a set of parallel plane (011) plane is 2 Å.

Question 22 NaCl has FCC structure. Density of NaCl is 2.18 gm/cm−3 . Atomic weight
of Na is 23 and Chlorine is 35.5 Then : a. Number of molecules per unit cell is 4
b. Volume of unit cell is 178.453 ×1024 cm3
c. Distance between 2 adjacent atoms is 5.63 ×10−8 cm
d. Lattice constant is 2.81 ×10−8 cm

Question 23 Bragg’s Angles for the first and second order reflection by a crystal are
sinθ1
respectively θ1 and θ2 then sinθ2
is

Question 23 Consider 2 types of space lattice

a. SC
b. FCC
Ratio of nearest neighbour distance is 1 : √1 . the value of α is ——– (integer)
α

Question 24 Volume of primitive cell of bcc structure having conventional lattice pa-
rameter a is:
a. a3
b. 2a3
a3
c. 4
a3
d. 2

Question 25 (326) are the Miller indices of a plane, the intercept made by the plane
on the axes are :

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a. (2a, 3b, c)
b. (a,b,c)
c. (a, 2b, 3c)
d. None

Question 26 For a single cubic lattice d100 : d110 : d111 is :

√
a. 6 : 3 : 2
b. 6:3:2
√ √ √
c. 6 : 3 : 2
√ √ √
d. 6 : 3 : 4

Question 27 The number of atoms per unit area of the plane (010) of a simple cubic
crystal is
a. 1/4r
1
b. r2
c. 4r2
d. 4r

Question 28 The value of lattice constant a for FCC having a density 650 kg/m3 and
atomic weight 60.2 Åis:

Question 29 Metallic monovalent sodium crystalizes in BCC structure. If length of the

unit cell is 4 × 10−8 cm. The concentration of conduction electron in metallic sodium is x
×1022 cm−3 . Then x is

Question 29 Atomic radius of copper (FCC) is 1.28 Å. Density of copper is (kg/m3 )
is (Atomic mass = 59)

Question 30 Smallest angle of diffraction for an x-ray beam of wavelength 0.71 Åis (in
degrees) :

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Question 31 In a powder diffraction pattern recorded from a FCC sample using X-ray.
The first peak appears at 30o . The second peak will appear at angle (in degrees)

√
a n
Question 32 The nearest neighbour distance in the case of bcc structure is given by n−1
.
The value of n is

√
Question 33 Consider a monoatomic FCC solid with lattice constant is 3 Å. The in-
cident angle θ, for which the order Bragg peak would be observed if a monochromatic X-ray
of wavelength 1 Åincident on (111) planes is :

π
a. 4
2π
b. 3
π
c. 6
π
d. 3

Question 34 In a SC lattice of lattice constant a. One plane among a set of parallel

planes intercepts along x,y and z axis 2a, a, and a respectively. The interplanar spacing is
√
a. a 6
b. a
c. √a
6
d. a/3

Question 35 The radius of identical sphere are arranged in FCC form of side a is
a. a/2
a
b. √
2 2
√
3a
c.
√2
3a
d. 4

Question 36 The maximum radius of the interstitial sphere that can just fit into the
void between the body centered atom of bcc structure is:
a. r[ √23 − 1]
√
b. r[ 23 − 1]
√
c. r[ 3 − 1]

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√
d. r[ 2 − 1]

Question 37 The co-ordinates of two sites of a cubic lattice are (110) and (011) respec-
tively. The angle between them is ——(degrees)

Question 38 Al has Fcc Structure. The density of Al is 2.7 ×103 kg/m3 . Lattice pa-
rameter is 4.04 Å. Mass of Al is —— (gm)

Question 38 A crystal structure is defined as α = β = γ 6= π/2 < 2π/3 and a=b=c

The system is
a. Hexagonal
b. Orthorhombic
c. Trigonal
d. Monoclinic

Question 39 Which of the following is correct for nearest neighbour distance is

a. for FCC it is √a
√2
3a
b. For BCC it is 2
c. For SC it is a.
√
3a
d. For FCC it is 2

Question 40 The density of NaCl crystal is 2189 kg/m3 . The volume of the unit cell
is :
a. 221.8 Å3
b. 171.5 Å3
c. 100 Å3
d. 300 Å3

Question 41 The cube FCC (200) has a lattice constant 2.814 Å. λ = 0.710Å. The
glancing angle (in degrees) corresponding to second order reflection is ——-

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Question 42 The number of atoms present in the unit cell of hcp structure is ——–.

Question 43 A SC crystal with lattice parameter ac undergoes transition into tetrago-

√
nal structure with lattice parameter at =bt = 2ac and ct = 2ac . The ratio of interplanar
spacing of (101) planes of the cubic and tetragonal structure is :
q
1
a. 6
b.1/6
q
c. 38
d. 3/8

Question 44 The Miller indices of the plane that makes intercepts of 2 Å, 3 Åand 4Å
on the co-ordinate axis of orthorhombic crystal with a:b:c = 4:3:2 are:
a. (421)
b. (124)
c. (234)
d. (543)

Question 45 A plane makes intercepts of 1 and 2 Åon ~a and ~b axis respectively nut parallel
to ~c axis then Miller Indices if a:b:c= 3:2:1 are
a. (321)
b. (123)
c. (310)
d. None

Question 46 If a crystal plane makes intercepts of 2,3 and ∞ units on the 3 crystallo-
graphic axes a,b and c. The Miller Indices of the plane are
a. (23 ∞)
b. (320)
c. (006)
d. (660)

Question 47 Monochromatic X-rays of wavelength 1 Åare incident on a sc crystal. The

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first order Bragg reflection from (321) plane occurs at an angle of 30o from the plane then
a=?
a. 1
√
b. q3
11
c.
√2
d. 11

Question 48 The value of θ at which first order peak in x-ray (λ = 1.53 Å) diffraction
corresponds to (111) plane of a sc structure with the lattice constant 2.65 Åis approxi-
mately.
a. 15o
b. 30o
c. 45o
d. 60o

Question 49 Metallic copper is known to form cubic crystals and the lattice constant
is measured from X-rays diffraction studies to be about 0.36 nm . If the specific gravity of
copper is 8.96 and its atomic weight is 63.5 one can conclude that
a. There is insufficient data to distinguish between the options below.
b. The crystals are of SC type.
c. The crystals are mixture of fcc and bcc.
d. The crystal is of bcc type.
e. The crytal is of fcc type.

Question 50 Consider a BCC crystal with lattice constant a then determine:

a. Miller indices for (100) plane.
b. The number of atoms per unit area in the (111) plane.

Question 51 A solid with FCC structure has lattice constant 4.0 Å. Each lattice point
has an atom of mass 4.0 × 10−26 kg.
a. Calculate the density of the solid.
b. If each atom of the solid contributes two electron to the conduction band of the solid.
Then calculate the number of conduction electron in 1 m3 volume.

