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S.KARTHIKEYAN
Assistant Professor , EEE
PSG College of Technology

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Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing

Distributed Generation and Alternate Energy Sources

Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding

Asset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring

Real-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis

Participation in Energy Markets

Shared Information – Continuously Optimizing – Intelligent Responses!

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Play video

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Typical Applications within the Customer Domain

Application Description

Building / Home A system that is capable of controlling various functions

Automation within a building such as lighting and temperature
control.

Industrial A system that controls industrial processes such as

Automation manufacturing or warehousing.

Micro-generation Includes all types of distributed generation including;

Solar, Wind, and Hydro generators. Generation harnesses
energy for electricity at a customer location. May be
monitored, dispatched, or controlled via
communications.

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Table 3 – Typical Applications in the Markets Domain

Example Description
Market Market managers include ISOs for wholesale markets or NYMEX for forward
Management markets in many ISO/RTO regions. There are transmission and services and
demand response markets as well. Some DER Curtailment resources are
treated today as dispatchable generation.
Retailing Retailers sell power to end customers and may in the future aggregate or
broker DER between customers or into the market. Most are connected to a
trading organization to allow participation in the wholesale market.
DER Aggregators combine smaller participants (as providers or customers or
Aggregation curtailment) to enable distributed resources to play in the larger markets.
Trading Traders are participants in markets, which include aggregators for provision
and consumption and curtailment, and other qualified entities. There are a
number of companies whose primary business is the buying and selling of
energy.
Market Make a particular market function smoothly. Functions include financial and
Operations goods sold clearing, price quotation streams, audit, balancing, and more.
Ancillary Provide a market to provide frequency support, voltage support, spinning
Operations reserve and other ancillary services as defined by FERC, NERC and the
various ISO. These markets function on a regional or ISO basis normally.

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Table 4 – Typical Applications in the Service Provider Domain

Example Description
Customer Management Managing customer relationships by providing point-of-
contact and resolution for customer issues and problems.

Installation & Maintenance Installing and maintaining premises equipment that

interacts with the Smart Grid.
Building Management Monitoring and controlling building energy and responding
to Smart Grid signals while minimizing impact on building
occupants.
Home Management Monitoring and controlling home energy and responding to
Smart Grid signals while minimizing impact on home
occupants.
Billing Managing customer billing information, sending billing
statements and processing received payments.
Account Management Managing the supplier and customer business accounts.

Emerging Services All of the services and innovations that have yet to be
created. These will be instrumental in defining the Smart
Grid of the future.

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Table 5 – Typical Applications in the Operations Domain

Application Description
Network The Network Operations domain (actually a sub-domain) within Operations includes the applications:
Operations
Monitoring Network Operation Monitoring actors supervise network topology, connectivity and loading conditions, including breaker
and switch states, and control equipment status. They locate customer telephone complaints and field crews.
Control Network control is coordinated by actors in this domain, although they may only supervise wide area, substation, and
local automatic or manual control.
Fault Fault Management actors enhance the speed at which faults can be located, identified, and sectionalized and service can
Management be restored. They provide information for customers, coordinate with workforce dispatch and compile information for
statistics.
Analysis Operation Feedback Analysis actors compare records taken from real-time operation related with information on
network incidents, connectivity and loading to optimize periodic maintenance.
Reporting and Operational Statistics and Reporting actors archive on-line data and to perform feedback analysis about system efficiency
Statistics and reliability.
Calculations Real-time Network Calculations actors (not shown) provide system operators with the ability to assess the reliability and
security of the power system.
Operational Operational Planning and Optimization actors perform simulation of network operations, schedule switching actions,
Planning dispatch repair crews, inform affected customers, and schedule the importing of power. They keep the cost of imported
power low through peak generation, switching, load shedding or demand response.
Maintenance Maintenance and Construction actors coordinate inspection, cleaning and adjustment of equipment, organize
and construction and design, dispatch and schedule maintenance and construction work, capture records gathered by field
Construction personnel and permit them to view necessary information to perform their tasks.
Extension Network Extension planning actors develop long term plans for power system reliability, monitor the cost, performance
Planning and schedule of construction, and define projects to extend the network such as new lines, feeders or switchgear.

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Table 6 – Bulk Generation Categories

Category Description
Variable Generation from wind, sun, wave power, etc. that
can vary with time.
Non-Variable Generation from continuous process, coal,
uranium, water, biomass, etc
Renewable Generation from a source that can be replenished,
e.g. wind, water, biomass
Non- Generation from a source that cannot be
Renewable replenished, e.g. coal, oil, uranium

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Table 7 – Applications in Bulk Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Domains

Application Description
Control Performed by actors that permit the Operations domain to manage the flow of power and
reliability of the system. An example would be the use of phase angle regulators within a
substation to control power flow between two adjacent power systems
Measure Performed by actors that provide visibility into the flow of power and the condition of the
systems in the field. In the future measurement might be found in built into meters,
transformers, feeders, switches and other devices in the grid. An example would be the digital
and analog measurements collected through the SCADA system from a remote terminal unit
(RTU) and provide to a grid control center in the Operations domain.
Protect Performed by Actors that react rapidly to faults and other events in the system that might
cause power outages, brownouts, or the destruction of equipment. Performed to maintain
high levels of reliability and power quality. May work locally or on a wide scale.
Record Performed by actors that permit other domains to review what has happened on the grid for
financial, engineering, operational, and forecasting purposes.
Asset Performed by actors that work together to determine when equipment should have
Management maintenance, calculate the life expectancy of the device, and record its history of operations
and maintenance so it can be reviewed in the future for operational and engineering decisions.

