PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA

Tongco Street, Maysan, Valenzuela City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Civil Engineering Department

ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AXIALLY LOADED If the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial
MEMBERS deformation can be determined by considering a
differential length and applying integration.
HOOKE’S LAW
- Within the proportional limit, the stress is directly
proportional to the strain. This fact was discovered by 𝑷 𝑳 𝒅𝒙
𝜹= ∫
Robert Hooke in 1676 and is known as Hooke’s Law. 𝑬 𝟎 𝑨

- From this law we can derive the formula for

deformation of axially loaded members as:

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐴 = 𝑡𝑦 (𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥)

STIFFNESS
- is the property of a material that resists its
𝑷𝑳 deformation in applied load. It has the unit of N/mm.
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬 𝑷
𝒌=
This formula applies for the following conditions: 𝜹
1. The load is axial.
2. The cross-sectional area of the member is uniform. AXIAL RIGIDITY

3. The stress must not exceed the proportional limit. - is a product of young's modulus (E) and the cross-
sectional area (A) of that section. Axial rigidity per unit
length is known as axial stiffness the SI units of axial
If the bar is subjected to several different axial forces stiffness are Newton per metre (N/m).
along its length, of the cross-sectional; or modulus of 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝑨𝑬
elasticity changes abruptly from one region of the bar
to the next, the displacement of one end with respect
to the other is then found from the algebraic addition
THERMAL STRESS
of the relative displacement of the ends of each
segment. - A change in temperature can cause a body to
change its dimensions.
- Generally, if the temperature increases, the body
will expand, whereas if the temperature decreases,
it will contract. The amount of the linear deformation,
𝛿𝑇 , is calculated using the formula.
𝜹𝑻 = 𝜶𝑳∆𝑻

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒;
𝑷𝑳 𝜶 = 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜹=∑ 𝜟𝑇 = 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑨𝑬
𝐿 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Sign conventions: 𝜹 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 & 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 & 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

Prepared by: Engr. Karl Megan S. Garcia

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES: ES 5
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco Street, Maysan, Valenzuela City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Civil Engineering Department

THERMAL STRESS ON RIGID WALLS 4. In the previous problem. Find the largest value of P
that will not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm,
or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120
MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum.
Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to
prevent buckling. Use 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎,
and 𝐸𝑏𝑟 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
5. The concrete post as shown in the figure is
reinforced axially with four symmetrically placed steel
𝜹 𝑻 + 𝜹𝑷 = 𝟎 bars, each of cross-sectional area 900 𝑚𝑚2 .
Compute the stress in each material when the 1000
kN axial load is applied. The moduli of elasticity are
200 GPa for steel and 14 GPa for concrete.
THERMAL STRESS ON NON-RIGID WALLS

𝜹𝑻 = 𝜹 𝑷 + 𝒙
Sample Problem 6. A rigid block is supported by three symmetrically
spaced rods as shown in the figure. Each copper rod
1. A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports has an area of 900 mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the
a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the weight of the wire, allowable stress is 90 MPa. The steel rod has an area
determine the required diameter if the stress is not to of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable stress
exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed is 120 MPa. Determine the largest mass M which can
0.20 in. Assume 𝐸 = 29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖. be supported.
2. An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of
0.5 𝑖𝑛2 carries the axial loads applied at the positions
shown in the figure. Compute the total change in
length of the bar if 𝐸 = 10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖. Assume the
bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.

7. The rigid bar ABC shown in the figure is hinged at

3. A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and A and supported by a steel rod at C. Determine the
an aluminum bar as shown in the figure. Axial loads largest load W that can be applied at B if the stress in
are applied at the positions indicated. Compute the the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical
total change in length of the bar if P = 24 kN. Assume movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.
that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent
buckling. Use 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎, and
𝐸𝑏𝑟 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

Prepared by: Engr. Karl Megan S. Garcia

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES: ES 5
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco Street, Maysan, Valenzuela City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Civil Engineering Department

8. The rigid bar AC, attached to two vertical rods as 12. The A-36 steel bar shown in the figure is
shown in the figure, is horizontal before the load W is constrained to just fit between two fixed supports
applied. Determine the vertical movement of W if its when T1 = 60F. If the temperature is raised to T2 =
magnitude is 50 kN. 120F, determine the average normal thermal stress
developed in the bar. α = 6.6x10-6 in/in·F, E = 29 x
103 ksi.

9. Two steel bars AB and BC support a load P = 6000

lb, as shown in the figure. Area of AB is 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 ; area
of BC is 3/4 𝑖𝑛2 . If 𝐸 = 29 𝑥 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖, compute the
horizontal and vertical components of the movement
13. Steel crane rails of the MRT are laid with their
of B.
adjacent ends 3.2 mm apart when the temperature is
15°𝐶. The length of each rail is 18m. Coefficient of
thermal expansion is 11.7 × 10−6 𝑚/𝑚 ∙ °𝐶. 𝐸 =
200 𝐺𝑃𝑎. Determine the distance between the
adjacent ends when the temperature drops to −10°𝐶.
14. Steel railroad rails 10 meters long are laid with a
clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 15°C. The
modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa and the coefficient of
linear expansion is 11.7 × 10−6 /°𝐶.
a. At what temperature the rails will just touch?
b. Determine the stress in the rails at 65°C.
You can do it!!
10. The rigid bar AB weighing 5.236 kN is supported
1. The steel rod shown in the figure has a diameter of
by two steel wires of equal lengths. Find the vertical
10 mm. It is fixed to the wall at A and before it is
displacement of the bar if the allowable stress of the
loaded, there is a gap of 0.2 mm between the wall and
steel wires is 124 MPa. Use E = 200 GPa.
the rod. Determine the reactions at A if the rod is
subjected to an axial force as shown. Neglect the size
of the collar at C. Take 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

2. Figure shows a rigid bar that is supported by a pin

at A and two rods, one made of steel and the other of
11. Determine the elongation of the A-36 steel
bronze. If 𝑊 = 50 𝑘𝑁 and the weight of the bar is
member when it is subjected to an axial force of 30
neglected;
kN. The member is 10 mm thick.
a.) Find the stress in the bronze rod.
b.) Calculate the axial stress in the steel rod.

Prepared by: Engr. Karl Megan S. Garcia

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES: ES 5
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco Street, Maysan, Valenzuela City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Civil Engineering Department

6. A load P is supported by three (3) wires as shown.

All members are identical except in length;
a.) Determine the force in wire AD.
b.) Find the force in wire BD.
c.) Calculate the vertical deflection of point D.

3. The steel pipe shown in the figure is filled with

concrete and subjected to a compressive force of 80
kN. Determine the normal stress in the concrete and
the steel due to this loading. The pipe has an outer
diameter of 80 mm and an inner diameter of 70 mm.
Est = 200 GPa, Ec = 24 GPa

4. The three suspender bars in the figure are of A-36

steel and have equal cross-sectional areas of 450
mm2. Determine the normal stress in each bar if the
rigid bar is subjected to the loading shown.

5. 40-ft-long A-36 steel rails on a train track are laid

with a small gap between them to allow for thermal
expansion. Determine the required gap so that the
rails just touch one another when the temperature is
increased from 𝑇1 = −20 °𝐹 to 𝑇2 = 90 °𝐹. Using this
gap, what would be the axial force in the rails if the
temperature were to rise to 𝑇3 = 110 °𝐹? The cross-
sectional area of each rail is 5.10 𝑖𝑛2 .

Prepared by: Engr. Karl Megan S. Garcia

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES: ES 5