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Question 52 FCC lattice is formed by atoms having radius r.

a. Obtain the expression in terms of r for the areal density of atoms for 111 planes.
b. Obtain the relationship between r and maximum radius R of a sphere that can just
occupy the center of the unit cell.

Question 53 Interatomic separation of Pb Crystal having FCC structure is 3.5 Åthen

calculate the number of atoms in 1 mm square area of
a. 100 plane
b. 111 plane

Question 54 A BCC cell has lattice constant a then find

a. spacing between 111 plane.
b. Bragg Diffraction for diffraction from 100 plane if X-rays of wavelength λ is used.

Question 55 A BCC crystal is used to measured the wavelength of some X-rays the Bragg
angle for the reflection from (110) plane is 20.2 Å. The wavelength of X-rays if lattice pa-
rameter of the crystal is 3.15 Å. (In Å)
a. 1.538
b. 2.536
c. 3.256
d. 4.236

Question 56 A narrow beam of X-rays with wavelength 1.5 Åis reflected from an ionic
crystal with an fcc lattice structure with density 3.32 gcm−3 The molecular weight is 108
amu.
A. The lattice constant is (in Å)
a. 6.00
b. 4.56
c. 4.00
d. 2.56

B. The sine of the angle corresponding to (111) reflection is

√
3
a. 4

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√
3
b.
√8
1
c. 4
1
d. 8

Question 57 When laser light of wavelength λ falls on a metal scale with 1 mm engravings
at a grazing angle of incidence, it is diffracted to form a vertical chain of diffraction spots
on a screen kept perpendicular to the scale. If the wavelength of the laser is increased by
200 nm, the angle of the first order diffraction spot changes from 5o to (in degree)
a. 6.60
b. 5.14
c. 5.018
d. 5.21

Question 58 X-ray of wavelength λ = a is reflected from the (111) plane of a simple

cubic lattice. If the lattice constant is a , the corresponding Bragg angle in radian is
π
a. 6
π
b. 4
π
c. 3
π
d. 8

Question 59 Consider X-ray diffraction from a crystal with a FCC. The Lattice plane
for with there is no diffraction peak is :
a. (212)
b. (111)
c. (200)
d. (311)

Question 60 A metal with bcc structure show the first peak at an angle of 30 degree.
The wavelength of x-ray used is 2.1 Å. The volume of the primitive unit cell of the metal is:
a. 26.2 (Å)3
b. 13.1 (Å)3
c. 9.3 (Å)3
d. 4.6 (Å)3

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Question 61 A simple cubic crystal with lattice parameter ac undergoes transition into
√
a tetragonal structure with lattice parameters at = bt = 2ac and ct = 2ac below a certain
temperature. The ratio of the interplanar spacing of (101) planes for the cubic and the
tetragonal structure is
q
1
a. 6
b. q
1/6
3
c. 8
d. 3/8

Question 62 The Miller indices of a plane passing through the three points having co-
ordinates (0,0,1) (1,0,0) and (0.5, 0.5 , 0.25) are
a. (212)
b. (111)
c. (121)
d. (211)

Question 63 The lattice parameters a, b, c of an orthorhombic crystal are related by

a= 2b = 3c . In units of a the interplanar separation between the (110) planes is (upto 3
decimal places)

Question 64: The atomic mass and mass density of sodium are 23 and 0.968 gcm−3
respectively. The number density of valence electrons is ...... x 1022 cm−3 Question 64
The fraction of volume occupied by the atoms (hard spheres) in a simple cubic unit lattice
parameter a is
π
a. 4
π
b. 6
π
c. 6
π
d. 8

Question 65 In the X-ray diffraction pattern of a sodium metal which has a bcc struc-
ture , the missing reflection planes will be
a. 101

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b. 011
c. 020
d. 100

Question 66 In an orthorhombic crystal, a lattice plane cuts intercepts of lengths 3a, -

2b, and 3c/2 along three axes. The Miller Indices of the plane are :
a. (234)
b. (342)
c. (134)
d. (2 3̄4)

Question 67 If the volume of a cubic unit cell in Bravais lattice is V, the volume of
the unit cell in the reciprocal lattice will be :
8(π)3
a. V
V
b. 8(π)3
2(π)
c. V
V
d. 2π
Question 68
0.28 nm is the interatomic distance in NaCl system the lattice parameter is :
a. 0.14 nm
b. 0.56 nm
c. 0.08 nm
d. 0.28 nm

Question 69 In an XRD experiment following set of reflections expressed as 2θ (in de-

grees) 38.40, 44.50,64.85, 77.90, 81.85, 98.40, 111.20. The crystal structure is :
a. SC
b. BCC
c. FCC
d. None

Question 70 In an XRD experiment following set of reflections expressed as 2θ (in de-

grees) 14.10, 19.98, 24.57, 28.41, 31.85, 34.98, 37.89, 40.61. The crystal structure is
a. SC
b. BCC

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c. FCC
d. None

Question 71 Gold forms an FCC lattice with lattice parameter 10.2 nm. What accel-
eration potential must be applied to electrons to cause electron diffraction on (220) planes
of gold at θ = 5o
a. 2465 V.
b. 2415 V.
c. 3412 V.
D. 3516 V.

Question 72

Sodium metal crystallizes in a body centred cubic lattice with a unit cell edge of 3.29Å.
The radius of sodium atom is approx (in Å)

a. 5.72

b. 0.93

c. 1.86

d. 3.22

Question 73

CsCl crystallizes in BCC lattice. If a is its edge length then which of the following is
correct

a. rCs+ + rCl− = 3a

b. rCs+ + rCl− = 3a/2

√
c. rCs+ + rCl− = 3a/2

√
d. rCs+ + rCl− = 3a

Question 74

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A crystalline solid of a pure substance has a fcc structure with an edge of 400pm. If the
density of the substance in the crystal is 8g/cm3 , then the number of atoms present in 256g
of the crystal is N × 1024 . The value of N is

Question 75

Na and Mg crystallize in BCC and FCC type crystals respectively. then the number of
atoms of Na and Mg present in the unit cell of their respective crystal is

a. 4 and 2

b. 9 and 14

c. 14 and 9

d. 2 and 4

Question 76

CsBr has bcc type structure with edge length 4.3 Å. The shortest inter ionic distance
in between Cs and Br is (in Å)

a. 3.72

b. 7.44

c. 1.86

d. 4.30

Question 77

In a solid AB having the NaCl structure. A atoms occupy the corners of the unit cell.
If all the FCC atoms along one of the axes are removed then the resultant stoichiometry of
the solid is

a. AB2

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b. A2 B

c. A4 B3

d. A3 B4

Question 78

An ionic compound has a unit cell consisting of A ions at the corners of a cube and B
ions on the centres of the faces of the cube. The emperical formula for this compound is

a. A3 B

b. AB3

c. A2 B

d. AB

Question 79

The edge length of a fcc cell of an ionic substance is 508pm. If the radius of the cation
is 110pm , the radius of the anion is

a. 288pm

b. 398 pm

c. 618 pm

d. 144 pm

Question 80

The radius of the largest sphere which fits properly at the centre of the edge of a body
centred cubic unit cell is (a is the edge length)