Stabilize and Performed by actors that ensure the network is operating with the appropriate tolerances
Optimize across the system. They may gather information to make control decisions that ensure reliable
and proper operations (stability) or more efficient operations (optimization). Measurement
and control form a feedback loop that allows grid operators to stabilize the flow of energy
across the electric network or safely increase the load on a transmission path.

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Challenges in Smart Grid Solutions

changing energy
systems 
Renewable and Balancing generation &
distributed   demand, new business
generation models

Limited generation Load management &
and grid capacity
 peak avoidance

  Reliability through
Aging and/or weak
infrastructure
 automatic outage pre-
vention and restoration

Cost and emissions

 Efficient generation,
 transmission, distri-
of energy supply bution & consumption

Revenue losses,  Full transparency on
distribution level and
e.g. non-technical
 automated loss
losses  prevention

End-to-End Security

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What is a Smart Grid?

To a Meter Engineer

It is Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

What is a Smart Grid?

To a Protection & Control Engineer

It is Substation & Distribution Automation

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What is a Smart Grid?

To a Control Room Operator

It is Distribution & Outage Management

What is a Smart Grid?

To a Design & Planning Engineer

It is Asset Management

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What is a Smart Grid?

To an IT Engineer

It is the challenge of bringing it all together

What is a Smart Grid?

And they are all right!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Defining The Smart Grid

A power system made up of numerous automated T&D systems, all operating in a coordinated,
efficient and reliable manner.

A power system that handles emergency conditions with ‘self-healing’ actions and is responsive
to energy-market and utility needs.

A power system that serves millions of customers and has an intelligent communications
infrastructure enabling the timely, secure and adaptable information flow needed to provide
power to the evolving digital economy
The integration of two infrastructures… securely…

Electrical
Infrastructure

Information
Infrastructure

Source: EPRI® Intelligrid

SIS : Smart Energy Subsystem

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SIS :Smart Information System

SIS : Smart Communication System

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Smart Management System

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Smart Protection System

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3G/4G WiMAX
Cellular Wi-Fi
IEC 61850 IEEE P2030
DNP3 SONET
Substation
Wide Area Network
IEC 61400-25
IEC 61850
DNP3
CIM
Control center
Wind farm SUN
Wi-Fi
3G/4G Cellular

IEEE 1547 Neighbor Area Network

IEC 61850-7-420 BACnet
OpenADR
DRBizNet
SAE J2293
Distributed Energy C12.18 SAE J2836 Commercial user
Resources C12.19 Zigbee SAE J2847
C12.22 Smart Wi-Fi
M-Bus meter

Residential user PHEV

Home Area Network

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International Standards

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Enterprise and Control Center

Name / No. Description
IEC 60870-6 Inter-Control Center Protocol
IEC 62325 ebXML for Power Systems
IEC 61970 Common Information Model / Generic Interface
Definitions (CIM/GID)

IEC 61968 Interfaces for Distribution Management

Multispeak NRECA Enterprise web services

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T&D Wide-Area Networks

Name Notes
Frame Relay Packet-switched, no reliability guarantee
SONET Campus or city backbones
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing – follows SONET
Microwave Proprietary, used in geographically difficult areas
Satellite Various proprietary technologies, costly
Trunked Radio Licensed, one broadcast channel, one return
Spread-Spectrum Unlicensed frequencies, more efficient
IP Radio Like trunked radio but with IP addressing

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T&D Substations
Name / No. Description Status
IEC 61850 Object models, self-describing, high- Widespread in Europe,
speed relaying, process bus beginning here
DNP3 Distributed Network Protocol Most popular in NA
Modbus Evolved from process automation Close second
COMTRADE Fault Capture file format Widespread
PQDIF Power Quality file format In use
IEC 62351 Security for power systems Recently released

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Access Wide-Area Networks

Name Notes
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network – dial-up, leased lines
DSL Digital Subscriber Line - Telco IP-based home access
Cable DOCSIS standard for coax IP-based home access
WiMAX WiFi with a backbone, cellular-type coverage
Cellular Various technologies e.g. GSM/GPRS or CDMA/EVDO
FTTH Fiber to the Home. Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
PLC Narrowband Power Line Carrier – the “old stuff”
Access BPL Broadband over power line to the home
Paging Various proprietary systems, POCSAG

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Field Area Networks – Distribution and AMI

• Offerings mostly proprietary
– Wireless mesh, licensed or unlicensed A B
– Power line carrier, narrowband or broadband
– New standard activity just started in 2008
• Open standards not useful yet
– Cellular, WiMAX, ADSL, Cable, FITL Metering
Network Metering
Network
Network
A Network
B
– Not economical or not reliable or both
– Mostly only reach the Collector level
• Interop solution: common upper layer
– Network layer preferred: IP suite
– Most don’t have bandwidth
• Application layer instead: ANSI C12.22
– Too flexible, not enough interoperability A B
– Need guidelines, profile from users
• More bandwidth the main solution!