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a. 0.134a

b. 0.027a

c. 0.047a

d. 0.067a

Question 81

Which of the following is/are correct for fcc ?

a. there are tetragonal sites

b. there are octahedral sites

c. there are cubic sites

d. all of the above

Question 82

Which of the following is/are correct for BCC

a. they have regular octahedral voids

b. they have irregular octahedral voids

c. they have irregular tetrahedral voids

d. they have regular tetrahedral voids

Question 83

The more efficient mode of packing of identical atoms in one layer is

a. square packing pattern

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b. hexagonal packing pattern

c. both 1 and 2

d. none of these

Question 84

The vacant space in bcc unit cell is

a. 0.32

b. 0.10

c. 0.23

d. 0.46

Question 85

Close packing is maximum in the crystal lattice of

a. simple cubic

b. face centred

c. body centred

d. none

Question 86

If the coordination number of an element in its crystal lattice is 8 then the packing is

a. fcc

b. hcp

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c. bcc

d. none of the above

Question 87

Tetrahedral void in a crystal implies that

a. shape of the void is tetrahedral

b. molecules forming the voids are tetrahedral in shape

c. the void is surrounded by four spheres

d. the void is surrounded by six spheres

Question 88

The size of an octahedral void formed in a closest packed lattice as compared to tetra-
hedral void is

a. equal

b. larger

c. smaller

d. none of these

Question 89

The radius of N a+ ion is 95pm and that of cl ion is 181 pm . The type of void it will
form is

a. triangular

b. tetrahedral

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c. octahedral

d. cubic

Question 90

Br ions form closed packed structure , if the radius of Br ion is 195pm. The radius of
cation that fits into tetrahedral void can cation having radius of 82pm be slipped into octa-
hedral void of crystal of A+ Br−

Question 91

The ratio of the second nearest neighbour distance to the nearest neighbour distance in
an FCC lattice is

√
a. 2 2

b. 2

√
c. 3

√
d. 2

Question 92

The fraction of volume unoccupied in the unit cell of the bcc lattice is

√
8− 3π
a. 8

√
3π
b. 8

√
6− 2π
c. 8

π
d. √
3 2

Question 93

Which of the coordination number of crystal lattice and their coordination number are

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correct

a. bcc-8

b. sc- 6

c. fcc-8

d. fcc-12

Question 94

A metal suffers a structural phase transition form fcc to the sc structure. It is observed
that this phase transition does not involve any change of volume. The nearest neighbour
df cc
distances dsc and df cc for the SC and FCC structures are in the ratio dsc

a. 1.029

b. 1.122

c. 1.374

d. 1.130

Question 95

Circular disc of radius 1m each are placed on a plane so as to form a clodely packed trian-
gular lattice. The number of disc per unit area (in m−2 ) is approximately

a. 0.86

b. 0.43

c. 0.29

c. 0.14

Question 96

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Silver has FCC structure and its atomic radius is 1.441Å. Find the spacing of (220) planes

a. 1.121Å

b. 2.121Å

c. 4.123Å

d. 2.321Å

Question 97

The interplanar spacing for (321) plane in a simple cubic lattice whose lattice constant
is 4.2Å

a. 2.121Å

b. 1.122Å

c. 3.121Å

d. 4.0121Å

Question 98

The interplanar spacing of (110) plane is 2Å for FCC crystal . The atomic radius (in
Å) is

a. 1.0

b. 2.1

c. 1.6

d. 1.3

Question 99

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The interplanar spacing (in Å) for (220) plane of a bcc iron with atomic radius 1.24Å

a. 2.02

b. 1.01

c. 3.01

d. 1.20

Question 100

In a simple cubic crystal the ratio of spacing of (110) and (111) planes is

a. 1.021

b. 1.225

c. 1.356

d. 1.236

Question 101

Deduce the miller indices of a set of parallel planes which makes intercept in the ratio
a:2b on the x and y axes and parallel to z axis. Also calculate the interplanar spacing of the
plane taking the lattice to be cubic with edge length 5Å

Question 102

What is the family of planes {hkl} with an inerplanar spacing of d = 1.246Å in nickel
with edge length 3.524Å

Question 103

The density of copper is 8.980kg/m3 and edge length is 3.61Å. Atmoic weight of cop-
per is 63.54. Find the interplanar spacing of (110) plane.

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Question 104

A solid with FCC structure has lattice constant 4.04Å. Each lattice point has an atom
of mass of 4 × 10−26 kg. The mass density of the solid is

a. 3 × 103 kg/m3

b. 5 × 103 kg/m3

c. 2.5 × 103 kg/m3

d. 7 × 103 kg/m3

Question 105

In a simple cubic structure of lattice constant a, one plane among a set of parallel planes
intercept x,y and z axis 2a, a and a respectively. The interplanar spacing is

√
a. a 6

b. a

√
c. a/ 6

d. a/3

Question 106

Consider X ray diffraction from a crystal with a FCC . The lattice plane for which diffraction
peak will be observed

a. (212)

b. (111)

c. (200)

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d. (311)

Question 107

The maximum radius of the interstitial sphere that can just fit into the void between the
body centered atom of bcc structure is (where r is the radius of the atom)

√
a. r(2/ 3 − 1)

√
b. r( 3/2 − 1)

√
c. r( 3 − 1)

√
d. r( 2 − 1)

Question 108

Consider a monoatomic fcc solid with lattice constant 1.732Å. The incident angle θ,for
which the first order Bragg peak would be observed if a monochromatic x-ray of wavelength
1Å incident on (111) planes is

a. π/4

b. 2π/3

c. π/6

d. π/3

Question 109

The sin2 θ values of obtained from X-ray powder diffraction pattern of a solid are 2x,4x,
6x, 8x where x=006. The wavelength of X-ray used is 1.54Å. The unit cell and edge length
is equal to

a. BCC, 3.146Å

b. FCC, 3.146Å

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c. SC, 6.281Å

d. BCC, 1.544Å

Question 110

The 2nd oder diffraction pattern of X-ray with λ = 1Å from a set of parallel plane in a
metal occur at an angle of 60o . The distance between scattering planes in crystal is

Question 111

The distance between two successive atomic planes of a calcite crystal is 0.3Å . The mini-
mum angle for Bragg scattering of 0.3Å X-rays will be

a. 1.5o

b. 30o

c. 2.86o

d. 60o

Question 112

The angle between (111) and (1̄1̄1̄) direction in a cubic crystal is

a. 109.5o

b. 120o

c. 60o

d. 30o

Question 113

The spacing between the principle planes in a crystal of NaCl is 2.82Å. It is found that the

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first order Bragg’s reflection occurs at 10o

a. what is the wavelength of X-rays

b. At what angle , the second order reflection occurs

c. What is the highest order of reflection seen ?

Question 114

In a diffraction experiment with X-rays of wavelength 1.54Å, a diffraction line corresponding

to 2θ = 20.8o . The interplanar separation in Å is —-

Question 115

Marbles of diameter 10mm are to be put in a square area of side 40mm so that their centres
are within this area. Find the maximum number of marbles per unit area and deduce an
expression for the same

Question 116

An element with molar mass 2.7kg/mol forms a cubic unit cell with edge length 450pm
. If its density is 2.7 × 103 kg/m3 . The radius of the element is approximately x×10−12 m .
The value of x is

Question 117

A diatomic molecule X2 has a bcc structure with a cell edge of 300pm . The density of
the molecule is 6.17g/cm3 . The number of molecules present in 200g of X2 is

a. 40NA

b. 4NA

c. 2NA

d. 8NA

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√
Question 118 A solid having density 9 × 103 kg/m3 forms fcc crystals of edge length 200 2
pm. What is the molar mass of the solid

a. 0.03050kg/mol

b. 0.4320kg/mol

c. 0.043kg/mol

d. 0.0216kg/mol

Question 119

Which plane in SC has largest planar density

a. (110)

b. (100)

c. (111)

d. (101)

Question 120

Which direction has has the largest line density

a. (110)

b. (100)

c. (111)

d. (001)

Question 121

In a cube X atoms are present at corners and Y atoms are present at face centres of a

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cube. The number of X and Y are

a. 8,8

b. 6,8

c. 8,6

d. 6,6

Question 122

A crystalline solid of a pure substance has a fcc structure with a cell edge of 400pm. if
the density of the substance in the crystal is 8g/cm3 , then the number of atoms present in
the 256 gm of the crystal is N × 1024 . The value of N is

Question 123

At 373K copper has FCC unit cell structure with cell edge length of x Å. The approxi-
mate density of Cu (in g/cm3 ) at this temperature is

205
a. x3

105
b. x3

211
c. x3

422
d. x3

Question 124

The edge length of unit cell of a metal having molecular weight 75 g/mol is 5Å which
crystallises in cubic lattice. If the density is 2g/cc then find the radius of metal atom. (the
answer must be in pm)

Question 125

A given metal crystallizes out with a cubic structure having edge length of 361pm. If

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there are four metal atoms in a unit cell, the radius of one atom is

a. 40pm

b. 127pm

c. 80pm

d. 108 pm

Question 126

Iron exhibits bcc structure at room temperature. Above 900o C , it transforms to fcc struc-
ture. The ratio of density of iron at room temperature to that at 900o C (assuming atomic
radii of iron remains constant with temperature) is

√
3√3
a. 4 2

√
4√2
b. 3 2

√
c. √3
2

d. 1/2

Question 127

A certain element crystallises in a bcc lattice of unit cell of edge length 27 Å . If the
same element under the same conditions crystallises in the fcc lattice, the edge length of the
unit cell in Å will be ......(nearest integer)

Question 128

A certain element crystallises in a bcc lattice of unit cell edge length 27Å . If the same
element under the same conditions crystallises in the facc lattice, the edge length of the unit
cell in (Å) will be

Question 129

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Monochromatic X-rays of wavelength 1Å are incident on a simple cubic lattice . The first
order Bragg reflection from (311) plane occurs at angle of 30o from the plane. The lattice
parameter of the crystal in Å is

a. 1

√
b. 3
q
11
c. 2

√
d. 11

Question 130

The value of θ at which the first peak in X-ray (λ = 1.53Å) diffraction corresponding
to (111) plane of a simple cubic structure with the lattice constant, α = 2.65Å, is approxi-
mately (in degree)

a. 15

b. 30

c. 45

d. 60

Question 131

An X-ray diffraction experiment is carried out on a crystalline solid having FCC struc-
ture at room temperature. The solid undergoes a phase transformation on cooling to -20
degree C and shows orthorhombic structure with small decrease in its unit cell lengths are
compared to the FCC unit cell lengths. As a result the (311) line of the XRD pattern
corresponding to the FCC system.

a. will split into doublet

b will split into a triplet

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c. will remain unchanged

d. will split into two separate doublets

Question 132

An X-ray beam of wavelength 1.54Å is diffracted from the (100) planes of a solid with
a cubic lattice of lattice constant 3.08Å . The first Order Bragg diffraction occurs at

a. sin−1 14

√
b. sin−1 4
2

c. sin−1 12

d. sin−1 √12

Question 133

Crystals exhibit Bragg’s diffraction of visible light if the lattice constant of the crystals
is of the order of

a. 1nm

b. 50nm

c. 250nm

d. 500nm

Question 134

X-rays are used in the study of crystal structure because

a. X-rays cannot be absorbed by the crystal

b. X-rays can probe deepen into the crystal

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c. Wavelength of X-rays is comparable to interatomic plane distances in the crystal

d. X-ray wavelength is much longer than the interatomic plane distance

Question 135

Zinc crystallizes in HCP structure. If r is the radius of the zinc atom, the height of the
unit cell of zinc is

p
a. 2r 8/3

p
b. r 8/3

p
c. 2r 3/8

p
d. r 3/8

Question 136

For cubic coordination the value of radius ration is

a. 0.732-1.000

b. 0.225-0.414

c. 0-0.225

d. 0.414-0.732

Question 137

The maximum radius of sphere that can be fitted in the octahedral hole of cubical closed
packing of sphere of radius r

a. 0.732r

b. 0.414r

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c. 0.225r

d. 0.155r

Question 138

If Z is the number of atoms in the unit cell that represents the closest packing sequence
ABCABC , Then the number of tetrahedral voids in the unit cell is

a. Z

b. Z/2

c. 2Z

d. Z/4

Question 139

Potassium fluoride has NaCl type structure . What is the distance between K + and F −
ions if cell edge is a cm

a. 2a

b. a/2

c. 4a

d. a/4

Question 140

The number of atoms in 100g of an FCC crystal with density 10g per cc and cell edge
equal to 100pm is (in 1025 )

a. 4

b. 3

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c. 2

d. 1

Question 141

The interionic distance from cesium chloride crystal is

a. a

b. a/2

√
c. 3a/2

√
d. 2a/ 3

Question 142

If the value of ionic radius ratio is 0.52 in an ionic compound, the geometrical arrange-
ment of ions in crystal is

a. tetrahedral

b. plannar

c. octahedral

d. pyramidal

Question 143

In NaCl lattice the coordination number of Cl− ion is

a. 2

b. 6

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c. 4

d. 8

Question 144

A compound of formula A2 B3 has the hcp lattice. Which atom forms the hcp lattice and
what fraction of tetrahedral vouds is occupied by the other atoms

a. hcp lattice A, 2/3 tetrahedral voids B

b. HCP Lattice A, 1/3 tetrahedral voids B

c. HCP lattice B, 1/3 tetrahedral voids A

d. HCP Lattice B, 2/3 tetrahedral voids A

Question 145

CsCl crystallises in BCC lattice. If a is the edge length then which of the following is correct