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Home Area Networks

Name Number Notes
Ethernet IEEE 802.3 Substation LANs, usually fiber optic
WiFi IEEE 802.11 Access by field tool, neighborhood AMI net
ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 Customer premises automation network
HomePlug 1.0, AV, BPL Powerline comms, in and outside premises
6LowPAN IEEE 802.15.4 The “approved” IPv6 wireless interface
OpenHAN HAN SRS Power Industry requirements definition!
v1.04-2008
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Distributed Resources and Commercial

Name / No. Description
OPC Application interface
IEC 61400-25 Wind Power
BACNet Building automation
OpenADR Automated Demand Response
IEEE 1547 Basic principles of DER
IEC 61850-7-420 Information models for DER

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Who Benefits from the Smart Grid?

WHO HOW
Customers Cost reduction
Increased empowerment
Utilities Better efficiency between energy generation and consumption
Increased operation efficiency
Improved delivery of energy
Delivery of differentiated services
Telecoms New revenue opportunities
Network optimisation
Society Reduction in GHG
Shifts in societal behaviour of energy consumption
Government Energy security and energy independence

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• Smart-grids in India is to be used to

• Reduce Distribution losses
• Enable decentralized power-generation and optimize usage
• Explore alternate methods of storage
• Handle peak-demand better
• Manage demand and supply to meet creatively at all points of time,
by using storage and high-cost instantaneous power-sources
– At local level
– At neighborhood level
– At district level, at state level, at national level
• Intelligently decide where to do load shedding if no other options
• enable time of day metering with remote monitoring

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Indian Smart Grid: Milestones

Institutional Set-up for Smart Grids in the country

Indicates direct interaction among the entities

Indirect interaction among the entities

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Smart Grids: Present and Future

• India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF), which is a non-profit

voluntary consortium of public and private stakeholders,
was launched on 26th May 2010.

• Also, India Smart Grid Task Force (SGTF) is formed,

which is an Inter-Ministerial Group and will serve as a
focal point for activities related to the smart grid
technology. Shri Sam Pitroda, Advisor to PM on Public
Information Infrastructure & Innovation is the Chairman
for Task Force.

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Smart Grids: Present and Future

India Smart Grid Forum Working Groups:

• WG - 1 - Advanced Transmission (incl. PMU, WAMS, FACTS etc.)

• WG - 2 - Advanced Distribution (incl. SCADA / DMS, Distribution / Substation

automation, Power Electronics, FLISR, islanding, self healing, distributed
generation/renewables, etc)

• WG - 3 Communications

• WG - 4 - Metering

• WG - 5 Consumption and Load Control (Demand Response, Home Automation,

Appliances, Storage, Vehicles etc.)

• WG- 6 - Policy and Regulations (incl. Tariffs, Finance etc.)

• WG - 7 - Architecture and Design (Standards, Interoperability, Security, CIM etc.)

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Smart Grids: Present and Future

India Smart Grid Task Force Working Groups:

• WG -1 - Focus on Trials/Pilots on New Technologies & Ideas

• WG -2 - Focus on loss reduction and theft control including data gathering and
analytics, energy accounting

• WG -3 - Focus on access of power to rural areas and reliability & quality of power to
urban areas

• WG - 4 - Focus on distributed generation and renewable

• WG - 5 - Focus on physical cyber security, standards & spectrum

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India’s Energy Sector Realities and Emerging Needs

National Priorities Current Situation Implications
• Chronic power shortages • Augmentation of generation
Meeting Demand capacity; efficiency improvement
• Rapid demand growth
Shortage
• Inadequate energy access • Power evacuation and grid access
• Require smarter systems for
Clean Energy • RE capacity increasing ~
power balancing to deal with
Deployment 3000+ MW added each year
variability & unpredictability
• Poor operational efficiency
• Need for ability to control and
Operational Efficiency • High system losses
monitor power flow till customer
Improvement • R-APDRP has provided level
much needed support

• Poor system visibility • Real time system to enable better

Enhancing Consumer
system visibility and consumer
Service Standards • Lack of reliability participation

Smart Grids can transform the existing grid into a more efficient, reliable, safe and
enable address sector challenges.

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14 pilots supported by Govt. of India as “Proof of Concept”

National Priorities Smart Grid Interventions proposed by the Utilities
Demand Side Management Demand Response
Power Demand
Shortage Peak Load Management Crew Management

Clean Energy Renewable Energy Integration Demand Response

Operational Theft Management & Meter Data

Asset Monitoring
Efficiency Tamper Detection Management System
Improvement Substation Automation AMI
Consumer Power Quality Work Force Management Outage Management
Service
Standards Automatic Billing Consumer portal

Lot of additional work is happening on issues such as Demand response, Micro-

Grids, etc beyond the 14 pilots

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