√
a. rCs + rCl = 3a/2

√
b. rCs + rCl = 3a

c. rCs + rCl = 3a

√
d. rCs + rCl = 3a/2

Question 146

In a face centred cubic lattice, Atom A occupies the corner positions and B occupies the
face center positions. If one atom of B is missing from one of the face centred points, the
formula for the compound is

a. A2 B3

b. A2 B5

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c. A2 B

d. AB2

Question 147

The radius of a calcium ion is 94pm and of the oxide ion is 146pm. The possible struc-
ture of calcium oxide will be

a. octahedral

b. tetrahedral

c. pyramidal

d. trigonal

Question 148

Helium atoms at low temperatures makes a perfect pack structure of hexagonal lattice
with parameters a=0.36nm and c=0.59nm. The density of the crystal is (in kg/m3 )

a. 2000

b. 100

c. 123

d. 200

Question 149

A flat surface is covered with non overlapping disks of same size. What is the largest
fraction of the area that can be covered

3
a. π

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5π
b. 6

c. 6/7

5
d. √
2 3

Question 150

Circular discs of radius 1m each are placed on a plane so as to form a closely packed
triangular lattice. The number of discs per unit area is apporx equal to (in m−2 )

a. 0.86

b. 0.43

c. 0.29

d. 0.14

Question 151

The total number of Na and Cl ions per unit cell of NaCl is

a. 2

b. 4

c. 6

d. 8

Question 152

In a simple cubic lattice of lattice constant 0.287 nm , the number of atoms per mm square
along the 111 plane is

a. 2.11 × 1013

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b. 1.73 × 1013

c. 1.29 × 1013

d. 1.21 × 1013

Question 153

Magnesium has hcp structure . The radius of mg atom is 0.1605nm . The volume of
unit cell in 10−28 m3 is

a. 0.7

b. 2.8

c. 1.4

d. 0.35

Question 154

If the anions(A) form hexagonal closed packing and cations (C) occupy only 2/3 octa-
hedral voids in it, then the general formula for the compound is

a. CA

b. CA2

c. C2 A3

d. C3 A2

Question 155

rc
An ionic compound is expected to to have body centred cubic unit cell if ra

a. is greater than 0.732

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b. lies in the range 0.414 to 0.732

c. lies in the range 0.225 to 0.414

d. lies in the range 0.155 to 0.225

Question 156

In a solid AB having the NaCl structure , A atoms occupy the corners of the cubic unit
cell . If all the face centred atoms along one of the axes are removed then the resultant
stoichiometry of the solid is

a. AB2

b. A2 B

c. A4 B3

d. A3 B4

Question 157

If r(N a+ )/r(Cl− )=0.5 and r(K+)/r(Cl−) =0.7 the ratio a(KCl)/a(NaCl) of edge lengths
of unit cell is about

a. 1.14

b. 1.24

c. 1.34

d. 1.44

Question 158

The cubic unit cell of aluminium (molar mass 27g/mol) has an edge length of 405pm .
It density is 2.7g/cm3 . The unit cell is

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a. primitive

b. face centred

c. body-centred

d. end-centred

Question 159

The edge length of unit cell of sodium chloride is 564pm . If the size of Cl ion is 181pm
then the size of sodium ion is

a. 101pm

b. 167pm

c. 202 pm

d. 388pm

Question 160

In sodium chloride crystal . the number of nearest neighbours of each Na ion is

a. 8 Cl ions

b. 8 Na ions

c. 6 Cl ions

d. 12 Cl ions

Question 161

If a is the edge length of unit cell of NaCl , the distance between the nearest Na and Cl ion is

a. a

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√
b. 2a

c. a/2

√
d. 3a

Question 162

Atoms of a substance in a solid can be closely packed resulting into either cubical closed
packing or hexagonal closed packing

i) Which of the following facts regarding their densities is correct

a. cubical closed packing > hexagonal closed packing

b. cubical closed packing < hexagonal closed packing

c. cubical closed packing = hexagonal closed packing

d. cubical closed packing >, < or = hexagonal closed packing depending upon the ac-
tual size of atoms

ii) The coordination number of atoms in closed packing is

a. 4

b. 6

c. 8

d. 12

iii) The distance between the two closed packed layers in terms of radius r of atom is

a. 2r/3

b. r/2

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√
c. 4r/ 6

√
d. 6r/4

Question 163

In a closed packed array of N spheres, the octahedral holes are

a. N/2

b. 2N

c. 4N

d. N

Question 164

A solid is formed and it has three types of atoms X, Y and Z. X forms a FCC lattice
with Y atoms occupying all the tetrahedral voids and Z atoms occupying half the octahe-
dral voids. The formula for the solid is

a. X2 Y4 Z

b. XY2 Z4

c. X4 Y2 Z

d. X4 Y Z2

Question 165

How many unit cells are there in 1g cube shaped crystal of AB(MW=60) which has a
NaCl type lattice

a. 6.022 × 1023

b. 2022

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c. 2.51 × 1021

d. 6.022 × 1024

Question 166

If the radii of A+ and B- are 95pm and 181pm respectively. The coordination number
of A+ ion will be

a. 12

b. 8

c. 6

d. 4

Question 167

In a solid AB having the NaCl structure A atoms occupy the corners of the cubic unit
cell . If all the face centred atoms among one of the axes are removed , the the resultant
stoichiometry of the solid is

a. AB2

b. A2 B

c. A4 B3

d. A3 B4

Question 168

A substance Ax By crystallizes in a face centred cubic lattice in which atoms A occupy

each corner of the cube and B occupy the centres of each face of the cube. Identify the
correct values of x and y

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a. x=1, y=3

b. x=4 , y=3

c. x=3, y=1

d. composition can not be specified

Question 169

Total volume of atoms present in a fcc unit cell of a metals is

20πr3
a. 3

b. 8πr3

c. 4πr3

16πr3
d. 3

Question 170

Which of the following is/are incorrect in the rock salt structure of an ionic compounds

a. coordination number of cation is four where as that of anion is six

b. coordination number of cation is six where as that of anion is four

c. coordination number of each cation and anion is four

d. coordination number of each cation and anion is six

Question 171

Which of the statements are correct

a. the coordination number of each type of ion in CsCl is 8

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b. a metal that crystallises in BCC structure has a coordination number 12

c. a unit cell of an ionic crystal shares some of its ions with other unit cells

d. The length of the unit cell in NaCl is 552pm (r(Na)= 95pm, r(Cl)=181pm)

Question 172

If k is the wavevector of incident light , λ is the wavelength of light and G is the recip-
rocal lattice then the Bragg’s law can be written as

a. ~k + G
~ =0

b. 2~k.G
~ + G2 = 0

c. 2~k.G
~ + k2 = 0

d. ~k.G
~ =0

Question 173

The second order maximum in the diffraction of X-rays of 0.20nm wavelength from a simple
cubic crystal is found to occur at an angle of 30 degrees to the crystal plane. The distance
between the lattice planes is (in Angstrom)

a. 1

b. 2

c. 4

d. 8

Question 174

In a Davission Germer experiment , a collimated beam of electrons of energy 54eV . at

normal incidence on a given crystal, shows a peak at a reflection angle of 40o . If the electron
beam is replaced by a neutron beam , and the peak appears at the same value of reflection

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angle then the energy of the neutrons will be

a. 330eV

b. 33eV

c. 0.3eV

d. 0.03eV

Question 175

The longest wavelength X-ray that can undergo Bragg diffraction in a crystal for a given
family of planes of spacing d is

a. d/4

b. d/2

c. d

d. 2d

Question 176

The diffraction pattern of copper metal was measured with X-ray radiation of wavelength
1.315Å . The first order Bragg diffraction peak was found at an angle 2θ = 50.5o . The
d-spacing between the diffracting planes in the copper metal in Å is

a. 3.25

b. 1.54

c. 0.41

d. 4.2

Question 177

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In the X-ray diffraction of a set of crystal planes having d equal to 0.18nm , first order
reflection is found to be at an angle of 22o . The wavelength of the x-ray is

a. 0.0749nm

b. 0.0374nm

c. 0.749nm

d. 0.374nm

Question 178

FCC lattice is the reciprocal of the

a. BCC lattice

b. SC lattice

c. HCP lattice

d. both the BCC and SC lattice

Question 179

The angle of diffracted X-rays is 90 degree from the incident direction of X-rays. The
interplanar separation of the planes responsible for the diffraction is given by

a. √λ
2

b. λ/2

√
c. 2λ

√
3λ
d. 2

Question 180

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The reciprocal lattice of an FCC crystal is

a. orthorhombic

b. simple cubic

c. hexagonal

d. BCC

Question 181

The glancing angle (in degrees) on the plane (110) of a cube of rock salt (a=2.81Å) corre-
sponding to second order diffraction maximum for the X-rays of wavelength 0.71Å, is ......

Question 182

The correct statement(s) about the reciprocal lattice is/are

a. every reciprocal lattice vector is normal to a set of parallel planes of the crystal lat-
tice

b. when no common factor exists among the components of G ~ then | G

~ | is inversely
~
proportional to the spacing of the lattice planes normal to G

c. the direct lattice is the reciprocal of its own reciprocal lattice

d. the unit cell of the reciprocal lattice need not be a parallelopiped

Question 183

The correct statement(s) about the reciprocal lattice is/are

a. the simple cubic structure is self reciprocal

b. the reciprocal lattice for BCC is an FCC lattice

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c. the reciprocal lattice for FCC is a BCC lattice

d. the reciprocal lattice for an HCP lattice is a bcc structure

Question 184

KCl has the NaCl type structure which is fcc with two atom basis , one at (0,0,0) and
the other at (1/2,1/2,1/2) . Assume that the atomic form factors of K and Cl are identical.
In an X-ray diffraction experiment on KCl , which of the following hkl peaks will be observed

a. 100

b. 110

c. 111

d. 200

Question 185

In a simple cubic lattice of lattice constant 0.287nm, the number of atoms per sq mm
along the 111 plane is

a. 2.11 × 1013

b. 1.732 × 1013

c. 1.29 × 1013

d. 121 × 1013

Question 186

In a single layer of graphite . called graphene , the carbon atoms form a hexagonal lat-
tice. How many carbon atoms are there in a unit cell of the lattice

a. 1

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b. 2

c. 3

d. 6

Question 187

A beam of electrons with kinetic energy 1KeV is diffracted as it passes through a poly-
crystalline metal foil. The metal has a cubic crystal structure with spacing of 1Å. Given
m,q,h and c

a. calculate the wavelength of the electrons

b. calculate the Bragg angle for the first order diffraction maximum

Question 188

Which of the following statements is correct for NaCl crystal

a. it is a simple cubic lattice with one atom basis

b. it is a fcc with one atom basis

c. it is a simple cubic with two atom basis

d. it is a fcc with two atom basis

Question 189

Graphite, an allotrope of carbon crystallizes in a simple hexagonal crystal structure with

primitive translation vectors of the hexagonal space lattice given by

√
3a
a1 = 2
x̂ + a2 ŷ,

√
3a
a2 = − 2
x̂ + a2 ŷ,

a3 = cẑ

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Here a= 2.46 Å and c = 6.7Å. Given that there is one atom in the primitive cell, the
density of graphite is given by

a. 0.56gm/cm3

b. 5.10gm/cm3

c. 2.40gm/cm3

d. 1.40gm/cm3

d. 4.32gm/cm3

Question 190

A flat surface is covered with non overlapping disks of same size. What is the largest
fraction of the area that can be covered

a. 3/π

b. 5π/6

c. 6/7

π
d. √
2 3

Question 191

The Miller indices of the plane parallel to the x and y axes are

a. 100

b. 010

c. 001

d. 111

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Question 192

Given that the cube edge of diamond is 0.356nm. The number of atoms per meter cube is

a. 0.88 × 1029

b. 5.31 × 1029

c. 2.77 × 1029

d. 1.77 × 1029

Question 193

For a simple cubic lattice the ratio of density of points in 111 and 110 planes is

a. 2/3

b. 9/4

c. 2/5

√
d. √2
3

Question 194

~ to direct basis vector ~a is given by

The relation of the reciprocal basis vector A

~a=0
a. A.~

~ a = 2π
b. A.~

~a=π
c. A.~

~ a = π/2
d. A.~

Question 195

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If the molecular weight and density of rock salt with fcc structure are 60 and 2160kg/m3
respectively, the lattice constant in Å is about

a. 6.78

b. 5.69

c. 4.51

d. 3.10

Question 196

Silicon has diamond structure with unit cell edge a a=0.542nm . The interatomic sepa-
ration is

a. 0.122 nm

b. 0.234nm

c. 0.383nm

d. 0.542nm

Question 197

A crystal belongs to a fcc lattice with four atoms in the unit cell. The size of the crys-
tal is 1cm and unit cell dimension is 1nm . f is the scattering factor of the atom

i. The number of atoms in the crystal is

a 2 × 1021

b. 4 × 1021

c. 2 × 1021

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d. 4 × 1024

ii) The structure factors for 010 and 200 reflection respectively are

a. 2f and zero

b. zero and 4f

c. 2f and 2f

d. zero and zero

Question 198

The primitive translation vectors of the body centred cubic lattice are ~a = a2 (x̂ + ŷ − ẑ)

~b = a (−x̂ + ŷ + ẑ)
2

~c = a2 (x̂ − ŷ − ẑ)

~ B
The primitive translation vectors A, ~ and C
~ of the reciprocal lattice are

~=
a. A 2π
(x̂ ~ =
− ŷ); B 2π
(ẑ ~ =
+ ŷ), C 2π
(x̂ + ẑ)
a a a

~=
b. A 2π
(x̂ ~ =
− ŷ); B 2π
(ŷ ~ =
− ẑ), C 2π
(x̂ + ẑ)
a a a

~=
c. A 2π
(x̂ ~ =
+ ŷ); B 2π
(ẑ ~ =
+ ŷ), C 2π
(x̂ − ẑ)
a a a

~=
d. A 2π
(x̂ ~ =
+ ŷ); B 2π
(ẑ ~ =
+ ŷ), C 2π
(x̂ + ẑ)
a a a

Question 199

A lattice has the following primitive vectors ~a = 2(ĵ + k̂), ~b = 2(k̂ + î), ~c = 2(î + ĵ).
The reciprocal lattice corresponding to the above lattice is

a. bcc lattice cube edge of π/2Å−1

b. bcc lattice cube edge of 2π Å−1

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c. fcc lattice with cube edge π/2Å−1

d. fcc lattice cube edge of 2π Å−1

Question 200

which one of the following statements is/are correct for the diffraction peaks of bcc and
fcc lattices

a. bcc 200 110 222

fcc 111 211 400

b. bcc 210 110 222

fcc 111 313 400

c. bcc 200 110 222

fcc 111 211 400

d. bcc 200 210 222

fcc 111 211 400

Question 201

NaCl crystal has fcc structure . Density of NaCl is 2.18gm/cm3 . Atomic weight of Na
is 23 and that of chlorine is 35.5 then

a. no of molecules per unit cell is 4

b. volume of unit cell is 178.453 × 10−24 cm3

c. distance between 2 adjacent atoms is 5.63 × 10−8 cm

d. lattice constant is 2.18Å

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Question 202

An X-ray beam of wavelength 0.16nm is incident on a set of planes of a certain crystal.

The first Bragg reflection is observed for an incidence angle of 30o . What is the correspond-
ing interplanar spacing

a. 0.16nm

b. 0.67nm

c. 1.02nm

d. 0.89nm

Question 203

X-rays undergo Bragg reflection from a simple cubic crystal, with a density known with
an accuracy of 3 minutes of arc, what is the relative error in the measurement of wavelength

a. 5.6 × 10−3

b. 1.1 × 10−2

c. 3.3 × 10−3

d. 6.5 × 10−3

Question 204

In the X-ray diffraction pattern of a sodium metal, which has a bcc structure , the missing
reflection planes will be

a. 101

b. 011

c. 020

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d. 100

Question 205

α − Co has hcp structure with lattice spacing of 2.51Å and height 4.07Å and β − Co is
FCC with cube sides 3.55Å. The ratio of densities of the two forms is

Question 206

Sodium transforms from BCC to hcp crystal structure at about 23K without change of
density in the cubic phase lattice parameters is ac = 4.23Å and in hcp phase. Find out the
lattice constant in hcp phase

Question 208

Find the diffraction angle for the first 3 peaks in Al powder diffraction pattern. Note that
crystal structure of Al is FCC and lattice constant is 4.04Å and wavelength of X-ray is 1.54Å

Question 209

In powder X-ray diffraction pattern using X-ray of wavelength 1.54Å . Three consecu-
tive first order peaks are observed at 2θ values of 60o , 90o , 112o . If system is cubic and peak
at 90o corresponds to 220 plane then calculate

a. value of lattice constant a

b. obtain miller indices for the rest peaks and identify the system

Question 210

The molar mass of magnesium oxide having NaCl type structure is 40.30 and density is
3.58 × 106 gm/m3 at 298K. Calculate

a. lattice parameter of the cystal

sinθ
b. the value of λ
for the planes 110, 100 and 111 planes

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Question 211

A powder sample of fcc lattice with lattice constant 4.09Å is used for XRD studies us-
ing monochromatic beam of X-ray of wavelength 1.54Å . Find the

a. lowest value of θ for which the Bragg reflection would be observed

b. find the Bragg angle for 3rd peak

Question 212

Neutrons moving with 1000m/s are used for the determination of crystal structure . If
the Bragg angle for the first order diffraction is 30 degree. The interplanar spacing of the
crystal is ......Å

Question 213

The Miller indices of a plane passing through the three points having coordinates (0,0,1) ,
(1,0,0) (1/2, 1/2 , 1/4) are

a. 212

b. 111

c. 121

d. 211

Question 214

Lattice vectors of rectangular primitive lattice is given as ~a = 2î and ~b = ĵ . Find the
area of the Brillouin zones

Question 215

Assume the potential energy of two particles in the field of each other is given by

−A B
U (r) = r
+ r9

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Where A and B are constants.

a. calculate the equilibrium distance

b. show that stable configuration . the energy of attraction is nine times energy of re-
pulsion

c. show that the potential energy of the system under stable configuration is 8A/9R

Question 216

Which of the following diffraction techniques has most surface sensitivity

a. X-ray

b. electron

c. neutron

d. optical

Question 217

−αe2
The total energy of an ionic solid is given by an expression E = 4πo r
+ rB9 . IF α is Madelung
constant , r is the distance between the nearest neighbours in the crystal and B is a constant.
If ro is the equilibrium separation between the nearest neighbours then the value of B is

αe2 r08
a. 36πo

αe2 r08
b. 4πo

2αe2 r010
c. 9πo

αe2 r010
d. 36πo

Question 218

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The value of a primitive unit cell defined by the axes î + k̂, î + ĵ, ĵ + k̂ is

a. 1Å3

b. 3Å3

c. 2Å3

d. 4Å3

Question 219

The potential of a diatomic molecule as a function of the distance r between the atoms
−a b
is given by V (r) = r6
+ r12
. The value of the potential at equilibrium separation between
the atom is

a. −4a2 /6

b. −2a2 /b

c. −a2 /2b

d. −a4 /4b

Question 220

The solid phase of an element follows van der Waals boding with inter-atomic potential
−P Q
V (r) = r6
+ r12
. The bond length can be expressed as

a. ( 2Q
P
)−6

b. ( Q
P
)−6

P −6
c. ( 2Q )

P −6
d. ( Q )

Question 221

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Which of the following statements is not correct about the Brillouin zones of a square
lattice with lattice constant a

a. the first BZ is a square of size 2π/a in the kx − ky plane

b. the areas of the first BZ and third BZ are the same

c. the area of the second BZ is twice that of the first BZ

d. the area of the third BZ is thrice that of the first BZ

Question 222

An element has a body centred cubic structure with a cell edge of 288pm. The density
of the element 7200kg/m3 . How many atoms atoms are present in 208g of the element ?

a. 2.4 × 1028

b. 1.7 × 1028

c. 1.2 × 1028

d. 0.8 × 1028

Question 223

A metal of atomic mass = 75 forms a cubic lattice of edge length 5Å and density 2g/cm3 .
The radius of atom is

a. 217pm

b. 100pm

c. 217Å

d. none of these

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Question 224

The radius of A+ in ionic compound AB is 0.225Å. If AB has ZnS structure , the ideal
radius of B − will be

a. 5.06pm

b. 50.6pm

c. 100pm

d. 150.6pm

Question 225

How many atoms of element does 208g of element contain if element density is 7.2g/cm3
and it has bcc structure with a unit cell edge of 288pm

Question 226

A compound made up of elements A and B crystallises in cubic structure. Atoms A are

present on the corner as well as face centres where as atoms B are present on edge centres
as well as body centre. Find the formula of the compound.

Question 227

A metal crystallises into two cubic planes, face centred cubic and body centred cubic ,
whose unit cell lengths 3.5Å and 3.0Å respectively. The ratio of densities of FCC and BCC

a. 1.36

b. 1.26

c. 0.78

d. 1.42

Question 228

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An electron beam can undergo diffraction by crystals , through what potential should a
beam of electrons be accelerated so that its wavelength becomes equal to 1.54Å

Question 229

In a cubic type unit cell, atoms of X are at the corners as well as the center of a cube.
Atoms of Y are at one half faces of the cube. Derive the formula of the compound.

Question 230

An element crystallised in fcc lattice and the edge of unit cell is 620pm . Find the nearest
neighbour distance and radius of atom of element.

a. 157, 113

b. 181, 212

c. 108,101

d. 438.4, 219.2 pm

Question 231

√
3x̂+ŷ
Let a~1 = x̂ and a~2 = bet the primitive vectors of a two dimensional lattice . If
2
one of the corresponding reciprocal vectors is b~2 = 4π ŷ then the other one is
√
a. b~1 = 2π(x̂ + 3ŷ)

√
b. b~1 = 2π(−x̂ + 3ŷ)

c. b~1 = 2πx̂

√
d. b~1 = 2π(x̂ − 3ŷ)

Question 232

Which of the following diffraction peaks will be absent in a powder diffraction pattern
for BCC crystalline powder such as Fe

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a. 110

b. 111

c. 200

d. 211

Question 233

The second order maximum in the diffraction of X-rays of 0.20nm wavelength from a simple
cubic crystal is found to occur at an angle of thirty degree with respect to the crystal plane.
The distance between the lattice planes

a. 1Å

b. 2Å

c. 4Å

d. 8Å

Question 234

An X-ray machine operates at a potential of 5000V. What is the minimum possible value
of wavelength present in the radiations

a. 0.0124nm

b. 0.0245nm

c. 0.124nm

d. 0.248 nm

Question 235

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In the X-ray diffraction pattern recorded for a simple cubic solid using X-rays of wave-
length 1 ang . The first order peak would appear for

a. 100 planes

b. 112 planes

c. 210 planes

d. 220 planes

Question 236

Neutrons moving with speed 1000m/s are used for the determination of crystal structure .
If the Bragg angle for the first order diffraction is 30 degree. The interplanar spacing is ......
Ang

Question 237

Sodium Chloride crystal is a FCC with a basis consisting of Na and Cl ions. Which of
the following Miller indices given will not give rise to Bragg reflection of X-rays

a. 220

b. 242

c. 221

d. 311

Question 238

The lattice constant of unit cell of NaCl crystal is 0.563nm. X-rays of wavelength 0.141nm
are diffracted by this crystal. The angle at which the first order maximum occurs is .....
Degrees

Question 239

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A beam of X-rays is incident on a BCC crystal. If the difference between the incident
~ = hx̂ + kŷ + lẑ , the necessary condition for the scat-
and the scattered wave vectors is K
tered beam to given a Laue maximum is

a. h+k+l = even

b. h=k=l

c. h,k,l are all distinct

d. h+k+l = odd

Question 240

Consider a three dimensional crystal of N inert gas atoms. The total energy is given by
U (r) = 2N (p( Rσ )12 − q( Rσ )6 ). Where p=12.13 and 14.45 and R is the nearest neighbour
distance between two atoms. The two constants  and R have the dimensions of energy and
length, respectively. The equilibrium separation between two nearest atoms in units of σ
(Rounded off to two decimal places is)

Question 241

The binding energy per molecule of NaCl (lattice parameter is 0.563 nm) is 7.95eV. The
K
repulsive term of the potential is of the form r9
, Where K is a constant. The value of the
Madelung constant is .... (up to three decimal places)

Question 242

The atomic density of solids is 5.85 × 1028 m−3 . Its electrical resistivity is 1.6 × 10−8 Ωm.
Assume that electrical conduction is described by the Drude model (classical theory), and
that each atom contributes one conduction electron.

The drift mobility (m2 V −1 s−1 ) of the conduction electrons is

a. 6.67 × 10−3

b. 6.67 × 10−6

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c. 7.63 × 10−3

d. 7.63 × 10−6

The relaxation time in seconds of the conduction electrons is

a. 3.98 × 10−15

b. 3.79 × 10−14

c. 2.84 × 10−12

d. 2.64 × 10−11

Metallic monovalent sodium crystallizes in body centered cubic structure. if the length
of the unit cell is 4 Å , the concentration of conduction electrons in metallic sodium is

a. 6.022 × 1023 cm−3

b. 3.125 × 1022 cm−3

c. 2.562 × 1021 cm−3

d. 1.250 × 1020 cm−3

Question 243

An electron confined within a thin layer of semiconductor may be treated as a free par-
ticle inside an infinitely deep one dimensional potential well. If the difference in energies
between the first and the second energy levels is δE then the thickness of the layer is
q
3~2 π 2
a. 2mδE

q
2~2 π 2
b. 3mδE

q
~2 π 2
c. 2mδE

q
3~2 π 2
d. mδE

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Question 244

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